In Halland, agriculture is the major source of eutrophication of water. In the study, synoptic sampling were performed in the three watercourses Nyrebäcken, Skintan and Vinån all located in the county of Halland. Sampling occurred during the period February to May on three occasions with different flow rates: high, low and base flow. Samples were taken in the mainstream and tributaries with intention to show how big the impact of eutrophication it is in the water and  to assess the impact of the tributaries The results show that all watercourses are affected by eutrophication. Nyrebäcken has the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the mainstream, then Skintan and last Vinån. Vinån is much less affected by phosphorus than the other watercourses, which may depend on the surrounding landscape and that the edges of the watercourse are less steep than at Nyrebäcken and Skintan. The concentration in the tributaries varies widely, from low concentrations to extremely high. In all watercourses there are tributaries that have a big impact on the mainstream, just as there are tributaries that have a small impact. The concentration also varies with the different flows and in generally the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are measured during high flow. To estimate the impact of the tributaries the results of total nitrogen and total phosphorus have been classified according to classification system previously used in Sweden. The classification means a rating from 1 to 5 where 1 is the lowest and 5 the highest. The classification has been made for each tributary in the respective watercourses at different flows. The mainstream was classified according to the mean of all sample points in the mainstream at the respective flow. Sampling was only done on three occasions during a short period and to improve the results further sampling have to be done.

Abstract The knowledge about pesticide residue in private wells is not well documented in Sweden.Previous studies have detected pesticide residue in private wells, this issue is what made themunicipality of Laholm commission the study. The purpose was to collect water samples from50 private wells in Laholm and have them analyzed for traces of pesticides. The wells in thestudy are spread geographical over the entire municipality. The analysis of the water sampleswas carried out by the accredited laboratory Eurofins. Nine of the 50 wells in this studycontained residue of pesticides and two of these exceeded the allowed concentration of 0,1 μg/l.Nine different pesticides were detected, among these were BAM, Atrazin and breakdownproducts from Metribuzin. These pesticides were mostly found in older dug wells. The result alsoindicates that occurrence of pesticide residue is more frequent in areas of agricultural activity.These areas should therefore be investigated further. Not all substances that were found are usedfor agriculture. Substances that have been banned for a long time were found in the samples.This highlights the importance of adequate control of new pesticides considered for commercialuse.

<p>The aim of this project was to describe and to evaluate five small sewage treatment plants in the municipality of Laholm, Sweden, in order to investigate the treatment efficiency and to evaluate if effluents comply with discharge permits. The treatment systems were designed to treat effluents from 90 to 500 population equivalents. A report on the design and the present state of each sewage treatment plant has been made. This was made based upon previous documentation on water quality and by new sampling campaign as there were only a few previous measurements. Data has been evaluated and remedial actions proposed for those treatment plants that don’t fulfill discharge permits. Based upon the scientific investigation in combination with visits to the plants, discussions with the technicians in charge of the operation and literature study the following conclusions have been made:</p><p>The sewage treatment plant in Hishult doesn’t comply with the permits and the plant will soon be totally renovated.</p><p>Mästocka and Kornhults sewage treatment plants are complying with discharge permits and will be left without further actions at the present time.</p><p>Skogaby sewage treatment plant is in need of remedial action and I recommend focusing on the later treatment stages of the plant (pond and infiltration unit).</p><p>Öringe sewage treatment plant needs to be further investigated before suitable remedial actions can be proposed.</p>

The aim of this project was to describe and to evaluate five small sewage treatment plants in the municipality of Laholm, Sweden, in order to investigate the treatment efficiency and to evaluate if effluents comply with discharge permits. The treatment systems were designed to treat effluents from 90 to 500 population equivalents. A report on the design and the present state of each sewage treatment plant has been made. This was made based upon previous documentation on water quality and by new sampling campaign as there were only a few previous measurements. Data has been evaluated and remedial actions proposed for those treatment plants that don’t fulfill discharge permits. Based upon the scientific investigation in combination with visits to the plants, discussions with the technicians in charge of the operation and literature study the following conclusions have been made: The sewage treatment plant in Hishult doesn’t comply with the permits and the plant will soon be totally renovated. Mästocka and Kornhults sewage treatment plants are complying with discharge permits and will be left without further actions at the present time. Skogaby sewage treatment plant is in need of remedial action and I recommend focusing on the later treatment stages of the plant (pond and infiltration unit). Öringe sewage treatment plant needs to be further investigated before suitable remedial actions can be proposed.

When exposed to them, isocyanates can induce serious injuries in the respiratory tract and irritation on the skin and in the eyes. They are therefore interesting from the point of view of occupational health. The purpose of this thesis was to collect isocyanates in air with impinger-filter samplers and solvent free samplers. Furthermore the isocyanates were to be analyzed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The solvent free sampler consists of a polypropylene tube and filter holder fitted with glass fiber filters impregnated with derivatization reagent, coupled with a pump. The impinger-filter sampler was made out of an impinger flask, containing a derivatization solution, coupled in series with a filter holder and a pump. Di-n-butylamine was used as derivatization reagent in both samplers to stabilize the reactive isocyanates and to enable mass spectrometric detection. The solvent free sampler is highly advantageous because of its user friendliness during field measurements, as opposed to the impinger-filter method. An exposure chamber, equipped with two interior fans to ensure good circulation, was used to generate an atmosphere containing isocyanates. Analyzing the isocyanate-DBA derivates with LC-MS/MS worked very well and the method made it possible to detect isocyanate levels below 1 ng/mL. During quantification of isocyanates a standard curve with concentrations from 1 to 1000 ng/mL was used. Detection of isocyanate levels as low as one fifth of the limit value of some isocyanates was found to be possible, which would indicate that the methods are sensitive. Even though the solvent free sampler worked, the impinger-filter sampler was found to be more effective in collecting isocyanates. The coefficient of variation calculated from concentrations of isocyanates from the solvent free sampler varied between 0-35 %. The reason for this might be due to the fact that an optimized extraction method had not been tried out within the time limit of this project. Questions, identified during this thesis work, need to be answered before being able to obtain reliable results from field measurements with the solvent free sampler.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to improve the knowledge about stormwater and water coolant at an industry, and in this case, Volvo GTO Umeå. It investigates which benchmark that should be used, Volvo GTO Umea’s pollutant load over a year and how the industry should sample the outgoing stormwater and water coolant. Article researches and interviews with the municipality and operations was the method for the sampling plan. Article researches were also used to find suitable benchmarks. To calculate the pollutant load, data were gathered from books, Internet and verbal sources. The conclusion is that it is hard to establish a flow proportional sampling plan for Volvo GTO Umeå when only a few companies uses the method and when it does not exist any national guidelines. It takes a lot of time to calculate a stormwater pollutant load on the recipient if the area has more than one sampling stormwater drain that has an outflow to the recipient. If the runoff coefficient is the same for all the sampling storm drains and standard concentrations is used as pollutant data, the pollutant load can be misleading for each sampling storm drains. It is important for a company to have benchmarks to compare their sampling data with. The benchmarks should consider the recipients sensitivity, to prevent impact on it.

År 2011 asfalterade Falu Återvinning 5 500 m2 för att användas till rötslamkompostering. I samband med detta gav Länsstyrelsen i Dalarnas Län ett utredningsvillkor. Utredningsvillkoret går ut på att Falu Återvinning ska undersöka vad det förorenade dagvattnet innehåller och i vilka mängder, hur stora dagvattenflödena är, vilken påverkan på omgivningen dagvattnet har samt att förslag ges till lämpligt omhändertagande av dagvatten. I dagsläget går majoriteten av dagvattnet till en lakvattendamm och resterande går till Stångtjärnsbäcken, ett vattendrag som är fiskförande. Denna rapport ska fungera som underlag till en framtida utökning av Egenkontrollprogrammet för Vatten på Falu Återvinning med avseende på dagvatten. Egenkontroll innebär att verksamheter som kan medföra olägenheter för människors och miljöns hälsa är skyldiga att kontrollera verksamhetens påverkan. Syftet med examensarbetet var att planera och genomföra provtagning samt utvärdera analysresultat av dagvatten på Falu Återvinning. Erhållna analysresultat skulle ligga till grund för val av dagvattenhantering. Inför provtagningen undersöktes provtagningsmetoder och analysomfång. Provtagningsmetoderna inkluderade stickprov, blandprov och passiva provtagare. För- och nackdelar samt rådande förhållanden på anläggningen låg till grund för val av metod. Analysomfång valdes så att närsalter, tungmetaller, organiska summametoder och ett antal miljögifter undersöktes. Vilka miljögifter som skulle analyseras valdes utifrån avfallet som behandlas på Falu Återvinning. De erhållna analysresultaten utvärderades och låg till grund för rekommendation av dagvattenhantering. Då en ekonomisk lösning av dagvattenrening önskades undersöktes enkla och/eller naturliga reningsmetoder som inte kräver avancerad teknologi och är billiga i drift. Metoder som undersöktes var dagvattendammar, översilningsytor, avsättningsmagasin och alternativet att skicka dagvatten till Främby Avloppsreningsverk. Dagvattnet från Falu Återvinning visades innehålla framförallt höga halter av närsalter, zink och organiskt material. Provtagningspunkten DV5 visade indikationer på att framträngande grundvatten eventuellt kan ha förorenats av lakvatten från en intilliggande deponi. Detta på grund av väldigt höga halter av organiskt material, alkalinitet, klorid och ammoniumkväve. Framförallt de höga halterna av klorid och ammoniumkväve antydde att grundvattnet i området kunde ha förorenats av lakvatten. Dagvattnet i provtagningspunkten DV1 visade förhöjda halter av kadmium, koppar, zink och organiskt material. Den högsta halten av sulfat observerades i denna punkt, dock låg halten under riktvärdet för sulfat i dricksvatten. Även halter av PCB kunde detekteras i DV1. DV3 hade höga halter av bly, organiskt material och närsalter, men vattnet i denna punkt går i dagsläget till en lakvattendamm. DV4 hade väldigt varierande sammansättning, men visade förhöjda halter av organiskt material, kväve och koppar. Dagvattnet i DV1 och DV4 bör inte släppas ut i Stångtjärnsbäcken. Bästa hanteringsmetoden för dagvatten på Falu Återvinning förefaller vara anläggandet av en dagvattendamm alternativt att dagvattnet skickas till Främby Avloppsreningsverk. / In 2011, Falu Återvinning laid out 5 500 m2 of new tarmac to be used as storage space, mostly for digested sludge composting. In a correlation with this the County Administrative Board of Dalarna gave an investigation condition. This condition meant that the storm water at Falu Återvinning was to be examined in regards of pollution concentrations, masses, flows and possible environmental impact on the surroundings. The condition also meant that an appropriate treatment of the storm water was to be suggested. Today, the majority of the storm water is lead to an existing leachate pond while the remaining storm water goes to the Stångtjärnsbäck, which is a stream with a certain protection value since it contains fish. This report will serve as a basis for future expansion of the Self-monitoring program for Water at Falu Återvinning in regards of storm water. Self-monitoring means that businesses that can cause harm to human and/or environmental health have an obligation to monitor this impact. The purpose of the thesis project was to plan and carry out a sample-taking of the storm water at Falu Återvinning, and evaluate the results of the analyzes. These results were to be used as the basis of choosing appropriate treatment of the storm water. Prior to sampling, different sampling methods and the extent of the analyze were investigated. The sampling methods included grab and composite samples as well as passive sampling devices. The advantages and disadvantages of the different sampling methods as well as the conditions at Falu Återvinning formed the basis for the choice of method. The extent of the analyzes were chosen so that this included nutrient salts, heavy metals, organic parameters and a number of environmental pollutants. Which environmental pollutants were to be examined was chosen by consideration to the waste that is treated at Falu Återvinning. The acquired results were evaluated and used as a base for the recommendation of appropriate treatment of storm water at Falu Återvinning. An economical solution was desired so simple and/or natural treatment processes were investigated, since these are cheaper to run and requires less advanced technology. Processes that were investigated were storm water ponds, grassed areas, detention basins and the possibility to send the storm water to the local wastewater treatment facility, Främby Avloppsreningsverk. The investigated storm water at Falu Återvinning showed high concentrations of foremost nutrient salts, zinc and organic material. The sampling point of DV5 indicated that penetrated ground water may have been polluted by leachate from a nearby landfill. This is due to very high concentrations of organic material, alkalinity, chloride and ammonia nitrogen. Especially the very high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and chloride indicated a pollution of leachate. The storm water in the sampling point DV1 showed elevated concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and organic materials. The highest concentrations of sulfate were found in this sampling point, although these values were lower than the guideline value of sulfate in drinking water. Concentrations of PCB were detected in DV1. DV3 contained high concentrations of lead, organic materials and nutrient salts, but the storm water in this point is collected and sent to the leachate pond. The composition of DV4 was the most varying out of all the sampling points, but showed high concentrations of organic materials, nitrogen and copper. The stormwater in sampling points DV1 and DV4 should not be lead to the Stångtjärnsbäck. The best treatment options for the storm water at Falu Återvinning would either be a storm water pond or the ability to send the water to the wastewater treatment facility Främby Avloppsreningsverk.

Provtagning är en essentiell del inom avloppsvattenreningsverksamheter där det behövs för att avgöra reningsgraden och kvaliteten på utgående vatten. Käppalaförbundets avloppsreningsverk (Käppala) på Lidingö behöver utöver detta även kontrollera slammet, då reningsverket är REVAQ-certifierat. En REVAQ-certifiering innebär bl.a. att ett avloppsreningsverk bedriver ett aktivt uppströmsarbete så att slam från reningsprocessen kan återanvändas som gödningsmedel för lantbruk. För att försäkra sig om att leva upp till de krav som ställs för REVAQ-certifiering, behöver Käppala regelbundet utvärdera sin verksamhet. Denna rapport ger en kvalitetssäkring av provtagningen i verket samt utreder om fosforbalansen i verket är inom acceptabla gränser. De provtagningar som har utvärderats är rötslamsprovtagning från de två rötkammarna R100 och R200 samt vattenprovtagningen från inkommande och utgående vatten. För rötslamsprovtagningen utreddes om tid på dygnet eller dag i veckan hade betydelse för metall- och totalfosforhalterna och i vattenprovtagningen jämfördes metall- och totalfosforhalterna från olika djup i verkets in- eller utloppskanal. Ett test utfördes även för att jämföra två olika konserveringsmetoder av vatten till metallanalyserna. Veckoprover av avvattnat slam jämfördes med de ordinarie månadsproverna för att undersöka eventuella skillnader i totalfosforbalansen. Samtliga analyser utfördes enligt de standardmetoder som används vid Käppalas eget ISO 17025-certifierade laboratorium. Undersökta fysiska variabler var torrsubstans (TS) för de olika slamproverna (rötslam och avvattnat slam), suspenderad substans (SS) för inkommande vatten och glödrest på TS från rötslam och på SS från inkommande vatten. Rent kemiskt analyserades metallhalten av tenn och de sju gränsvärdesmetallerna, bly, kadmium, koppar, krom, kvicksilver, nickel och zink, i rötslam samt inkommande och utgående vatten och totalfosforhalten i samtliga analyser. Metallanalyserna utfördes externt medan totalfosforhalterna bestämdes på Käppalas laboratorium genom molybdatmetoden. Kvalitetssäkringen visade på att varken rötslamsprovtagningen eller vattenprovtagningen behövde ändras för att ge ett mer representativt resultat. Rötslammet varierade i halterna men processen skedde tillräckligt långsamt för att ett regelbundet veckostickprov skulle kunna upptäcka eventuella avvikelser. Halterna i inkommande och utgående vatten ändrades inte signifikant beroende på djup och konserveringsmetoden påverkade inte heller metallanalysresultaten. Fosforbalansen hos veckoproverna av avvattnat slam avvek nämnvärt från månadsprovernas balanser, utan att vara bättre, och för att ge en bra bild av fosforbalansen rekommenderas därför ytterligare försök med veckoprover jämsides månadsprover under en längre tidsperiod.

Predation is a key factor in evolutionary dynamics. It disrupts the potential of fossilisation in prey items and is poorly recorded in the fossil record; failed predation in conical marine gastropods is recorded in scars. Quantifying the scar distribution and collection and taphonomic biases present in the fossil record of the gastropod Neptunea contraria, of the Red Crag Formation, Gelasian, Pleistocene, UK is necessary to approach this dynamic. Neptunea contraria is highly abundant in the Red Crag Formation which is easily accessed. The size and scarring on a large number (450+) of individuals was collected, recorded and measured from pre-existing and new material. The size distribution of Neptunea contraria is non-normal and is enriched in larger individuals, the scar distribution – expected to be Poisson – is not so. Taphonomic and Collection bias had a large influence over the size and scar distributions of Neptunea contraria. Material from the same localities shows very different size distributions. The lack of Poisson distribution suggests different rates of unsuccessful predation over life history of Neptunea contraria, assuming the data is valid. / Predation anses vara en viktig faktor inom ekologi och evolution men till vilken grad har effekterna av predation förändrats genom geologisk tid? Det centrala fokuset i denna studie ligger i att frambringa en förståelse av både population- och predationsfördelningen bland marina snäckor av arten Neptunea contraria av Pleistocen ålder från Red Crag-formationen, East Anglia, Storbritannien.Framgångsrik predation resulterar i förstörelsen av snigeln och dess livshistoria registreras i deras skal. Misslyckad predation bevaras i skalen bland individer som överlevt genom ärrbildningar. Det finns ett okänt samband mellan misslyckad och framgångsrik predation.Samlingen av fossilt material från Sedgwick-museet i Cambridge, Storbritannien, ligger till grund för denna studie. Detta material är ofullständigt (d.v.s. material saknas) och noterbart fragmenterat vilket orsakats av nedbrytande processer, därav tafonomi. Denna studie belyser flertalet källor som ger upphov till ett ofullständigt fossilt register, därav processer direkt relaterade till fossilisering och antropogen insamling. Genom att jämföra flertalet uppsättningar av fossilt material som insamlats av olika personer så kan graden av bias i förhållande till insamlingen undersökas. Resultatet av denna studie visar att samlingen av fossila sniglar som för närvarande finns på Sedgwick-museet är ofullständig. Detta är ett tillstånd som uppkommit delvis på grund av inkomplett insamling.Fördelningen av ärr orsakade av misslyckad predation förväntades följa en poissonfördelning. Denna förutsägelse motsägs sannerligen av nuvarande data. Troligtvis har detta förorsakats av en låg ”miss-lyckad predationsfrekvens”, vilket antyder att graden av predation inte är konstant.Sniglar av en större storlek saknar ärr på den övre delen av sina skal, vilket tyder på att frekvensen av misslyckad predation var låg i de juvenila stadierna. (