En réponse aux inducteurs de la mort cellulaire immunogénique, la calréticuline (CRT) est transportée depuis sa localisation orthotopique dans la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) vers la surface cellulaire où elle va jouer un rôle de signal puissant d’endocytose à l’endroit des cellules présentatrices d’antigène. Ici nous rapportons qu’une autre protéine, la lysyl-ARNt-synthétase (KRS), est exposée à la surface des cellules stressées où elle colocalise avec la CRT au niveau des radeaux lipidiques. La déplétionde KRS à l’aide d’ARNs interférents annihile l’exposition de la CRT induit par les anthracyclines ou les rayonnements UVC. A l’inverse de la CRT, KRS est aussi retrouvée dans le surnageant des cellules stressées. De plus, la protéine KRS recombinante (KRSr) est ici incapable d’influencer la liaison de laCRT recombinante à la surface cellulaire. Et KRSr ne possède pas la capacité de stimuler des macrophages in vitro. Enfin nous révélons que le statut de phosphorylation d’eIF2α constitue un critère différentiel entre l’oxaliplatine et la cisplatine, capable de rendre compte de l’incapacité de cette dernière à entrainer l’exposition de la CRT, et ce malgré une très grande ressemblance chimique entre ces deux composés. Ces résultats mettent donc en exergue la contribution respective de KRS et du stress du RE dans l’émission du signal prototypique de la mort immunogénique. / In response to immunogenic cell death inducers, calreticulin (CRT) translocates from its orthotopiclocalization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the surface of the plasma membrane where it serves as a potent engulfment signal for antigen-presenting cells. Here, we report that another protein, the lysyl-tRNA-synthetase (KRS), was exposed on the surface of stressed cells, on which KRS co-localized with CRT in lipid rafts. Depletion of KRS with small interfering RNAs suppressed CRT exposure induced by anthracyclines or UVC light. In contrast to CRT, KRS was also found in the supernatant of stressed cells. Recombinant KRS (rKRS) protein was unable to influence the binding of recombinant CRT to the cell surface. Moreover, rKRS protein was unable to stimulate macrophages invitro. Finally, we reveal that the phosphorylation status of eIF2α constitute a differential criteria between oxaliplatin and cisplatin (CDDP), accounting for the incapacity of CDDP to trigger the exposure ofCRT, despite their structural and chemical similarities. These results underscore the respective contribution of KRS and ER stress to the emission of the prototypic signal of immunogenic cell death.

This study investigates to which degree international developments in cataloguing have influenced Swedish cataloguing rules (KRS). The results show that KRS has been influenced by international developments in cataloguing to varying degrees. The study also shows that KRS has been influenced by Anglo-American cataloguing rules, previous editions of Swedish cataloguing rules and by the work undertaken by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the concept of a work and the problems with its definition and will also examine bibliographic relationships. The main question is what are the boundaries of a work and at what point a work becomes another. What is the meaning of the concept of a work within the context of the library? What are the solutions of bibliographic relationships and the concept of a work in KRS and FRBR? The thesis is based on a literature review. In the literature I have examined the discussions of the work and bibliographic relationships. I made a comparison between the Swedish cataloguing standard of today, KRS, the suggestion of future cataloguing, FRBR and the catalogue of the Düben Collection. The empirical examples were taken from the Düben Collection, which contains musical works of the Swedish Royal Court from the 17th and early 18th century. The collection has been available since 2006 in a database catalogue on the Internet. I have examined works of six composers, which exist in the catalogue in at least two manifestations. The result of this study shows that the problem with the boundaries of a work is not solved and this is a subjective problem. Cataloguing performed according to the KRS, collocate different versions of a work and its related works, using uniform titles and bibliographic relationships. FRBR offers great opportunities to collocate the different versions of a work, but it is still a suggestion, implemented in just a few web-based resources. / Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to describe and compare the cataloguing rules for sound recordings: the rules used by a specialised archive and common libraries respectively. We will put the rules in relation to purposes (the objectives of a bibliographic system) and principles (directives that guide the construction of a bibliographic language). The first question to be answered is in which way the set of rules used by a specialised archive differ from the one used by common libraries. The second question examines if and how the differences can be derived from purposes and principles. The sets of rules studied are KRS (chapter 6) and the Swedish version of the IASA Cataloguing Rules (1999), worked out by the National Archive of Sound and Moving Images (SLBA). The rules are compared, and the differences described and discussed in relation to the purposes and principles in Elaine Svenonius’ The Intellectual foundation of Information Organization (2000). The study shows that the rules answer to the principles and purposes, but indicates some differences. The SLBA version answers better to the principle of user convenience and the subprinciple of common usage: the user is in focus in decisions regarding new descriptions. KRS (chapter 6) answers better to the principle of representation and the subprinciple of accuracy: the description should be exact. The SLBA catalogue could be described as a “full-featured bibliographic system”; it addresses the user’s needs and helps to spread knowledge in the science community. / Uppsatsnivå: D