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This thesis project was carried out by two students on behalf of SMA Mineral AB, which owns the lime plant in Rättvik, where there was need to establish a sampling method for the local quick lime product. The aim was to ensure a maximum concentration of impurities in the product—primarily carbon and sulphur. The mean value of sulphur found in the input material varied over time. Consequently, a suitable statistical method was needed to ensure product quality for the prospective customer as they required that the sulphur content of the proposed product never exceed 500 ppm.The aim was, on the one hand, to process and compile the sampling results in accordance with a suitable statistical method which enabled reasonable conclusions about the product quality and, on the other hand, to answer three key queries that SMA Mineral AB posed:• to investigate whether the product’s sulphur content was affected during conveyance through the lime plant;• to investigate whether sampling at various time intervals may have been a factor which affected the product’s sulphur content;• to investigate whether there was, or were, any particular times of day at which the sulphur content always maintained the correct level.A number of phases were required to find answers to these questions. The planning phase was initiated by a visit to Rättvik, with the purpose of gaining an overall picture of how work at the plant was conducted as well as which guidelines and regulations were in effect. After this visit, a project plan was drawn up in order to serve as support for further work.The sampling campaign took place during the period of 13–16 April 2015 and analysis of the collected material was carried out the following week at the company’s laboratory in Persberg, Sweden. However, the results from the sampling campaign did not provide sufficient basis for answering the company’s questions, which is why data from SMA Mineral AB’s own data collection was used. Data collected during the sampling campaign proved to follow normal distribution. Subsequently, the statistical analysis of variance method, ANOVA, was applied in order to investigate whether the sulphur content changed with respect to the time interval and the sampling site. The test results demonstrated p-values under 0.005, which meant that neither the sampling site nor the sampling time intervals had an effect on the product’s sulphur content. The company’s question, whether there were daily time intervals of acceptable sulphur content in the product, was answered with the assistance of the company’s own data collection, which demonstrated that it did not follow normal distribution. For that reason, the bootstrap method was used to create confidence intervals for the different points in time. The result showed that there were no points in time during which acceptable material was produced. One reason for this is the occurrence of a set of deviating values that were observed to have a sulphur content that exceeded 1,000 ppm. This report presents recommendations for various measures independently of any opinions SMA Mineral AB may have concerning the source of these values and whether they can possibly be avoided. / <p>Validerat; 20160612 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Stenbyggnadstraditionen kom sent till Norrland. När dessa byggnadstekniker slutligen spreds sig norrut så var det kyrkan som förde med sig kunskapen och uppförde kyrkor i sten längs kusten. Murbruksprover har insamlats från fem olika medeltida kyrkor längs norrlandskusten för att bättre förstå och jämföra det använda byggnadsmaterialet. Proverna har analyserats som tunnslip för att kunna tolka innehåll och sammansättning. Kyrkornas likheter jämförs och diskuteras. Dessutom genomförs en genomgång av Norrlands byggnadstradition från förhistorisk tid för att bättre förstå varför det länge byggdes annorlunda här jämfört med resten av landet och hur koloniseringen av landet tedde sig. / The stone building tradition was slow to arrive in Norrland. And when there building techniques finally spread north over it was the church who brought the knowledge of the material and erected churches along the coastline. Mortar samples have been collected from five different medieval churches along the coastline of Norrland. The samples have then been analyzed as barrel slips to uncover components of the mortar. The churches similarities have been compared and discussed. In addition, there is an in-depth part of Norrland’s building traditions from prehistoric time to better understand why the stone building tradition was so late and why people built different up here. This part also discusses the colonization of the land and the population growth.

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Hydrauliskt kalk är ett bindemedel i mur- och putsbruk som idag främst används vid restaureringar. Likt bruk med cement som bindemedel härdar hydrauliskt kalkbruk även under vatten. Hydrauliskt kalkbruk når en högre hållfasthet än luftkalkbruk men lägre än cementbruk. Enligt EU:s avfallsdirektiv ska återanvändning eller materialåtervinning ske av merparten av icke-farligt avfall en avfallsgrupp till vilket tegel och murbruk hör. Likt luftkalkbruk kan tegel murat med hydrauliskt kalkbruk rensas från bruket och sedan återbrukas i nyproduktion. Denna möjlighet tillsammans med god hållfasthet och de hydrauliska egenskaperna gör det intressant att titta på hydrauliskt kalkbruk som ett alternativ till de idag vanligt förekommande bruken på marknaden. Syftet med denna rapport är att redogöra för egenskaperna hos hydrauliskt kalkbruk och jämföra dessa med de cementbaserade bruk som framförnallt används idag. Typiska faktorer som påverkar valet av murbruk är ekonomi, funktion, tillgång, hållfasthet samt fukttekniska och andra byggnadsfysikaliska egenskaper. Arbetet utfördes genom litteraturstudie samt genom ett praktiskt försök genom provning av den kapillära absorptionsförmågan. Provningen utfördes för att bestämma fukttekniska egenskaper hos bruket och se om de liknar det diffusionsöppna luftkalkbruket. Försöket utfördes med hydrauliskt kalkbruk samt två referensbruk i tegelmurar. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att ingående kartlägga egenskaperna hos hydrauliskt kalkbruk. Brukets sammansättning studerades och uppbyggnadens påverkan på brukets fuktbetingelser analyserades. Denna analys låg till grund för genomförandet av absorptionsproven. De viktigaste egenskaperna vid val av bruk sammanställs även för andra, typiskt förekommande, brukssorter och jämförs med det hydrauliska kalkbruket. Vid proven simulerades slagregn mot fasaden genom att en testplatta fästes vid murverkets yta. Genom ett stigrör anslutet till plattan tillfördes vatten varpå murens absorption skulle bestämmas. Resultat från litteraturstudien visar på god hållfasthet och god tillgång till råvara samt indikerar miljömässiga fördelar jämfört med cementbaserade bruk. Priset och kunskapsbrist hos projektörer och entreprenörer ligger idag i den andra vågskålen, till det hydrauliska kalkbrukets nackdel.Provningen resulterade tyvärr inte i någon användbar data. Problem med tätning mellan utrustningen och murverket ledde till ofullständiga och osäkra resultat. Någon slutsats om absorptionen hos det hydrauliska kalkbruket jämte murcement- och kalkcementbruk i oliksugande tegel kan således inte dras. Ytterligare försök vore intressanta, under rätt för-utsättningar, genom absorptionstest eller genom uttorkningsprov för att bestämma det hydrauliska kalkbrukets fuktegeskaper. De allt större miljömässiga kraven som ställs i samhället och i byggbranchen kan öppna uppför ett ökat användande av hydrauliskt kalkbruk i framtiden. / Much like mortars with cement binders mortar with hydraulic lime hardens in contact with water. Eventually, as the process of carbonation starts, the hardening will be more similar to that of non-hydraulic lime. The compresive strength of hydraulic mortar lies inbetween the weaker non-hydraulic lime and the stronger mortars with Porland cement as binder. According to the european union directive 2006/12/EC on waste 70% of all non-hazardous waste should be reused, recykled or in other ways material recovered. Bricks layed with lime binders can be scraped of hardened mortar and reused in new buildings. This trait together with the strengthand hydraulic properties of hydraulic lime opens up for the mortar as a more widely used alternative to the more commonly used mortars of today containing cement as binders. This project aims to give a thorough presentation of the properties of hydraulic lime and give a comparison with mortars containing Portland cement as binder. Price and access together with strength and functionare all traits that can be of interest in regard to properties of mortar. By performing absorption test on hydraulic lime mortar together with two cement based mortars the moisture movement through mortar joints are compared. The tests are perfomed on multiple sample walls consisting of three different facade clay bricks with low, normal and high suction after 28 days of curing. A litterature study has been performed in support of the experimental study in wich the structure of hydraulic lime has been analysed. The absorption and desorption and it’s connection to the porus structure of mortar is investigeted. This is the basis for the absorption tests performedby the use of test plates applied to the masonry. Wind driven rain is simulated with the use of RILEM-tubes connected to the test plates afterwhich the absorption can be determined. Unfortunaly the experiment did not result in conclusive data because of problems with the equipment. It was not possible to achieve a tight seal between the equipment and the masonry so water leaked out during testing. As a result it was not possible to draw any conclusions regarding the moisture properties of hydraulic lime. Future testing should be done in better conditons or by using another method.

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