Diese Arbeit untersucht lastabtragende Klebungen unter ständiger Beanspruchung durch flüssige Medien und bewertet deren Potenzial für den konstruktiven Glasbau. Im Vordergrund steht zunächst die Frage, wie sich Klebverbindungen in ständiger Flüssigkeit verhalten. Welchen Einfluss haben statische und dynamische Beanspruchungen auf die Verbundeigenschaften? Und wie wirken sich unterschiedliche Lasteinwirkungsdauern aus? Ausgehend von diesen zentralen Fragestellungen wird ein umfangreiches Prüfprogramm mit zugehörigem Bewertungskonzept entwickelt und an zehn ausgewählten Klebstoffen angewendet. Experimentelle Kleinteilprüfungen bestimmen die mechanischen Kennwerte des reinen Klebstoffs nach Lagerung in flüssigen Medien. Weiterführend analysieren Verbundprüfungen den Einfluss flüssiger Medien auf die Verbundeigenschaften der Klebverbindung zum Fügepartner Glas. Das Prüfprogramm beinhaltet zudem kombinierte Prüfungen aus Wasserlagerung mit mechanischer Zug-Schwellbeanspruchung sowie Wasserlagerung mit gleichzeitiger Dauerbeanspruchung. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden direkt auf das Referenzbeispiel eines plattenförmigen Photobioreaktors angewendet. Dieses Glaselement dient zur Kultivierung von Mikroalgen und ist zentraler Bestandteil einer neuartigen Bioenergiefassade. Im Inneren des Photobioreaktors befinden sich lastabtragende Klebverbindungen, die ständig dem flüssigen Kulturmedium ausgesetzt sind. Zwei dieser plattenförmigen Photobioreaktoren mit einer Höhe von 3,00 m werden realisiert und ihr Verhalten in verschiedenen Lastzuständen analysiert. Für die lastabtragenden Verklebungen im Innenraum wird der Vorzugsklebstoff aus den Kleinteilprüfungen verwendet. Die gesamte experimentelle Versuchsdurchführung begleiten numerische Simulationen. Die Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zu lastabtragenden Klebver-bindungen mit ständiger Beanspruchung durch Flüssigkeiten. Die Ergebnisse aus Kleinteilprüfungen werden an einem Referenzbeispiel des konstruktiven Glasbaus praktisch umgesetzt und in Bauteilversuchen überprüft. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen sich auf andere Glaskonstruktionen mit kurzzeitig und dauerhaft flüssigen Beanspruchungen übertragen.:1 Einleitung 2 Bioenergiefassaden 3 Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Versuchsplanung 5 Kleinteilprüfungen 6 Bauteilprüfungen 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Diskussion 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur / This doctoral thesis analyses load-bearing adhesives in glass constructions which are permanently immersed in fluid environments. In particular, the study focuses on the following key questions: How do structural adhesives behave during permanent fluid immersion? Does the failure mode during fluid exposition differ between static and dynamic load situations? And what are the effects of short- and long-term load durations on adhesive properties? In order to answer the stated research questions, experimental studies are executed. Additional numerical simulations accompany the entire test program. The paper distinguishes experimental studies on small-scale specimens and full-scale specimens. Initial tensile tests on small-scale specimens analyse the mechanical properties and their sensitivity towards ageing mediums. The test series evaluates the adhesive properties to glass under the influence of am-bient temperatures and liquid ageing mediums like water, base and acid solution as well as hydroxide peroxide solution. The small-scale tests also consider long-term creep tests and mechanical-cycle loading. The gathered results are evaluated against a set of selection criteria to identify the most suitable adhesive system out of the range of initially ten tested adhesive systems. Finally, the preferred adhesive system is applied on a full-scale reference example, which is a flat plate photobioreactor. Two photobioreactor panels with a height of 3,00 m are assembled and tested. The panel is part of a bioenergy facade that cultivates microalgae in the building skin. In general, the photobioreactor panel resembles an insulating glass unit. Deviating from conventional glazing systems its front and back glass panes are joint by inner structural adhesives. Since the panel is filled with algae medium its adhesive connections are immersed in liquid algae medium. In summary, the doctoral thesis deepens the current knowledge on adhesives in glass constructions under permanent fluid exposition. Research findings are applied on two operating photobioreactors made of glass. And finally, the gained results are promising for future glass construc-tions facing permanent fluid exposition.:1 Einleitung 2 Bioenergiefassaden 3 Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Versuchsplanung 5 Kleinteilprüfungen 6 Bauteilprüfungen 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Diskussion 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur

The contamination of foods with hydrocarbon mixtures migrating from food contact materials (FCM) was first observed for jute and sisal bags treated with batching oil in the 1990s. Since the millennium, the focus has shifted to printing inks and recycled cardboard packaging as most recognized sources for hydrocarbon contamination from FCM. Mineral oil containing printing inks can either release hydrocarbons directly from the printing of folding boxes into food or indirectly entering the recycling chain of cardboard material by printed products, such as newspapers. The contamination of dry foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from recycled fiber packaging has been reported to reach up to 100 mg/kg [1]. Using LC-GC-FID technique the MOH were categorized into mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The molecular mass, which is assumed to be toxicological relevant, is derived from the GC retention times of accumulated MOSH in human tissues and is limited to n C16 to n-C35 [2]. MOSH is the most significant contaminant of the human body reaching 1-10 g per person, which is of particular concern since a formation of microgranulomas (causing inflammatory reactions) in the liver was observed in rats fed with saturated hydrocarbons [3]. Furthermore, some MOAH are assumed to be genotoxic analogous to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [3]. In the latest draft of a German ‘Mineral Oil Regulation’ the following limits for the migration of MOH from recycled fiber are proposed: for MOSH C16-20 4.0 mg/kg, MOSH C21-35 2.0 mg/kg and for MOAH 0.5 mg per kg food [4]. Functional barriers reducing the migration of undesirable compounds from recycled cardboards (such as MOH and other contaminants) could be a part of the solution for this issue. Supporting that approach in this study, the boxes of recycled cardboard featuring a barrier layer on the internal surface or an integrated adsorbent available early in 2014 were investigated for their efficiency in reducing migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons into dry food. A practice-oriented one-year storage test was performed with wheat flakes in seven configurations: a box of virgin fibers, two boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard, three cardboards with barrier layers (a flexo-printed polyacrylate layer, a polyvinyl alcohol coating and a multilayer involving polyester) and a cardboard containing activated carbon. The highest migration of MOH (C16-24) was observed in the boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard (MOSH: 11.4 mg/kg, MOAH: 2.4 mg/kg). Of the three investigated barrier layers only two reduced migration of MOH into food below the limits of the 3rd draft of the German mineral oil ordinance (2014) until the end of shelf life. The cardboard box involving active carbon as adsorbent prevented detectable migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (<0.1 mg/kg). In the case of virgin fiber, which was virtually free of MOH (<1 mg/kg), migration close to the proposed limits was detected (C16-24, MOSH: 1.5 mg/kg, MOAH: 0.4 mg/kg). Therefore, it has been proven that the transport box (corrugated board) substantially contributed to the transfer of MOH into food. Plastic FCM can also release hydrocarbons, such as polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH), into food. These POH are of synthetic nature and are formed during the polymerization process of polyolefins (150 – 3000 mg/kg in granulates of homo/hetero polymers involving ethylene and propylene). This group of synthetic contaminants contain also saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) analogous to mineral oils, but contrary no aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, a significant amount (10 – 50%) of monounsaturated hydrocarbons (POMH) was determined in the oligomeric fraction of polyolefins, which are not detectable in mineral oil products. Therefore, these POMH can be used as a marker for POH migration. A method based on two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to gas chromatography (on-line HPLC-HPLC-GC) was developed to enable the separate analysis of saturated, monounsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of packaging materials like polyolefins or paperboard and foods, repectively. It is an extension of the HPLC-GC method for MOSH and MOAH [1] using an additional argentation HPLC column, since normal-phase HPLC on silica gel did not preseparate saturated from monounsaturated hydrocarbons. Further, this method and comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) was used to investigate the concentration of different oligomer types in polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) based sealing layers as well as their corresponding granulates. The analyzed sealing layers contained 180-995 mg/kg POSH and 90-435 mg/kg POMH (C16-35). Only in sealing layers involving low-density PE, oxidized polyolefin oligomers as well as cyclic oligomers (alkylated cyclopentanes and hexanes) have been detected. The transfer of POH (C16-35) from the investigated sealing layers into food can be substantial (>50%) and can reach more than 2 mg per kg food. The level of contamination depends on the oligomer content of the sealing layer, the fat content of the food, the processing temperature and the surface-volume ratio. Hot melt adhesives are widely utilized to glue cardboard boxes used as food packaging material. The analysed raw materials of hot melts mainly consisted of paraffinic waxes, hydrocarbon resins and polyolefins. The hydrocarbon resins, functioning as tackifiers, were the predominant source of hydrocarbons of sufficient volatility to migrate via gaseous phase into dry foods. The 18 hydrocarbon resins analyzed contained 8.2-118 g/kg saturated and up to 59 g/kg aromatic hydrocarbons (C16-24). These synthetic tackfier resins, especially the oligomers ≤C24, have been characterized structurally and migration into food was estimated using a food simulant and by the analysis of real food samples. About 0.5-1.5 % of the potentially migrating substances (C16 24) of a hot melt were found to be transferred into food under storage conditions, which can result in a food contamination of approximately 1 mg/kg food in this case. The order of magnitude depends on the absolute amount of potentially migrating substances from the hot melt, the hot melt surface, contact time, amount and type of foods.

In dieser Dissertationen werden Untersuchungen zur Verwendung von Klebstoffen auf der Oberfläche von Silizium-Streifen-Sensoren für die Konstruktion von Detektormodulen für das ATLAS Phase-II Upgrade vorgestellt. Drei UV-härtende Klebstoffe wurden im Vergleich zu dem derzeitigen Standard-Klebstoff an 60 ATLAS07 Miniatur-Sensoren getestet. Der Einfluss von Bestrahlung auf die chemische Zusammensetzung aller verwendeten Klebstoffe wurde unter Verwendung von Standardmethoden zur chemischen Analyse untersucht. Mithilfe der Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie-Analysen von Klebstoffproben-Extrakten wurden verschiedene Ausmaße von Molekülvernetzung und gelösten Molekülbindungen festgestellt und der Grad von Strahlenhärte aller untersuchten Klebstoffe quantifiziert. Mithilfe einer Sensor-Probestation wurden die elektrischen Eigenschaften von teilweise mit Kleber bedeckten Sensoren untersucht. Im Vergleich zu Sensoren vor dem Bekleben zeigten mit Klebstoff bedeckte Sensoren einen erhöhten Leckstrom, erhöhte Zwischen-Streifen-Kapazitäten sowie Durchbrüche des Leckstroms bei niedrigeren angelegten Spannungen. Messungen der Ladungssammlungseffizienz in einem Beta-Strahlungs-Teststand wurden verwendet um den Einfluss von aufgetragenen Klebstoffen auf das Silizium-Kristallgitter zu untersuchen. Alle getesteten Sensoren - mit und ohne aufgebrachtem Klebstoff - zeigten vergleichbare Ladungssammlungseffizienzen sowie Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisse oberhalb des geforderten Minimums von zehn bei der vorhergesehenen Verarmungsspannung. Untersuchungen von Sensoren in Teststrahlmessungen zeigten außerdem, dass Sensoren um die zum Drahtbonden verwendeten Aluminiumflächen ungleichmäßig Ladung sammelten. Weiterführende Messungen konnten bestätigen, dass durch die Aluminiumflächen und darunterliegende Dotierungen das elektrische Feld innerhalb des Sensors verändert und zusätzliche Ladung um die Drahtbond-Flächen gesammelt wurde. / This thesis presents studies investigating the use of adhesives on the active area of silicon strip sensors for the construction of silicon strip detector modules for the ATLAS Phase-II Upgrade. 60 ATLAS07 miniature sensors were tested using three UV cure glues in comparison with the current baseline glue. The impact of irradiation on the chemical composition of all adhesives under investigation was studied using three standard methods for chemical analysis. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry analyses of glue sample extracts showed molecule cross-linking and broken chemical bonds to different extents and allowed to quantify the radiation hardness of the adhesives under investigation. Probe station measurements were used to investigate electrical characteristics of sensors partially covered with adhesives. The presence of glue on the active sensor area was found to increase the sensor leakage current and inter-strip capacitance and frequently led to early sensor breakdowns. Charge collection efficiency measurements in a $\beta$-source setup were used to study the influence of adhesives on the silicon bulk. All sensors under investigation showed equivalent charge collection efficiencies for sensors with and without glue, as well as signal-to-noise ratios above the required minimum of ten for the foreseen bias voltage. During testbeam studies, sensor strips were found to respond inhomogeneously in bond pad regions. Follow-up measurements confirmed that the presence of bond pads affects the electric field within a sensor and leads to additional charge being collected around bond pads.

UV- und lichthärtenden Acrylatklebstoffen steht ein breites Anwendungsspektrum im Konstruktiven Glasbau offen. Ihr farbloses und klares Erscheinungsbild fördert eine Konstruktion, die transparent und leicht wirken soll. Kurze Aushärtezeiten, die sich im Sekunden- oder einstelligen Minutenbereich bewegen, ermöglichen eine schnelle Herstellung und reduzieren die Lagerzeiten. Die geklebten Konstruktionen können direkt weiterverarbeitet werden. Durch diese Vorteile heben sie sich von den Silikonklebstoffen ab, die für ausge-wählte Anwendungen im Fassadenbau (Structural-Sealant-Glazing-Systems - SSGS) bauaufsichtlich zugelassen sind. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Aufstellung von Empfehlungen zur Planung und Berechnung struktureller Klebungen mit strahlungshärtenden Acrylaten. Dafür werden Klebstoffe an dem reinen Material sowie in Verbindungen mit Glas und Metall untersucht. Für ein umfangreiches Bild über das Verhalten des Materials bieten sich Substanzprüfkörper an, die mit überschaubarem Aufwand eine Auswertung verschiedener Einflüsse - beispielsweise Temperatur und Prüfgeschwindigkeit - erlauben. An in-situ-Prüfkörpern kann der Klebstoff in der Verbindung betrachtet werden. Durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klebstoff und Fügeteil bildet sich eine sogenannte Grenzschicht aus, die gradierte Eigenschaften besitzt und die Materialkennwerte - besonders bei dünnen Klebfugen - beeinflusst. Weiterhin erlauben diese Prüfkörper eine Aussage über das Tragverhalten der Klebverbindung. Um das Potenzial der Acrylatklebungen in der Glasarchitektur aufzuzeigen und in der Anwendung zu prüfen, werden Bauteile mit punktförmig geklebten Halterungen untersucht. Absturzsicherungen werden statischen und dynamischen Belastungen unterworfen. An Überkopfverglasungen werden Trag- und Resttragfähigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Bauteile im Freien geben Aufschluss über das Alterungsverhalten unter natürlichen klimatischen Bedingungen. / UV and light curing acrylates present a whole host of possibilities for the implementation of glass construction. Their clear and colourless appearance produces a transparent and lightweight construction. Short curing times consisting of no more than mere minutes allow for quick production with minimal downtime within the overall process. Processing can be resumed immediately once bonding has occurred. The advantages of acrylates can be compared to the characteristics and properties of adhesive silicones which have been widely approved by building authorities for specific façade applications (Structural-Sealant-Glazing-Systems - SSGS). The subject matter of this study is the development of auxiliary tools to plan and design adhesively bonded joints of UV and light curing acrylates. These adhesives are, therefore, analysed both generally as bulk material and in applications as a joint between glass and metal. The use of dog bone shaped specimens is recommended to analyze the material behaviour under a variety of influence factors such as temperature and testing rate. The bonded joints of test specimens provide an opportunity to examine the interaction between the adhesive and the materials to which they are adhered. An interface with graded properties is formed based upon the interactions between adhesive joints and each particular substrate. Further on, bonded specimens enable the development of a statement concerning the load-bearing capacity of joints. Constructions having spot bonded joints are tested to demonstrate the potential use of acrylic joints in architectural glass treatments. Safety barriers are tested under both static and dynamic loads. Sloped roof systems are tested to substantiate load-bearing capacity and to verify any residual carrying capacity. Components are exposed to natural weathering in order to examine the affects of ageing on the adhesive.

The contamination of foods with hydrocarbon mixtures migrating from food contact materials (FCM) was first observed for jute and sisal bags treated with batching oil in the 1990s. Since the millennium, the focus has shifted to printing inks and recycled cardboard packaging as most recognized sources for hydrocarbon contamination from FCM. Mineral oil containing printing inks can either release hydrocarbons directly from the printing of folding boxes into food or indirectly entering the recycling chain of cardboard material by printed products, such as newspapers. The contamination of dry foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from recycled fiber packaging has been reported to reach up to 100 mg/kg [1]. Using LC-GC-FID technique the MOH were categorized into mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The molecular mass, which is assumed to be toxicological relevant, is derived from the GC retention times of accumulated MOSH in human tissues and is limited to n C16 to n-C35 [2]. MOSH is the most significant contaminant of the human body reaching 1-10 g per person, which is of particular concern since a formation of microgranulomas (causing inflammatory reactions) in the liver was observed in rats fed with saturated hydrocarbons [3]. Furthermore, some MOAH are assumed to be genotoxic analogous to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [3]. In the latest draft of a German ‘Mineral Oil Regulation’ the following limits for the migration of MOH from recycled fiber are proposed: for MOSH C16-20 4.0 mg/kg, MOSH C21-35 2.0 mg/kg and for MOAH 0.5 mg per kg food [4]. Functional barriers reducing the migration of undesirable compounds from recycled cardboards (such as MOH and other contaminants) could be a part of the solution for this issue. Supporting that approach in this study, the boxes of recycled cardboard featuring a barrier layer on the internal surface or an integrated adsorbent available early in 2014 were investigated for their efficiency in reducing migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons into dry food. A practice-oriented one-year storage test was performed with wheat flakes in seven configurations: a box of virgin fibers, two boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard, three cardboards with barrier layers (a flexo-printed polyacrylate layer, a polyvinyl alcohol coating and a multilayer involving polyester) and a cardboard containing activated carbon. The highest migration of MOH (C16-24) was observed in the boxes of unprotected recycled cardboard (MOSH: 11.4 mg/kg, MOAH: 2.4 mg/kg). Of the three investigated barrier layers only two reduced migration of MOH into food below the limits of the 3rd draft of the German mineral oil ordinance (2014) until the end of shelf life. The cardboard box involving active carbon as adsorbent prevented detectable migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (<0.1 mg/kg). In the case of virgin fiber, which was virtually free of MOH (<1 mg/kg), migration close to the proposed limits was detected (C16-24, MOSH: 1.5 mg/kg, MOAH: 0.4 mg/kg). Therefore, it has been proven that the transport box (corrugated board) substantially contributed to the transfer of MOH into food. Plastic FCM can also release hydrocarbons, such as polyolefin oligomeric hydrocarbons (POH), into food. These POH are of synthetic nature and are formed during the polymerization process of polyolefins (150 – 3000 mg/kg in granulates of homo/hetero polymers involving ethylene and propylene). This group of synthetic contaminants contain also saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) analogous to mineral oils, but contrary no aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, a significant amount (10 – 50%) of monounsaturated hydrocarbons (POMH) was determined in the oligomeric fraction of polyolefins, which are not detectable in mineral oil products. Therefore, these POMH can be used as a marker for POH migration. A method based on two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to gas chromatography (on-line HPLC-HPLC-GC) was developed to enable the separate analysis of saturated, monounsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of packaging materials like polyolefins or paperboard and foods, repectively. It is an extension of the HPLC-GC method for MOSH and MOAH [1] using an additional argentation HPLC column, since normal-phase HPLC on silica gel did not preseparate saturated from monounsaturated hydrocarbons. Further, this method and comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) was used to investigate the concentration of different oligomer types in polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) based sealing layers as well as their corresponding granulates. The analyzed sealing layers contained 180-995 mg/kg POSH and 90-435 mg/kg POMH (C16-35). Only in sealing layers involving low-density PE, oxidized polyolefin oligomers as well as cyclic oligomers (alkylated cyclopentanes and hexanes) have been detected. The transfer of POH (C16-35) from the investigated sealing layers into food can be substantial (>50%) and can reach more than 2 mg per kg food. The level of contamination depends on the oligomer content of the sealing layer, the fat content of the food, the processing temperature and the surface-volume ratio. Hot melt adhesives are widely utilized to glue cardboard boxes used as food packaging material. The analysed raw materials of hot melts mainly consisted of paraffinic waxes, hydrocarbon resins and polyolefins. The hydrocarbon resins, functioning as tackifiers, were the predominant source of hydrocarbons of sufficient volatility to migrate via gaseous phase into dry foods. The 18 hydrocarbon resins analyzed contained 8.2-118 g/kg saturated and up to 59 g/kg aromatic hydrocarbons (C16-24). These synthetic tackfier resins, especially the oligomers ≤C24, have been characterized structurally and migration into food was estimated using a food simulant and by the analysis of real food samples. About 0.5-1.5 % of the potentially migrating substances (C16 24) of a hot melt were found to be transferred into food under storage conditions, which can result in a food contamination of approximately 1 mg/kg food in this case. The order of magnitude depends on the absolute amount of potentially migrating substances from the hot melt, the hot melt surface, contact time, amount and type of foods.

UV- und lichthärtenden Acrylatklebstoffen steht ein breites Anwendungsspektrum im Konstruktiven Glasbau offen. Ihr farbloses und klares Erscheinungsbild fördert eine Konstruktion, die transparent und leicht wirken soll. Kurze Aushärtezeiten, die sich im Sekunden- oder einstelligen Minutenbereich bewegen, ermöglichen eine schnelle Herstellung und reduzieren die Lagerzeiten. Die geklebten Konstruktionen können direkt weiterverarbeitet werden. Durch diese Vorteile heben sie sich von den Silikonklebstoffen ab, die für ausge-wählte Anwendungen im Fassadenbau (Structural-Sealant-Glazing-Systems - SSGS) bauaufsichtlich zugelassen sind. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Aufstellung von Empfehlungen zur Planung und Berechnung struktureller Klebungen mit strahlungshärtenden Acrylaten. Dafür werden Klebstoffe an dem reinen Material sowie in Verbindungen mit Glas und Metall untersucht. Für ein umfangreiches Bild über das Verhalten des Materials bieten sich Substanzprüfkörper an, die mit überschaubarem Aufwand eine Auswertung verschiedener Einflüsse - beispielsweise Temperatur und Prüfgeschwindigkeit - erlauben. An in-situ-Prüfkörpern kann der Klebstoff in der Verbindung betrachtet werden. Durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klebstoff und Fügeteil bildet sich eine sogenannte Grenzschicht aus, die gradierte Eigenschaften besitzt und die Materialkennwerte - besonders bei dünnen Klebfugen - beeinflusst. Weiterhin erlauben diese Prüfkörper eine Aussage über das Tragverhalten der Klebverbindung. Um das Potenzial der Acrylatklebungen in der Glasarchitektur aufzuzeigen und in der Anwendung zu prüfen, werden Bauteile mit punktförmig geklebten Halterungen untersucht. Absturzsicherungen werden statischen und dynamischen Belastungen unterworfen. An Überkopfverglasungen werden Trag- und Resttragfähigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Bauteile im Freien geben Aufschluss über das Alterungsverhalten unter natürlichen klimatischen Bedingungen. / UV and light curing acrylates present a whole host of possibilities for the implementation of glass construction. Their clear and colourless appearance produces a transparent and lightweight construction. Short curing times consisting of no more than mere minutes allow for quick production with minimal downtime within the overall process. Processing can be resumed immediately once bonding has occurred. The advantages of acrylates can be compared to the characteristics and properties of adhesive silicones which have been widely approved by building authorities for specific façade applications (Structural-Sealant-Glazing-Systems - SSGS). The subject matter of this study is the development of auxiliary tools to plan and design adhesively bonded joints of UV and light curing acrylates. These adhesives are, therefore, analysed both generally as bulk material and in applications as a joint between glass and metal. The use of dog bone shaped specimens is recommended to analyze the material behaviour under a variety of influence factors such as temperature and testing rate. The bonded joints of test specimens provide an opportunity to examine the interaction between the adhesive and the materials to which they are adhered. An interface with graded properties is formed based upon the interactions between adhesive joints and each particular substrate. Further on, bonded specimens enable the development of a statement concerning the load-bearing capacity of joints. Constructions having spot bonded joints are tested to demonstrate the potential use of acrylic joints in architectural glass treatments. Safety barriers are tested under both static and dynamic loads. Sloped roof systems are tested to substantiate load-bearing capacity and to verify any residual carrying capacity. Components are exposed to natural weathering in order to examine the affects of ageing on the adhesive.

For biomedical electronics the compatibility to the biological environment should be well-considered. Therefore this paper evaluates dispensed carbon nanotubes (CNT's) on polyimide (PI) foil for conductive tracks and electrodes for flexible, biomedical applications. A CNT based ink is investigated regarding biocompatibility, flexibility, conductivity and suitability for electrode materials with contact to artificial body fluids. The testing methods comprise bending tests with resistance monitoring, adhesion tests and the utilization of dynamic fluidic and electrical load on dispensed structures. The CNT ink showed good bending properties up to 2653 cycles with an average sheet resistance of 32.5 Ohm/sq. A demonstration of biocompatibility using the adherent cell line HFFF2 resulted negatively. No delamination or dissolving effects occurred during exposure to 0.9 % sodium chloride solution.

Verschiedene marine Lebewesen, wie zum Beispiel Muscheln, zeigen beeindruckende Unterwasserklebefähigkeiten. Vor allem L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanin (Dopa), ein sehr häufig vorkommendes Aminosäurederivat in den Proteinen des Muschelklebesystems, wirkt sich positiv auf die Adhäsions- und Kohäsionsfähigkeit der Muschel aus. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit dient die Bildung von Cysteinyldopa, welches als biogene Verknüpfung in Proteinen vorkommt, als Inspiration für die Entwicklung eines chemischen Ansatzes zur Synthese muschelmimetischer Klebstoffe. In einem AA+BB-Polyadditionsansatz (muschelinspirierte Polymerisation, MIPoly) werden Dichinone und Dithiole als Monomere eingesetzt. Hierfür werden die Dichinone ausgehend von der chemisch vielfältigen Familie der Bisphenol-Monomere durch Oxidation mit 2-Iodoxybenzoesäure synthetisiert. Die Dichinone und die Dithiole reagieren bei Raumtemperatur in einer Michael-artigen Polyaddition, wodurch Polymeren erhalten werden, die adhäsive Thiol-Catechol-Verknüpfungen (thiol-catechol-connectivities, TCCs) in ihrem Rückgrat aufweisen. Die detaillierte Untersuchung des MIPoly-Prozesses, der gebildeten TCC-Polymere sowie niedermolekularer Modellreaktionen ermöglicht den Nachweis der TCC-Bildung und bestätigte den Michael-artigen-Polyadditionsmechanismus. Dieses chemische MIPoly ist eine robuste Reaktion, die eine einfache Skalierbarkeit verspricht und einen modularen Ansatz für maßgeschneiderte Klebstoffe bietet. Der generische Charakter der untersuchten MIPoly wird durch die Synthese einer TCC-Polymermatrix nachgewiesen. In Klebetests zeigen die synthetisierten TCC-Polymere Hafteigenschaften auf Aluminium und Polypropylen. Darüber hinaus können ausgewählte TCC-Polymere als Unterwasserklebstoffe unter Meerwassermodellbedingungen verwendet werden. / Different marine organisms, such as mussels, provide impressive under water gluing capabilities. Mainly L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanin (Dopa), which is a highly abundant amino acid derivative in the proteins of the mussel gluing system, was found to have a positive effect on the adhesion and cohesion ability of the mussel. Here, the formation of cysteinyldopa as biogenic connectivity in proteins is used to inspire a chemical pathway toward mussel-adhesive mimics. In an AA+BB polyaddition approach (Mussel-inspired polymerization, MIPoly) bisquinones and dithiols are used as monomers. The bisquinones are synthesized from the chemically diverse family of bisphenol monomers by oxidation with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid. The bisquinones and the dithiols react at room temperature in Michel-type polyaddition, leading to polymers with adhesive thiol-catechol-connectivities (TCCs) in their backbone. The detailed investigation of the MIPoly process, the formed TCC-polymers as well as low molecular model reactions enable the verification of the TCC-formation and confirm the Michael-type polyaddition mechanism. This chemical MIPoly is a robust reaction that promises ease of scale up and provides a modular approach to tailor adhesives. The generic character of the investigated MIPoly process is shown by synthesizing a TCC-polymer matrix. In adhesive tests, the synthesized TCC-polymers show adhesive properties on aluminum and poly(propylene). Furthermore, selected TCC-polymers can be used as underwater adhesives in seawater modeling aqueous environments.