Credit derivatives are instruments that transfer the credit risk from one party to another one. The most common credit derivative is the single entity credit default swap (CDS).A basket default is similar to a single entity CDS except that the underlying obligation is a basket of entities rather than a single reference asset. The copula methods play an important role while we price a multiname product since the assets in the portfolio are not independent. We need to model the correlated default times by using copula functions. In this article, we develop a copula based methodology for pricing -to-default swaps by using market CDS quotes. In order to know the influence of changing price drivers such as correlations and intensities on spreads, we also discuss the sensitivity analysis in this article.

With the introduction of air bags, occupant safety in frontal car crashes has been improved for upper regions of the body, such as the head and thorax. These improvements, however, have not helped improve the safety for the lower extremities, increasing their percentage of injuries in car crashes. Though lower extremity injuries are usually not life threatening, they can have long lasting physical and psychosocial consequences. An LSDYNA finite element model of the knee-thigh-hip (KTH) of a 50th percentile adult male was developed for exploring the mechanics of injuries to the KTH during frontal crash crashes. The model includes a detailed geometry of the bones, the mass of the soft tissue, and a discrete element representation of the ligaments and muscles of the KTH. The bones were validated using physical tests obtained from the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration's (NHTSA) test database. The geometry, the material properties and the failure mechanisms of bone materials were verified. A validation was also performed against a whole-body cadaver test to verify contributions of passive muscle and ligament forces. Failure mechanisms in the tests and simulations were compared to ensure that the model provides a useful tool for exploring fractures and dislocations in the KTH resulting from frontal vehicle crashes. The validated model was then used to investigate injury mechanisms during a frontal car crash at different occupant positions. The role of muscle forces on these fracture mechanisms was explored and simulations of frontal impacts were then reproduced with the KTH complex at different angles of thigh flexion, adduction and abduction. Results show that the failure mechanism of the lower limb can significantly depend on the occupant position prior to impact. Failure mechanisms in the simulations were compared to results found in literature to ensure the model provides a useful tool for predicting fractures in the lower limb resulting from out-of-position frontal vehicle crashes. The FE model replicate injury criteria developed for ligament failure and suggested lowering the actual used axial femur force threshold for KTH injures both in neutral and out-of-position KTH axial impacts.

<p>Reklamfilmen ”Africa” är en socialmarketing kampanj från svenska Försvarsmakten. Kampanjen går ut på att locka personer till att genomföra utlandstjänstgöring. Syftet med den här studien är finna mottagarnas tolkning av reklamfilmen. Vad tror respondenterna att Försvarsmakten vill uppnå med ”Africa” och hur skulle den se ut för att locka just dem? Respondenterna valdes ut genom snöbollsurval, och den empiriska studien består av nio personer, killar och tjejer, som har deltagit i personliga intervjuer.</p><p>Socialmarketing handlar om att påverka en målgrupp för att på så sätt kunna förändra ett visst beteende. Men ett koncept inom socialmarketing är att målgrupper sällan är eniga när det gäller uppfattningar eller gensvar, och det är på grund av detta som dessa målgrupper bör delas in i olika segment. Slutsatserna visar att ”Africa” lyckas med att skapa känslor hos mottagaren, men kampanjen ses inte som tillräcklig för att klara av att nå fram till målet, själva handlingen, på ett tillfredställande sätt. Utifrån teorier om socialmarketing, KTH (känsla, tanke och handling) och Seven Doors skapas en frågemanual som sedan används vid intervjuerna för att vidare analyseras för att komma fram till intressanta resultat om denna socialmarketing kampanj.</p> / <p>The commercial called ”Africa” is a social marketing campaign from the Swedish national defense. The purpose of the campaign is to attract persons to make them want to go through with military or civil duty in a foreign country. The purpose with this study is to find out what the receivers decoding of this commercial. What do the respondents think that the Swedish national defense wants to achieve with “Africa” and how would the commercial look like to attract the respondents? The respondents was chosen by a so called “snowball selection”, and the empirical study consist of nine persons, both women and men, that has attended in personal interviews. Social marketing is about how to affect a target group to change a certain behavior. But one concept within social marketing is that target groups rarely agree with each other when it comes to opinions or responses, and it is because of this that the target groups should be divided into different segment. The conclusion show that “Africa” succeeds to create emotions at the receiver, but the campaign is not enough to reach all the way to the goal, the action. From theories about social marketing, KTH (emotions, thought and action) and the Seven Doors model, a question manual is created that are used at the interviews to further analyze to get to interesting conclusions about this social marketing campaign.</p>

Reklamfilmen ”Africa” är en socialmarketing kampanj från svenska Försvarsmakten. Kampanjen går ut på att locka personer till att genomföra utlandstjänstgöring. Syftet med den här studien är finna mottagarnas tolkning av reklamfilmen. Vad tror respondenterna att Försvarsmakten vill uppnå med ”Africa” och hur skulle den se ut för att locka just dem? Respondenterna valdes ut genom snöbollsurval, och den empiriska studien består av nio personer, killar och tjejer, som har deltagit i personliga intervjuer. Socialmarketing handlar om att påverka en målgrupp för att på så sätt kunna förändra ett visst beteende. Men ett koncept inom socialmarketing är att målgrupper sällan är eniga när det gäller uppfattningar eller gensvar, och det är på grund av detta som dessa målgrupper bör delas in i olika segment. Slutsatserna visar att ”Africa” lyckas med att skapa känslor hos mottagaren, men kampanjen ses inte som tillräcklig för att klara av att nå fram till målet, själva handlingen, på ett tillfredställande sätt. Utifrån teorier om socialmarketing, KTH (känsla, tanke och handling) och Seven Doors skapas en frågemanual som sedan används vid intervjuerna för att vidare analyseras för att komma fram till intressanta resultat om denna socialmarketing kampanj. / The commercial called ”Africa” is a social marketing campaign from the Swedish national defense. The purpose of the campaign is to attract persons to make them want to go through with military or civil duty in a foreign country. The purpose with this study is to find out what the receivers decoding of this commercial. What do the respondents think that the Swedish national defense wants to achieve with “Africa” and how would the commercial look like to attract the respondents? The respondents was chosen by a so called “snowball selection”, and the empirical study consist of nine persons, both women and men, that has attended in personal interviews. Social marketing is about how to affect a target group to change a certain behavior. But one concept within social marketing is that target groups rarely agree with each other when it comes to opinions or responses, and it is because of this that the target groups should be divided into different segment. The conclusion show that “Africa” succeeds to create emotions at the receiver, but the campaign is not enough to reach all the way to the goal, the action. From theories about social marketing, KTH (emotions, thought and action) and the Seven Doors model, a question manual is created that are used at the interviews to further analyze to get to interesting conclusions about this social marketing campaign.

This thesis summarises experimental results on the molecular spectroscopy of gas phase molecules excited by synchrotron radiation in the VUV and soft X-ray regions. We have used three different detection techniques, photon induced fluorescence spectroscopy, photoionisation mass spectroscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to study molecular deuterium, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, methanol, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, s-triazine, and 2-deoxy-D-ribose, the last one also known as the DNA sugar. Out of this variety of techniques and molecules we have shown that: (1) high resolution dispersed fluorescence allows us to identify vibrational and rotational bands in molecular deuterium, as well as to estimate the predissociation probability of the same molecule [paper I]; (2) the main species fluorescing after core excitation of methane, ammonia [paper III], hydrogen sulphide [paper II], pyridine, pyrimidine and s-triazine is H Balmer α, followed by fluorescence from ionised species, molecular bands and Balmer β, γ , δ; (3) the Rydberg enhancement seen in fluorescence measurements of water [Melero et al. PRL 96 (2006) 063003], corroborated later in H2S [paper II], NH3 [paper III] and CH4 [paper III] and postulated as general behaviour for molecules formed by low-Z atoms, is also seen in larger organic cyclic molecules, e.g. azabenzenes; (4) when dissociative ionisation of pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, s-triazine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose occurs, concerted bond rearrangement and nuclear motion takes place as opposed to stepwise dissociation [papers V and VI]. / QC 20100916

This study is devoted to the determination of a high resolution gravimetric geoid model for Uganda based on the optimal combination of terrestrial and satellite gravity anomalies using the method of Least Squares Modification of Stokes’ formula with additive corrections. Specifically the study investigates the current status of the existing Uganda Vertical Network relative to the requirements of a modern height datum and includes a detailed evaluation and validation of terrestrial gravity data, several digital elevation models and some recent global geopotential models. Finally a new height datum based on a gravimetric quasigeoid model and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/levelling is proposed. In this thesis, the Uganda Gravimetric Geoid Model 2014 (UGG2014) is computed from several datasets which, include 7839 terrestrial gravity data points from the International Gravimetric Bureau, the 3 arc second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model and a recent Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer-only global geopotential model. To compensate for the missing gravity data in the target area, the surface gravity anomalies extracted from the World Gravity Map 2012 were used. Outliers in the terrestrial gravity data were detected using the cross-validation technique which, also estimated the accuracy of the remaining terrestrial gravity data as 9 mGal. Based on 12 GNSS/levelling data points distributed over Uganda, the root mean square fit of UGG2014 before and after the 4-parameter fit is 16 cm and 9 cm, respectively. The study has revealed that the heights of the Uganda Vertical Network are normal-orthometric heights for which the quasigeoid is the closest approximation to the zero reference surface. Consequently, the Uganda Gravimetric Quasigeoid Model 2014 (UGQ2014) was derived from the UGG2014 with the quasigeoid-geoid separation computed from the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 complete to degree/order 2160 of spherical harmonics. The root mean square fit of UGQ2014 versus GNSS/levelling is 15 cm and 8 cm before and after the 4-parameter fit, respectively, which shows that the quasigeoid model fits GNSS/levelling better than the geoid model. Thus a new height datum based on UGQ2014 and GNSS/levelling was determined as a practical solution to the determination of heights directly from GNSS. Evaluated with 4 independent GNSS/levelling points, the root mean square fit of the new height datum is 5 cm better than using the quasigeoid model alone. With an average parts-per-million of 29 in the relative test, the new height datum satisfies the precision and accuracy requirements of third order precise levelling. Overall, the results show that UGG2014 and UGQ2014 agree considerably better with GNSS/levelling than any other recent regional/global gravimetric geoid models. Therefore, both gravimetric solutions are a significant step forward in the modelling of a “1-cm geoid” over Uganda given the poor quality and quantity of the terrestrial gravity data used for computation. / <p>QC 20150831</p>

På Arkitekturskolans innergård pågick under vintern och våren ett fullskaligt experiment med byggställningar som råmaterial. Undersökandet gick ut på att hitta alternativa metoder att tolka och översätta idéer och föreställningar till arkitektur. Skaparna har med egna händer uppfört och transformerat alla de strukturer som engagerat och interagerat med Arkitekturskolans invånare. All your base are belong to us handlar om att ta i besittning sin vardagliga fysiska miljö. / Three years ago studios and workshops were destroyed in a major fire at KTH School of Architecture and ever since a state of temporariness echoes in its premises. Barracks and tent structures are a constant reminder of the event that ominously foretold of the schools future fate. In the fall of 2015 the school is to move to a new building across the border that is Valhallavägen.The provokative brutalistic architecture was intended to educate the students in building techniques. With its exposed constructive elements and unfinished expression it urges us to appropriate, adapt and make our own additions. As students, time is running out and we found it suitable to make an homage to the so often unfairly treated architecture that parented us.We found that there is a kinship between the building and its recent temporary additions. Perhaps the way they both truthfully express the individual parts and assemblage that make up the whole. We felt the need to build something in line with these structures, as we imagined that temporary architecture could optimize the use of the appropriated site. We would be able to learn how the site logistically and emotionally operates by working with previously untested conditions. We chose what we believed to be the most public of spaces; the courtyard.We were looking for certain qualities in a building material. Although not recognizable to most people, we found that the following traits are inherent to the scaffold structure: to effortlessly being able perform specific tasks, fulfilling a duty with straightforwardness, operating at a maximized output level relative to the invested amount of work, extremely potent and beautiful in its own sense, always soon to be a memory.What we would be investigating was unclear at the beginning but looking back at our work we have made a number of transformations of the site. Sometimes suggestively and sometimes reactively. We have been searching for a form that would always surpass the previous. We have been searching for constellations that would cause people to engage and reflect on their built environment. We have been searching for alternative ways to translate ideas into architecture.

Today more and more people are moving to the cities around the world. This puts a lot of strain on the infrastructure as the cities grow in both width and height. To be able to monitor the ongoing change remote sensing is an effective tool and ways to make it even more effective, better and easier to use are constantly sought after. One way to monitor change detection is object based change detection. The idea has been around since the seventies, but it wasn’t until the early 2000 when it was introduced by Blaschke and Strobl(2001) to the market as a solution to the issues with pixel based analysis that it became popular with remote analysts around the world. KTH-SEG is developed at KTH Geoinformatics. It is developed to segment images in order to preform object based analysis; it can also be used for classification. In this thesis object based change detection over an area of Shanghai is carried out. Two different approaches are used; post-classification analysis as well as creating change detection images. The maps are assessed using the maximum likelihood report in the software Geomatica. The segmentation and classification is done using KTH-SEG, training areas and ground truth data polygons are drawn in ArcGIS and pre-processing and other operations is carried out using Geomatica. KTH-SEG offers a number of changeable settings that allows the segmentation to suit the image at hand.  It is easy to use and produces well defined classification maps that are usable for change detection The results are evaluated in order to estimate the efficiency of object based change detection in urban area and KTH-SEG is appraised as a segmentation and classification tool. The results show that the post-classification approach is superior to the change detection images. Whether the poor result of the change detection images is affected by other parameters than the object based approach can’t be determined. / Idag flyttar fler och fler människor in i städer runt om i världen. Det utgör en stor påverkan på den befintliga infra-strukturen då städerna växer på både höjden och bredden. För att kunna bevaka den förändring som sker så används ofta fjärranalys som ett effektivt verktyg. Sätt att utveckla befintliga tekniken försöker man hela tiden hitta nya, enklare och mer effektiva sätt att bevaka förändring finns alltid på horisonten. Objektbaserad förändrings analys är ett sätt att bevaka förändringar. Iden om att använda objekt baserad analys har funnits sedan 70-talet, men det var först i början av 2000-talet, då Blaschke och Strobl(2001) introducerade tekniken som en lösning på de problem man stöter på i pixelbaserad analys, som tekniken blev populär bland fjärranalytiker världen över. KTH-SEG är ett program utvecklat på KTH Geoinformatik avdelning. KTH-SEG är utvecklat för att segmentera bilder inför objektbaserad analys. Dessutom utför programmet klassificering. I det här arbetet utförs objektbaserad förändrings analys över ett område i Shanghai. För att hitta de förändringar som har skett har två tillvägsgångssätt använts: dels har analys av bilder efter klassificeringen gjorts och dels har bilder som i sig själva skall visa den förändring som har skett skapats, så kallade förändringsbilder. Bildernas pålitlighet är utvärderad genom att använda ”maximum likelihood report” i programmet Geomatica.   Segmentering och klassificering är gjort i programmet KTH-SEG, träningsområden och testområden är skapade i ArcGIS och förbehandling av bilder samt andra operationer är gjorda i Geomatica. KTH-SEG erbjuder många valmöjligheter för att påverka segmenteringsresultatet. Den är enkelt att använda och producerar tydliga klassificerade bilder som är användbara för analys. Resultatet utvärderas för att bestämma hur effektivt det är att använda objektbaserad förändrings analys av urbana områden och KTH-SEG utvärderas som ett segmenterings- och klassifikations verktyg. Resultaten visar att förändringsbilder ger ett sämre resultat än bilder som analyseras efter klassifikationen. Huruvida det dåliga resultatet på förändingsbilderna beror på andra omständigheter än tillvägagångssättet med objekt baserad klassifikation kan inte bestämmas. Mycket tyder dock på att det är valet av två bilder från olika satelliter som ger det dåliga resultatet.

Med en stor central hall på över fyra våningar skiljer sig byggnaden från det klassiska konstmuseet. Rummet ger med sina vita betongväggar och massiva skala inte bara plats åt konsten, utan förstärker den också. Det diffusa ljuset från takfönstret ger en sakral stämning och hallen kan hålla allt från en enskild tavla till enorma statyer, men också filmvisningar och teater. Samtidigt finns möjligheter till mer traditionella utställningar i de mindre omgivande hallarna. I övrigt finns möjlighet till föreläsningar och undervisning i anslutning till entrén och shoppen.       Byggnaden är också mer än bara en konsthall för Uppsala och årummet. De sunkiga båtarna tas bort och istället skapas ett stadsrum där parken möts av terrasser och byggnader på andra sidan vattnet. En restaurang med uteservering i söderläge mot parken ramar in och skapar en ny mötesplats i ett idag outnyttjad vattenrum. Konsthallen vänder sig mot parken och försöker vara lagom iögonfallande i skarpa linjer, vit betong och svarta granit, utan att ta för mycket plats på kajen. / The building differs from the traditional art museum with a large central hall with a height of over four stories.  The room with its massive white concrete walls does not only provide a place for art, but enhances it.  The faded light from the skylight creates an atmosphere of serenity and the room can give space for everything from the smallest painting to large statues, but also theatre and screenings.  The smaller surrounding rooms can house more traditional exhibitions.  In connection with the entrance and shop there are rooms for lectures and workshops. The structure gives more than just an art gallery to Uppsala and the river with its surroundings. The old boats are removed and the park is instead met with terraces at the opposite side of the water.  A restaurant in conjunction with the terraces frames the water and creates a venue in an otherwise unused water space. The entrance faces the park and attempts to be eye-caching in sharp lines, white concrete and black polished granite, without being too extreme.

Matematikkurser på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan läses varje år av flera tusen studenter. Genomströmningen är låg relativt andra kurser och att öka andelen studenter som klarar kurserna utan att minska kraven ligger i både studenters och lärares intresse.I detta arbete undersöker vi vilka plattformar för samarbete inom matematik dagens studenter på medieteknik-programmet, KTH, använder, samt hur de används och hur de olika plattformarna upplevs påverka studenternas inlärning av matematik. Detta är relevant då matematikkurserna anses vara de svåraste på KTH. För att besvara frågeställningen bads 20 studenter svara på en enkät. Svaren som skickades in var främst i fritext.Resultaten visar att studenter använder sig av Facebook, Skype, Mathoverflow och Reddit vid samarbete i matematik. Dessa plattformar används då studenter finner något svårt i matematiken och behöver diskutera lösningar med andra. Plattformar som Youtube, WolframAlpha och Ludu används enligt studenterna själva för ett samarbete inom matematik. Vi anser dock att de nämnda plattformarna ej faller under vår benämning av plattformsbaserat samarbete. En majoritet av studenterna anser att det finns tillräckligt med resurser på KTH för att hjälpa dem med sin inlärning av matematik. Om KTH skulle införa en plattform för att underlätta matematikinlärningen önskar de flesta att det i sådana fall skulle implementeras ett diskussionsforum där studenter och lärare kan hjälpa varandra med lösningar på matematikproblem. / Mathematics Courses at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) are each year taken by several thousand students. The throughput is low relative to other courses and to increase the proportion of students who pass the courses without reducing the requirements lies in both the students and teachers interest.In this thesis, we investigate what platforms for cooperation in mathematics today's students at the Media Technology Programme, Royal Institute of Technology, uses, how they are used and how the various platforms are perceived to affect students' ability to learn in mathematics. This is relevant since the courses in mathematics are considered to be the most difficult at KTH. To answer the question we asked 20 students to fill in a survey. The answers were mostly in free-text form.The results show that students uses Facebook,Skype, Mathoverflow and Reddit for cooperation in mathematics. These platforms are used when students find something difficult in the mathematic courses, and want to discuss solutions with other students. Platforms like Youtube, WolframAlpha and Ludu are, according to the students, being used for cooperation in mathematics. However, we believe that these platforms do not fall under our term of platform-based cooperation. A majority of respondents believe that there are enough resources at KTH to help them with their ability to learn mathematics. If KTH would introduce a platform to facilitate learning in mathematics most wish that it would contain a discussion forum where students and teachers could help each other with solutions to mathematical problems