I uppsatsen undersöks hur debatten om ECT konstrueras av de två sociala aktörerna Socialstyrelsen samt Kommittén för Mänskliga Rättigheter, KMR. Det analyserade materialet består av aktörernas publicerade texter på Internet. Kritisk diskursanalys med Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell har utgjort studiens ansats. Frågeställningarna har varit; vilka diskurser kan identifieras samt hur kommer dessa till uttryck i ord av de skilda sociala aktörerna involverade i debatten? Hur ser relationerna mellan identifierade diskurser ut? Vilka funktioner fyller de identifierade diskurserna? Analysens mest framträdande resultat påvisar en tydlig medikaliseringsdiskurs samt en antipsykiatrisk diskurs i det empiriska materialet. De sociala aktörerna företräder en förespråkande diskurs respektive en motståndsdiskurs och debatten innebär en hegemonisk kamp omkring behandlingsmetoden ECT och dess legitimitet. Diskussionen mellan parterna förs till stor del genom deras inställning till behandlingen vilken här analyseras diskursivt. / The paper examines how the debate on ECT is constructed by the two social actors Socialstyrelsen (the Swedish social board) and KMR (the Swedish branch of the American association Citizens Commission on Human Rights, CCHR). Analysis material consists of texts published on the Internet by these social actors. The method of analysis used in the essay has been critical discourse analysis, focusing on the three-dimensional model developed by Norman Fairclough. The research questions have been: which discourses can be identified and how are these reflected in the words of the two different social actors involved in the debate? What are the relationships between identified discourses? What features does the identified discourses fill? The most prominent results in the analysis show a clear medicalization discourse and an anti-psychiatry discourse in the empirical material. The social actors represent an advocacy and a resistance discourse, and the debate involves a hegemonic struggle on the treatment method ECT and its legitimacy. The discussions between the parties are to a large extent made out by their approach to treatment which is here analyzed discursively.

Since the development of the ruthenium containing precatalysts Grubbs 1 (1) and Grubbs 2 (2), there was an increase in the development of new precatalysts. The NMR characterization could not cope with this. The NMR characterization mainly consists of 1H, 31P, COSY and rarely 13C. Due to the high natural abundance of 1H and 31P (99.98% and 100%), these experiments could be carried out quickly and easily. The only change that had to be made was to the spectral width, to accommodate the carbene signal (Ru=CH) between δ 20.02 and δ 17.32 ppm. The lack of 13C characterization is attributed to the low natural abundance of these nuclei that is only 1.10% and the lack of published parameters. Furthermore, the broad spectral width of 300 ppm increases the difficulty because the number of scans has to be increased to increase the sensitivity of the spectra and obtain useful data. In this study the precatalyst 1 was used to learn the NMR technique as well as to acquire the NMR parameters. 2 and two other commercial Grubbs-type precatalysts 3 and 4 underwent NMR characterization so that acquired values could be compared with the literature. Six other non-commercial Grubbs-type precatalysts 5-10 were synthesized and characterized. Due to the instability of the precatalysts and taking into account the duration of these experiments, the characterization was done over three steps. The first step was to do the following experiments: 1H, COSY, HSQC and HMBC, which took four hours. The next step was the DEPT135 experiment of three hours, and finally the 13C experiment of seven hours. The maximum amount of information could be obtained in this way. The combined NMR parameters for this study was obtained and used to characterize the Grubbs-type precatalysts 5-10 partially. Due to the large amount of overlapping peaks in the aromatic and alkane areas the resolution was not sufficient for full characterization. / MSc (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Since the development of the ruthenium containing precatalysts Grubbs 1 (1) and Grubbs 2 (2), there was an increase in the development of new precatalysts. The NMR characterization could not cope with this. The NMR characterization mainly consists of 1H, 31P, COSY and rarely 13C. Due to the high natural abundance of 1H and 31P (99.98% and 100%), these experiments could be carried out quickly and easily. The only change that had to be made was to the spectral width, to accommodate the carbene signal (Ru=CH) between δ 20.02 and δ 17.32 ppm. The lack of 13C characterization is attributed to the low natural abundance of these nuclei that is only 1.10% and the lack of published parameters. Furthermore, the broad spectral width of 300 ppm increases the difficulty because the number of scans has to be increased to increase the sensitivity of the spectra and obtain useful data. In this study the precatalyst 1 was used to learn the NMR technique as well as to acquire the NMR parameters. 2 and two other commercial Grubbs-type precatalysts 3 and 4 underwent NMR characterization so that acquired values could be compared with the literature. Six other non-commercial Grubbs-type precatalysts 5-10 were synthesized and characterized. Due to the instability of the precatalysts and taking into account the duration of these experiments, the characterization was done over three steps. The first step was to do the following experiments: 1H, COSY, HSQC and HMBC, which took four hours. The next step was the DEPT135 experiment of three hours, and finally the 13C experiment of seven hours. The maximum amount of information could be obtained in this way. The combined NMR parameters for this study was obtained and used to characterize the Grubbs-type precatalysts 5-10 partially. Due to the large amount of overlapping peaks in the aromatic and alkane areas the resolution was not sufficient for full characterization. / MSc (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study examines how two teachers in grade 3 support their students with problem solving in the teaching and what strategies the students may use in their tasks. The study was of a qualitative nature and was carried out with observations and complementary interrogation questions. The result showed that the teachers supported their students with two forms of feedback.

I denna studie har grundskollärares, i årskurs 1–3, tankar om sin undervisning i problemlösning i ämnet matematik, med avseende på kreativa och imitativa resonemang undersökts. Fem kvalitativa intervjuer med grundskollärare från olika skolor utfördes och analyserades därefter med stöd från Lithners (2008) teori om kvalitativa och imitativa resonemang. Studien visar på att grundskollärarna har svårt att undervisa problemlösning utifrån de kriterier Lithner (2008) anser vara matematiska kreativa resonemang (problemlösning) på ett sätt som uppmuntrar och möjliggör för eleverna att resonera kreativt. Empirin visar att lärare i högre utsträckning möjliggör imitativa resonemang då de anser att elevernas kunskapsnivå är för låg och att de är måna om att eleverna ska få lyckas. / <p>Matematik</p>