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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Genetic analysis of nifF and nifA and site-directed mutagenesis of nifE in Azotobacter vinelandii

Bennett, Lisa Tracy 06 February 2013 (has links)
Nitrogenase-catalyzed nitrogen fixation is a biochemically and genetically complex process requiring the participation of a number of different nif (nitrogen fixation) gene products. The nifF (electron transport), nifA (nif gene regulation) and nifE (FeMo-cofactor biosynthesis) genes from <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i> were genetically analyzed. The nucleotide sequence of the nifF gene, which encodes a flavodoxin, was determined. Specific mutation strains indicated that in <i>A vinelandii</i> flavodoxin is not the unique physiological electron donor to nitrogenase. The nifF gene appears to be constitutively expressed but under nitrogen fixing conditions nifF gene expression is stimulated. / Master of Science
32

Optimering av metod för upparbetning av Klebsiella pneumoniae från blododlingskultur inför flödescytometriassisterad resistensbestämning

Hahlin, Emma January 2019 (has links)
Under vissa omständigheter kan bakterier kan ta sig in i blodbanan där de kan orsaka allvarliga infektioner (bakteriemi). Metoden som används för identifiering och resistensbestämning av bakterier i blododlingar kräver minst 16 timmars inkubation. Fram tills en resistensbestämning utförts kan empirisk antibiotikabehandling användas, men med ökande resistensutbredning blir det alltmer osäkert om denna behandling är verksam. Nyligen har en lappdiffusionsmetod för resistensbestämning direkt från blododling validerats, som kan läsas av efter 4, 6 och/eller 8 timmars inkubation. Det finns även publicerade arbeten där flödescytometriassisterad resistensbestämning används, men då krävs att bakterierna finns i tillräckligt hög koncentration, befinner sig i tillväxtfas och finns som renkultur. Syftet med examensarbetet var att optimera hantering av blododlingsflaskor så att bakterier från blododlingsflaskorna kunde isoleras med tillräcklig kvalitet och koncentration för att kunna utföra resistensbestämning med flödescytometri. Upprening av bakterierna utfördes med olika tvättbuffertar och sedan utfördes resistensbestämning med flödescytometri och  referensmetoden buljongspädning. Resultaten från uppreningen visade att sterilt vatten och Tween20 gynnade bakteriernas återhämtningsförmåga mest. Resistensbestämning utfördes med Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC700603,  K. pneumoniae CCUG56233 och K. pneumoniae ATCC13882, som tvättats med sterilt vatten och Tween20. För CCUG56233 skiljde 1 spädningssteg i koncentrationsskalan mellan metoderna. ATCC-isolaten erhöll likartade MIC-värden (minimum inhibitory concentration) vid alla analyser men där fanns en skillnad på 2 spädningssteg mellan buljongspädning och analys med flödescytometri. Detta kan förklaras av skillnaden i inkubationstid mellan metoderna. Slutsatsen som kan dras är därför att resultaten från de två metoderna vid resistensbestämning är likartade och att sterilt vatten är mest lämpligt att använda vid upprening av bakterier. Fler undersökningar bör dock utföras.
33

Résistance à la colistine chez Klebsiella pneumoniae / Colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Herold Manuelli, Marine 30 March 2018 (has links)
La diffusion des bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques associée à une diminution du nombre de nouveaux antibiotiques représente un véritable enjeu de santé publique. De nos jours, un vieil antibiotique, la colistine, connait un récent regain d’intérêt, constituant parfois la seule alternative thérapeutique. La colistine est, alors, qualifiée d’antibiotique de « dernier recours ». Cependant, il a été constaté l’apparition de souches résistantes à la colistine. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier le(s) mécanisme(s) de résistance à la colistine chez K. pneumoniae. Afin de mener à bien notre projet, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux aspects de la problématique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre ce mécanisme, en associant une étude génotypique à une étude phénotypique. Et dans un second temps, nous avons cherché des alternatives thérapeutiques, en évaluant différentes associations antibiotiques / The global spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria associated with a decrease in the number of new antibiotic therapies is a major public health issue. Colistin is often referred to as the "last-resort" antibiotic, used as the only therapeutic alternative for MDR Gram-negative bacteria infection, which explains the current renewal of interest in this antimicrobial agent. However, the appearance of colistin-resistant bacterial strains has been already observed. The main objective of this PhD work was to study the colistin resistance mechanism (s) in K. pneumoniae by looking at two aspects of the problem. Firstly, we sought to better understand this mechanism, associating a genotypic study with a phenotypic study. Next, we looked for therapeutic alternatives, by evaluating different antibiotic combinations
34

Ação dos extratos de hamamélis e abacateiro sobre cepas clínicas resistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa /

Oliveira, Marcela dos Santos. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge / Coorientador: João Manoel Theotonio dos Santos / Banca: Luciane Dias Oliveira / Banca: Graziella Nuernberg Back Brito / Resumo: A resistência adquirida pelas bactérias aos antibióticos de amplo espectro tornou-se uma ameaça à saúde global. A necessidade de encontrar fármacos que consigam combater micro-organismos multirresistentes tem se tornado um grande desafio. Neste cenário, as plantas medicinais são promissoras por terem propriedades antimicrobianas eficazes, devido à presença de compostos fitoquímicos com atividades biológicas diversas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana dos extratos glicólicos de Hamamelis virginiana (hamamélis) e de Persea americana (abacateiro) sobre cepas multirresistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais foi realizada em sete cepas clínicas de K. pneumoniae e de P. aeruginosa, em comparação com uma cepa de referência de K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) e de P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). Para a determinação das concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) e bactericida mínima (CBM) dos extratos de abacateiro e de hamamélis foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, segundo NCCLS. Após obtenção destes resultados, foi verificada a ação dos extratos sobre biofilmes monomicrobianos de oito cepas de K. pneumoniae e de P. aeruginosa (1 cepa ATCC e 7 cepas clínicas resistentes). Após o período de 48 horas para a formação do biofilme, os extratos foram adicionados separadamente, pelo período de cinco minutos, na concentração efetiva pré-determinada (CBM) e concentrações superiores. Poster... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : The resistance created by bacteria to broad-spectrum antibiotics has become a threat to global health. The need to find drugs that can combat multidrug-resistant microorganisms has become a major challenge. In this scenario, medicinal plants are promising because they have effective antimicrobial properties due to the presence of phytochemical compounds with diverse biological activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of the glycolic extracts of Hamamelis virginiana (hamamelis) and Persea americana (avocado) on multiresistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was carried out in seven clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, compared to an strain of K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15442). The broth microdilution method, according to NCCLS, was used to determine the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBM) concentrations of the extracts of avocado and witch hazel. After obtaining these results, the extracts on monomicrobial biofilms of eight strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa (1 strain ATCC and 7 resistant clinical strains) were verified. After the 48 hour period for biofilm formation, the extracts were removed, with a five-minute interval, in the effective exercise session (MBC) and in the upper sets. Afterwards, the biofilms were washed and measured by two different testicles, in which the biofilm biomass was evaluated by the violet glass and the viability of the microorganisms by the MTT test. The experiments were performed with n = 10, using two replicates for each strain / extract. The data were analyzed statistically by the ANOVA method, complemented by the Tukey test, with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). The results demonstrated an antibacterial activity of both extracts against the standard strain and as the clinical .... / Mestre
35

Atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de própolis sobre cepas clínicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistentes /

Santos, Pâmela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam dos. January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Luciane Dias de Oliveira / Banca: Marianne Spalding / Banca: Vivian Cristina Costa Castilho Hyodo / Resumo: Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Klebsiella pneumoniae são enterobactérias que acometem especialmente indivíduos imunologicamente comprometidos com grande importância por sua resistência a antibióticos, dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de própolis (glicólico e aquoso) distribuídos comercialmente em cepas ATCC e clínicas multirresistentes das espécies. Inicialmente foram determinados os valores de Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) sobre cultura planctônica por microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), seguido por semeadura em ágar. A concentração correspondente ao quádruplo da CMM foi utilizada para testes em biofilmes monotípicos (contato de 5 min). Foi usada como controle positivo a solução de clorexidina (0,12%) e como controle negativo caldo BHI. Após o tratamento foi verificada a viabilidade dos micro-organismos pelo teste MTT, com leitura em espectrofotômetro de microplacas. Os dados de densidade óptica foram convertidos em porcentagem de redução microbiana e foi realizada a análise estatística com 5% de significância em todos os testes. Os extratos apresentaram ação contra forma planctônica e biofilmes de cepas multirresistentes de ambas as espécies. Para culturas planctônicas, P. aeruginosa apresentou CMM de 6,25 e 12,5 mg/mL para o extrato glicólico e de 13,75 e 55 mg/mL para o extrato aquoso, enquanto K. pneumoniae apresentou CMM de 6,25 a 25 mg/mL para o extrato glicólico e de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae are enterobacteria that especially affect immunologically compromised individuals with great importance for their resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts (glycolic and aqueous) commercially distributed in ATCC and multiresistant clinics strains of these species. The values of Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (MMC) on plankton culture were determined by microdilution in broth, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), followed by sowing in agar. The concentration corresponding to the quadruple MMC was used for monotypic biofilm tests (5-minute contact). A positive control solution of chlorhexidine (0.12%) and as a negative control BHI broth were used. After the treatment, the viability of the microorganisms was verified by the MTT test, with microplate spectrophotometer reading. Optical density data were converted to microbial reduction percentage and statistical analysis was performed with 5% significance in all tests. The extracts showed action against planktonic form and biofilms of multiresistant strains of both species. For planktonic cultures, P. aeruginosa presented MMC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg / mL for the glycolic extract and 13.75 and 55 mg / mL for the aqueous extract, while K. pneumoniae had MMC of 6.25 to 25 mg / mL for the glycolic extract and 55 mg / mL for the aqueous extract. The reduction of viability in biofilms of P. aeruginosa reached 54.42% for the glycolic extract, and 64.66% for the aqueous extract. K. pneumoniae presented a maximum reduction of 64.24% with glycolic extract and 65.13% with aqueous extract, these reductions being statistically significant in relation to the negative control (p <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that propolis extracts present an important ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
36

Comparative analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to the endemic high-risk clonal group CG258 / Análise comparativa de Klebsiella pneumoniae multiresistente pertencente ao grupo clonal endêmico de alto risco GC258

Cerdeira, Louise Teixeira 28 May 2019 (has links)
The rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant lineages of Klebsiella pneumoniae, clustered within the clonal group CG258, is a growing public health problem associated with healthcareassociated infections. The objective of this study was to perform a genomic analysis of KPC-2 and/or CTX-M &#946;-lactamase-producing strains of K. pneumoniae belonging to CG258 (ST11, ST258, ST340, ST437) circulating at the human-animal-environment interface, in Brazil and South America. The analysis was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial resistome, virulome, genetic elements of transfer and mobilization associated with the dissemination of the blaKPC-2 gene, and to perform a detailed comparative genomic analysis of the CG258; with subsequent pathogenicity evaluation in an invertebrate (Galleria mellonella) model of infection, aiming to identify biomarkers of virulence. The main results are presented in the format of six manuscripts. Manuscript I: New draft genome sequence of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 1194/11, belonging to ST340, showing a wide resisto-me. Manuscript II: The first draft genome sequence of a Klebsiella pneumoniae 606B ST340 carrying blaCTX-M-15 in food-producing animal isolated in Brazil. Manuscript III: The first draft genome sequence of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain Kp171, recovered from a water sample collected in an urban river in Brazil, demonstrating that anthropogenic activities, including the release of wastewater and sewage from hospitals, may have contributed to the contamination of aquatic environments, raising a concern to public health. Manuscript IV: Identification and complete sequence analysis of an IncX3 plasmid carrying a non-Tn4401 genetic element (NTEKPC-Ic), originating from a hospital associated lineage of K. pneumoniae ST340, showing the spread of blaKPC-2 in new Incompatibility group. Manuscript V: Dissemination of blaKPC-2 in novel non-Tn4401 Element (NTEKPC-IId) carry by new small IncQ1 and Col-Like plasmids in lineages of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and ST340. Manuscript VI: Yersiniabactin, colibactin and wider resistome contribute to enhanced virulence and persistence of KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae CG258 in South America. The results obtained in the present study allow us to obtain a first genomic landscape of K. pneumoniae lineages of the CG258, circulating at the human-animal-environment interface, in Brazil and South America. In this regard, most likely the interplay of yersiniabactin and/or colibactin, and resistance to clinically significant antibiotics (as carbapenems and polymyxins) are contributing to the emergence of highly virulent and MDR lineages that pose great risk to human health. On the other hand, the wide antimicrobial resistome (antibiotics, disinfectants and heavy metals) could be contributing to adaptation of KPC-2- and/or CTX-M-producing K. pneumoniae CG258 in the human-animal-environment interface, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced control efforts. In conclusion, these findings could contribute to the development of strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of K. pneumoniae infections. / A rápida disseminação de linhagens de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes aos carbapenêmicos, agrupadas dentro do grupo clonal GC258, e um crescente problema de saúde pública associado com infecções relacionadas a assistência a saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise genômica de cepas de K. pneumoniae produtoras de &#946;-lactamases KPC-2 e/ou CTX-M, pertencentes ao GC258 (ST11, ST258, ST340, ST437), circulando na interface humana-ambiente-animal, no Brasil e na América do Sul. A análise foi direcionada para caracterizar o resistoma e viruloma, elementos genéticos de transferência e mobilização associados com a disseminação de genes blaKPC-2, e realizar uma análise de genômica comparativa detalhada do GC258, com posterior avaliação da patogenicidade em modelo invertebrado (Galleria mellonella) de infecção, visando identificar biomarcadores de virulência. Os principais resultados são apresentados na forma de seis manuscritos. Manuscrito I: Nova sequência \"draft\" do genoma de K. pneumoniae 1194/11isolado de amostra clínica, pertencente ao ST340, mostrando um amplo resistoma. Manuscrito II: O reporte da primeira sequência \"draft\" do genoma de K. pneumoniae 606B (ST340), contendo blaCTX-M-15 em animais de produção isolados no Brasil. Manuscrito III: O primeiro esboço da sequência do genoma de K. pneumoniae Kp171, recuperado de uma amostra de água coletada em um rio urbano no Brasil, demonstrando que atividades antrópicas, incluindo a liberação de esgoto e esgoto de hospitais, podem ter contribuído para a contaminação ambientes aquáticos, levantando uma preocupação para a saúde pública. Manuscripto IV: Identificação e análise de sequencia completa de um plasmídeo IncX3 portador de um elemento genético não Tn4401 (NTEKPC-Ic), originado de uma linhagem hospitalar associada a K. pneumoniae ST340, mostrando a disseminação de blaKPC-2 no novo grupo Incompatibilidade. Manuscrito V: Disseminação de blaKPC-2 no novo elemento non-Tn4401 (NTEKPC-IId) portado por novos pequenos plasmídeos IncQ1 e Col-Like em linhagens de K. pneumoniae ST11 e ST340. Manuscrito VI: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo permitem gerar um panorama genômico das linhagens de K. pneumoniae do GC258, circulando na interface humana-animal-ambiente, no Brasil e na América do Sul. De principal interesse, a convergência da virulência associada com genes codificando yersiniabactina e/ou a colibactina e a resistência a antibióticos clinicamente significativos (como carbapenemicos e polimixinas), estão contribuindo para o aparecimento de linhagens altamente virulentas e multirresistentes que apresentam um grande risco a saúde humana. Por outro lado, a ampla resistência aos antimicrobiana (antibióticos, desinfetantes e metais pesados) poderia estar contribuindo para a adaptação de estirpes de K. pneumoniae do GC258, produtoras de KPC-2- e/ou CTX-M, na interface humana-ambiente-animal, destacando a necessidade urgente de medidas para o controle de disseminação. Em conclusão, esses achados poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento das infecções por K. pneumoniae.
37

Potencialių hospitalinės pneumonijos sukėlėjų Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae patogeniškumo veiksniai bei jų įtaka ligos eigai / Pathogenicity factors of potential hospital-acquired pneumonia pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and their influence on the course of disease

Vitkauskienė, Astra 09 June 2008 (has links)
Disertacijos tema: Potencialių hospitalinės pneumonijos sukėlėjų Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae patogeniškumo veiksniai bei jų įtaka ligos eigai Darbo tikslas -ištirti Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių, kolonizavusių apatinius kvėpavimo takus ar sukėlusių hospitalinę pneumoniją, patogeniškumo veiksnius ir jų įtaką hospitalinės pneumonijos eigai. Uždaviniai: • Ištirti hospitalinę pneumoniją sukėlusių ar apatinius kvėpavimo takus kolonizavusių Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių patogeniškumo veiksnius - atsparumą serumo baktericidiniam poveikiui, gebėjimą įsiskverbti į kvėpavimo takų epitelio ląsteles, atsparumą antibiotikams ir O serogrupinę priklausomybę. • Įvertinti Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių patogeniškumo veiksnių tarpusavio sąsajas. • Ištirti Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių, sukėlusių hospitalinę pneumoniją ar kolonizavusių apatinius kvėpavimo takus, gebėjimą gaminti plataus spektro beta laktamazes bei atsparumą antibiotikams. • Įvertinti Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių patogeniškumo veiksnių įtaką hospitalinės pneumonijos eigai. Darbas yra pirmas Lietuvoje, kurio metu ne tik nustatytas Pseudomonas aeruginosa patogeniškumo veiksnys – atsparumas serumo baktericidiniam poveikiui, bet ir įvertinta galima šį patogeniškumo veiksnį įgijusių Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių įtaka hospitalinės pneumonijos vystytis bei ligos eigai. Pirmą kartą apskritai vertintas Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių gebėjimas įsiskverbti į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study: To examine pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia, and to evaluate their influence on the course of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Objectives of the sudy: 1. To examine pathogenicity factors – resistance to serum bactericidal activity, ability to penetrate epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, dependence of O serogroup, and resistance to antibiotics – of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia. 2. To evaluate the relationship between pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. 3. To examine the ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia, to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and resistance of these pathogen to antibiotics. 4. To evaluate the influence of pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains on the course of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Such work is first in Lithuania, because we determined not only pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa – i.e., resistance to bactericidal activity of serum, but also evaluated possible influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, having this pathogenicity factor, on hospital-acquired pneumonia development and outcome. Therefore, the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to invasive into... [to full text]
38

Detecção de mecanismos de resistência, propriedades adesivas e capacidade de formação de biofilmes de Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistentes / Detection of mechanisms of resistance, adhesive properties and ability of multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to form biofilms

Wincker Neto, Carlos Hugo Del Priore 28 March 2013 (has links)
During the last decades, K. pneumoniae has emerged as one of the most clinically significant pathogens, especially due to the high prevalence of strains producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases. The therapeutic options to treat these infections are constrained not only by this enzyme production, but also by the regular ability to form biofilms. The development of K. pneumoniae biofilms on the host tissue eventually protect the microorganisms from the action of antimicrobial agents and from the immune response, apart from driving the expression of virulence factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to detect mechanisms of resistance, adhesive properties and ability of multi-resistant K. pneumoniae clinical isolates to form biofilms. In the first stage of the study, 33 strains of K. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems were isolated. By using phenotypic tests, 10 samples positive for the modified Hodge test were detected, suggesting the production of carbapenemases, and 2 strains manifested positivity for the synergic test with boronic acid, suggesting the production of KPC. When employing molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, the gene blaKPC was not detected, characterizing failure on the phenotypic detection of KPC. In the second stage of the study, 14 strains of multi-resistant K. pneumoniae were analyzed in order to verify the ability of biofilm formation, as well as adhesive/aggregative properties. Most of the strains analyzed presented low affinity to p-xylene, suggesting hydrophilic character, aside from strong affinity to the basic solvent ethyl acetate indicating acidic surface characteristics. It was also verified that the strains studied manifested high ability of biofilm formation and important adhesion in epithelial cells. The combination of all the characteristics studied may contribute to the survival of K. pneumoniae in the host and in the environment, as the organization of microorganisms in biofilms complicates the pharmacological treatment and favors its spread and multi-resistance. / Durante as últimas décadas, a Klebsiella pneumoniae tem emergido como um dos patógenos mais importantes clinicamente, especialmente em função da alta prevalência de amostras produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) e carbapenemases. As opções terapêuticas para o tratamento destas infecções são limitadas não somente por esta produção enzimática, mas também pela frequente capacidade de formação de biofilmes. O estabelecimento de biofilmes de K. pneumoniae sobre tecidos do hospedeiro acaba por proteger os microrganismos da ação de agentes antimicrobianos e da resposta imunológica, além de conduzir a expressão de determinantes de virulência. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar mecanismos de resistência, propriedades adesivas e capacidade de formação de biofilmes de isolados clínicos de K. pneumoniae multirresistentes. Na primeira fase deste estudo, foram isoladas 33 isolados clínicos de K. pneumoniae com perfil de sensibilidade reduzida aos carbapenêmicos. Através de testes fenotípicos foram detectadas 10 amostras que apresentaram positividade para o teste modificado de Hodge (MHT) sugerindo produção de carbapenemases e duas amostras que apresentaram positividade para o teste sinérgico com ácido borônico (AB), indicando produção de KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase). Quando utilizado ferramentas moleculares, como a reação em cadeia da polymerase, não foi detectado o gene blaKPC, caracterizando desta forma uma falha na detecção fenotípica de KPC. Na segunda fase deste estudo, foram analisadas 14 amostras de K. pneumoniae multirresistentes a fim de verificar a capacidade de formação de biofilmes, bem como propriedades adesivas/agregativas. A maioria das isolados clínicos analisadas apresentaram baixa afinidade ao xileno, sugerindo um caráter hidrofílico, além de alta afinidade ao solvente básico acetato de etila indicando características superficiais ácidas. Foi verificado ainda que os isolados clínicos estudados apresentaram alta capacidade de formação de biofilme e importante adesão em células epiteliais. As combinações de todas estas características estudadas podem contribuir para a sobrevivência de K. pneumoniae no hospedeiro e no ambiente, pois a organização dos microrganismos em biofilme dificulta o tratamento farmacológico e favorece a sua disseminação e multirresistência.
39

Virulência em Escherichia Coli uropatogênicas e Klebsiella Pneumoniae associadas à bacteremia portadoras ou não da ilha pks e papel de Colibactin e Enterobactin na patogênese de infecções por K. Pneumoniae

Silva, Patricia Vollú 22 January 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-22T12:47:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA VOLLÚ SILVA.PDF: 2575547 bytes, checksum: c2489f8abe58d46ea1c2ba8977ba02e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T12:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA VOLLÚ SILVA.PDF: 2575547 bytes, checksum: c2489f8abe58d46ea1c2ba8977ba02e1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A ilha de patogenicidade pks de 54 kb é responsável pela produção de colibactin, uma molécula genotóxica, que causa rupturas de fita dupla de DNA (DSB) das células hospedeiras, e que parece estar relacionada ao aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de câncer colorretal. Colibactin foi inicialmente descrita em Escherichia coli, mas também pode ser encontrada em outras enterobactérias, como Klebsiella pneumoniae. A biossíntese de colibactin requer a atividade enzimática da fosfopantoteinil transferase (PPTase) ClbA, que também pode contribuir para a produção dos sideróforos enterobactin e yersiniabactin em E. coli. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a virulência em amostras de E. coli e de K. pneumoniae, presença da ilha de patogenicidade pks e determinar o papel de colibactin e do sideróforo enterobactin em infecções por K. pneumoniae. Para tal, uma coleção de 218 amostras de E. coli isoladas de pacientes com infecção do trato urinário atendidas no Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Brasil e 258 amostras de K. pneumoniae isoladas de sangue de pacientes internados no Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, França foram avaliadas. A tipificação filogenética e a presença do gene de virulência fyuA em E. coli e do gene clbN em ambas bactérias foram avaliadas por PCR. O fenótipo hipermucoviscoso (HMV) de K. pneumoniae foi determinado pelo teste string. Foi ainda investigado o papel de colibactin e enterobactin em um modelo de pneumonia em camundongos C57BL/6JRJ e em infecções de células HeLa, utilizando a cepa K. pneumoniae SB 4496 e mutantes isogênicos deficientes em clbA, clbN ou entD. Os resultados demonstraram que entre as amostras de E. coli pesquisadas, o grupo filogenético B2 foi o mais prevalente (44,9%), seguido pelos grupos filogenéticos A (13,8%), B1 (22,0%) e D (19,3%). O gene fyuA, relacionado a produção do sideróforo yersiniabactin, foi detectado em todos os grupos filogenéticos, no entanto, a detecção do referido gene foi mais frequente no grupo B2 (P = 0,0228), sendo detectado em 74,5% das amostras deste grupo. O gene clbN, relacionado a produção de colibactin, foi detectado em 14,7% das amostras de E. coli. Vale ressaltar que todas as amostras clbN positivas pertenciam ao grupo filogenético B2, as quais também portavam o gene fyuA. Adicionalmente, três amostras de E. coli apresentaram efeito citopático em células HeLa, independente da produção de colibactin e da presença dos genes hlyC/A, hlyF, cdt e cnf1. O gene clbN foi detectado em 5,8% das amostras de K. pneumoniae. Também foi observado que a detecção de clbN foi estatisticamente significantemente (P < 0,0001) entre as amostras caracterizadas como HMV, este gene foi observado em 35% das amostras HMV analisadas. Além disso, a síntese de colibactin não pôde ser mantida pela PPTase EntD e a produção de sideróforos pela K. pneumoniae SB 4496 foi continuada por outro sistema independente de PPTases EntD e ClbA. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho parecem indicar que a produção de colibactin não afeta a sobrevivência de K. pneumoniae hipervirulenta (hvKP) nos tecidos pulmonares de camundongos C57BL/6JRJ, nas condições estudadas. No entanto, é importante salientar que a toxina colibactin produzida por hvKP é capaz de induzir genotoxicidade em células HeLa. Ambos os genes clbA e clbN foram necessários para a manutenção da megalocitose e DBS induzida por colibactin em K. pneumoniae / The 54-kb pks pathogenicity island produces a genotoxic molecule named colibactin, which causes double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) in the host cells and enhanced colorectal cancer development. Colibactin was initially described in Escherichia coli, but can be found in other enterobacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniaE. colibactin biosynthesis requires the enzymatic activity of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) ClbA, which may also support the enterobactin and yersiniabactin siderophores synthesis in E. coli. The goal of this work was to evaluate the virulence of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, presence of pks pathogenicity island and to determine the role of colibactin and enterobactin siderophore in K. pneumoniae infections. For this purpose, it was evaluated a collection of 218 E. coli isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infection assisted at Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Brazil, and 258 K. pneumoniae isolates collected from blood samples from patients admitted to the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire in Toulouse, France. Phylogenetic typing and the detection of fyuA virulence gene in E. coli and clbN gene in both bacteria were assessed by PCR. K. pneumoniae hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype was determined by the string test. The role of colibactin and enterobactin in a C57BL/6JRJ mice pneumonia model and in HeLa cells infection was investigated using K. pneumoniae SB 4496 strain and isogenic mutants deficient in clbA, clbN or entD. Among the E. coli isolates, the phylogenetic group B2 was more prevalent (44.9%) followed by phylogroups A (13.8%), B1 (22.0%) and D (19.3%). The fyuA gene, involved in the yersiniabactin production, was detected in all phylogenetic groups studied; however, its presence was more frequently detected among the phylogroup B2 (P = 0.0228), with a high percentage of 74.5%. The clbN gene, associated to colibactin production, was detected in 14.7% of E. coli isolates. It is noteworthy that all clbN positive isolates belong to the phylogroup B2 and carry the fyuA gene. In addition, three E. coli isolates studied showed cytopathic effect in HeLa cells independently of colibactin production and the presence of hlyC/A, hlyF, cdt and cnf1 genes. Regarding K. pneumoniae, clbN gene was detected in 5.8% of the isolates. It was also observed that this detection was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) among the isolates of the HMV phenotype group, being this gene observed in 35% of the HMV isolates analyzed. In addition, it was observed that colibactin synthesis could not be maintained by the PPTase EntD. Indeed, siderophores production by K. pneumoniae SB 4496 was successful continued by another system that does not require the activity of PPTases EntD and ClbA. Results obtained in this work seem to indicate that production of colibactin does not affect the survival of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKP) in C57BL/6JRJ lung mice. Despite that, it is interesting that colibactin produced by hvKP is capable of inducing genotoxicity in HeLa cells. Both clbA and clbN genes were required for the maintenance of megalocytosis and DBS induced by colibactin in K. pneumoniae
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Characterization of CTX-M β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae from major teaching hospitals

Alqurashi, Maher Sulaiman M. January 2013 (has links)
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae cause a wide range of infections. Multidrug-resistance strains carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has become a growing problem worldwide. The CTX-M type ESBLs has emerged distinctly, especially in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. CTX-M type has been associated with many outbreaks of infections both in the hospitals and community. CTX-M-15 is now identified as the most predominantly distributed CTX-M enzyme. Clonal outbreaks of CTX-M-15 producing Enterobacteriaceae have been described in many countries including the United Kingdom, and Escherichia coli is the most commonly involved species. A total of 100 isolates were received in 2010 from London St George’s hospital, England, 50 Escherichia coli, 17 Klebsiella spp, 9 Enterobacter spp, 13 Proteus spp, 6 Lactose fermenting coliforms, 2 Pantoea spp, one Serratia marcescens, one Morganella morganii, and one Hafnia alvei. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that 5 Escherichia coli and one Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to be resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin, making them multi-drug resistant bacteria. None of the isolates showed resistance to imipenem, ertapenem, or morepenem, thus making carbapenems the drug of choice for the treatment of these infections due to multi-resistant isolates. The overall frequency of CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producers detected in this study was 6 (6%) most of them 5/6 (83%) were from Escherichia coli and one was (17%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. The 6 CTX-M-positive isolates were typed by PFGE, only two strains of Escherichia coli showed more than 85% similarity, owing to clonal homology for both strains. The rest strains showed less than 85% similarity. S1 nuclease plasmid profiles were obtained for ESBL-producers isolates. A total of one to three plasmids per isolate, ranging from approximately 78.0 to 152.0 kb, were observed. The plasmids from most isolates were assigned to be IncFA and IncFB replicons. Analysis of phylogenetic groups showed group A and group B2. The method of phylogenetic classification of exteraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli depends on examine and combination of two preserved genes (chuaA and yjaA) and the DNA fragment TSP. Primer walking and PCR experiments were used for the genetic environment studies which showed 5 different genetic constructions for the described blaCTX-M-15 genes. Conjugation studies were used to detect the transferability of the plasmids harbouring the reported blaCTX-M-15 genes. Three isolates were found transferable by conjugation. In conclusion, this study reports the presence of hospital highly resistant blaCTX-M-15 in St George’s hospital. The spread of blaCTX-M-15 is probably due to horizontal gene transfer harbouring ISEcp1 and the conjugative properties of plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-15.

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