網際網路蓬勃發展，使得全球創新種子不斷地萌芽，個人或公司可以運用自身的知識能力，透過網際網路，將創新成果呈現在大眾的面前，創造出極高的創新價值。進一步分析網際網路創新的產生，會發現網路上任何創意都必須透過網路技術來加以實現，因此本研究探討組織如何整合技術合創意，結合不同專業的知識，產生創新價值。 本研究從知識管理的理論基礎出發，以台灣兩大搜尋引擎蕃薯藤、奇摩推薦網站以及專業評估選網站”人間煙火”評選的中文推薦網站為研究對象，挑選出台灣經營網路事業具代表性的公司，嘗試從成功企業的經營模式中歸納出台灣網路事業的創新類型以及公司在知識整合機制上的作法。研究發現： 一、網站創新類型可分為漸進式創新與跳躍式創新 二、知識特性不同，公司採用之創新類型不同，知識異質度高，網路創新傾向採用跳躍式創新，知識異質地低，網站創新傾向採用漸進式創新。 三、網站創新所需的知識特性不同，公司所採用的知識整合機制不同 3-1 網站企業所需的知識整合機制包括方向／目標、順序／流程、例規、共同語言、多元專業個人、對話／開會，區分為組織機制、介面溝通機制、多元專業個人機制、團隊運作機制四種類型。 3-2 網站創新所需的知識複雜度高，且知識異質度高，組織傾向採用介面溝通機制、多元專業個人機制與團隊運作機制整合不同專業的知識，介面溝通機制複雜度較高。 3-3 網站創新所需的知識複雜度高，且知識異質度低，組織傾向採用多元專業個人機制與組織機制整合不同專業的知識。 3-4 網站創新所需的知識複雜度低，且知識異質度高，組織傾向採用團隊運作機制與組織機制整合不同專業的知識。 3-5 網站創新所需的知識複雜度低，且知識異質度低，組織傾向採用多元專業個人機制與介面溝通機制整合不同專業的知識，介面溝通機制複雜度較低。 / The relationship between knowledge integration and innovation on the World Wide Web -By Ruo-Jun WUAdvisor: Dr. Se-Hwa WuKeywords: Internet innovation, knowledge heterology, Knowledge integration , mechanisms of knowledge integration 1. Background Internet industry grows rapidly. According the Internet report of Mogan Stanley company, new businesses that are created by or for Internet marketplace will grow very rapidly, at an estimated CAGR of 38% from now until ths year 2000. One of the important factor in the Internet's on-going growth is that there are many original innovations in the Internet. One person or a small company can create high innovative value by their own knowledge through the World Wide Web. Innovation becomes an important ubject i2. Purpose According to the research background ,the research objective of this study are four points: (1) To find the innovation on the World Wide Web and the categorization of innovation on the World Wide Web.(2) To explore the characteristic of knowledge with the innovation on the World Wide Web. (3) To explore the relationship between the characteristic of knowledge and categorization of innovation. (4) To explore the relationship between the characteristic of knowledge and the mechanism of integration knowledge?3. Conceptual FrameworkThe literature on organization knowledge and learning has explored the role of organizations in the acquisition, processing, storage, and application of knowledge(Argyris and Schon 1978,Levitt and March 1988,Ribertwon and Swan and Newell 1996). Demsetz(1991) proposes that efficiency in the acquisition of knowledge requires that individuals specialize in specific areas of knowledge, while the application of knowledge to produce goods and services requires the bringing together of many areas of specialized kGrant's(1996) observations of mechanism of integrating knowledge imply that the difference of knowledge characteristic will influence the method of knowledge management and Lyles and Zander(1992) propose the structure of organization knowledge would play an important role in searching the strategic opportunity. Based on the literature review in the preview paragraph, this study proposes the following framework (shown in figure 1), which is made up of two dimensions: knowledge heterology and knowledge complexity as the variables and in order to discussing the company how to integrate different individual's knowledge and to produce innovation on the World Wide Web. 4. MethodologyThe data were collected through research in both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were then collected about the web site project by contacting directly one of the members of web site team and requesting an interview. Search engine is considered the representative product in the Internet and so six project was picked through the recommendation of search engine to show the operation of successful companies on the World Wide Web5. Conclusion(1) The categorization of innovation in Internet industry included incremental innovation and radical innovation. (2) Organizations are more likely to adopt incremental innovation when the degree of knowledge heterology is low and adopt radical innovation when the degree of knowledge heterology is high. (3) Organization will take different mechanism to integrate knowledge when the characteristic of knowledge with Web innovation is different. 3.1 Organizations take "Rules and Directives, Routines, Sequencing, problem solving, dialogue/meeting, multiskilled individual " as the mechanism of integrating knowledge. These mechanisms can be categorized by four mechanism patterns-Organization mechanism, Team mechanism, Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism. 3.2 Organizations will take Team mechanism, Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is high and the degree of knowledge heterology is high. The degree of common language is more complex. 3.3 Organizations will take Organization mechanism and Team mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is low and the degree of knowledge heterology is high. 3.4 Organizations will take Organization mechanism and ndividual mechanism, when the degree of knowledge omplexity is high and the degree of knowledge heterology is low. 3.5 Organizations will take Individual mechanism and Communication mechanism, when the degree of knowledge complexity is low and the degree of knowledge heterology is low. The degree of common language is less complex.

El desarrollo de sistemas que faciliten la gestión de conocimiento es un elemento estratégico para las organizaciones en la actualidad. La necesidad de encontrar soluciones para obtener el conocimiento necesario para construir este tipo de sistemas ha sido la motivación primordial para esta tesis doctoral. La solución propuesta se basa en la mejora de los procesos de integración del conocimiento explicito disponible. Con ello, el desarrollo de sistemas para la gestión de conocimiento seria más eficiente. Dicho objetivo se ha logrado a través de las siguientes actividades: Definición y formalización de un entorno para la integración de ontologias Diseño e implementación de una aplicación software para el desarrollo cooperativo de ontologias Validación de la metodologia de construcción de ontologias Evaluación de la calidad de las ontologias obtenidas a través de los procesos de integración Evaluación de la utilidad de los procesos de integración / The development of knowledge management systems is currently an strategical organizational issue. The main aim of this thesis was the need for solutions to acquire the knowledge needed to build them. The solution here proposed is based on the enhancement of the integration processes of explicit knowledge. This would make more efficient the development of knowledge management systems. This objective has been achieved through the following activities: Definition and formalization of a framework for integrating ontologies Design and implementation of a software tool for the cooperative development of ontologies Validation of the ontology building methodology Evaluation of the quality of the ontologies built through integration processes Evaluation of the usefulness of integration processes

Assessment of the myriad of historic attempts to manage and/or restore degraded drylands offers a rich opportunity to learn from the past, particularly if conducted with full stakeholder engagement. Participatory environmental assessment of past land management and restoration actions would contribute to the improvement of future management techniques in a way relevant to the concerns of people involved with or impacted by these actions. This can also help to deal with the often scant information available, conflicting values and perceptions among stakeholders, and the uncertainties inherent to complex dryland systems. In this study I applied and evaluated a participatory protocol that incorporated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools to assess five actions in the San Simon watershed, one of the most extreme examples of degradation and human intervention in southeastern Arizona (U.S.). The participatory assessment process included a semi-structured interview, elicitation of local-based assessment criteria, prioritization of the assessment criteria, estimation of data, a MCDA-based integration and group evaluation of final results. The process was used to evaluate five combinations of grazing management, vegetation management and hydraulic structures implemented between the 1940s and 1980s. The application of this process allowed me to not only evaluate these actions in a participatory way, but also to identify and compare values and perceptions connected to the historic, cultural and scientific narratives used by three different categories of stakeholders (researchers, practitioners and land users). The revised Simos' procedure used to elicit assessment criteria weights proved useful to expose values and perceptions, source of the individual criteria priorities, while revealing conflictive points of views among the stakeholders. The outranking-facilitated participatory assessment, when compared to the unaided baseline assessment, proved useful in making stakeholder preferences explicit in the form of evaluation criteria and weights, while incorporating data and uncertainty. The specific MCDA outranking integration model used, ELECTRE IS, proved to be simple and systematically synthetic, helping stakeholders structure and re-evaluate their unaided assessments. The results of this study provide insights in how stakeholders' knowledge and views can be elicited, explored and effectively incorporated to assess and learn from past land management and restoration actions implemented in drylands.

This thesis explores the scope for the transfer and integration of human resources management (HRM) knowledge to provide the basis for the development of more productive and efficient supply chains, in the specific case of the aftermarket distribution channels of multinational companies in the automotive industry in China. Most studies of human resources management, supply chain management, and knowledge transfer have focused on internal transfer within multinational companies and there has been more limited research on the transfer of such knowledge across organisations in the supply chain, particularly in relation to distribution channels. Thus the starting point for the research was to understand the preconditions, mechanisms and effects on the distribution supply chain of the transfer and integration of HRM knowledge. To explore these issues the thesis compares and contrasts a poorly performing supply chain (that is Company J's supply chain) with two more successful supply chains in the automotive aftersales market (that is those of Company M and Company S). The aim was to identify whether the poorly performing supply chain could learn from the other two cases through a detailed exploration of the motivators and mediators that facilitate or hinder processes of HRM transfer and integration, and the outcomes of these processes on the performance of the supply chains and the manufacturers and distributors within the supply chains. A qualitative research approach was utilised. Data was gathered through one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with senior-level management, mid-level management, and frontline staff from the manufacturers and wholesale distributors in the three automotive aftermarket distribution channels and analysed using computer-assisted coding software, NVivo. In line with the extant literature, the thesis findings support the proposition that a relational supply chain network based on trust facilitates HRM knowledge transfer and integration, and provides a basis for competitive advantage in the supply chain. At the same time the findings suggest some important extensions to current knowledge and understanding of the processes and impact of HRM knowledge transfer. Firstly the research found that consideration should be given to recategorising the classic division between tacit and explicit knowledge with respect to HRM into fundamental and differential categories, in order to more clearly differentiate the type of strategic HRM knowledge transfer that could provide the basis for competitive advantage. Likewise the study found that it is not the mechanism of transfer- whether through systems or by inter-person channels- that should be the criteria to categorise knowledge, as a blended approach involving both types of transfer mechanisms was associated with better transfer effectiveness. Third the type of HRM to be transferred needs to fit the specific needs of distributors within the supply chain; in practice the best fit for this part of the supply chain can be considered a mix of paternalistic and transaction HRM, rather than the so-called 'best' practice HRM. Finally although there was potential in principle for the underperforming supply chain to learn from the experiences and practices of the higher performing supply chains, the extent to which Company J was likely to be able to emulate the more successful chains was constrained by significant internal barriers to learning (for example the pressure for short-term gains and the time needed to build trust, the lack of internal HRM expertise and the lack of local decision-making authority). However, an even more major constraint on the learning process came from the dynamic changes in the aftermarket distribution system that had the potential even to disrupt the trust-based partnerships in the exemplar supply chains. Thus the scope for applying the lessons from past practice, which has been the major focus of the comparative investigation of the three supply chains, may be limited by both the variations in internal conditions and by the fact that the key challenges for future development may be different from those faced in the automotive aftersales market in the past.

The importance of knowledge in organizations has been steadily growing. Traditional economies focused on land, labour, and capital as their main production factors, and saw knowledge as external to the economic process. Over the last few decades, economists have started discussing the role of knowledge and technology in economic growth. The Resource-Based View of the firm explains the contribution of resources and capabilities of the firm to accomplish sustainable competitive advantage. As an extension of this view, the Knowledge-Based View of the firm suggests that knowledge is the basic economic resource, which explains an organization's sustainable competitive advantage. This view argues that in the knowledge-based economy, management of productivity of the knowledge-worker is the crucial challenge for growth and development. Organizational Capabilities are important for enhancing the competitive advantage and performance of the firms. However, the relationship between Organizational Capabilities and Knowledge-Worker Productivity have not previously been empirically examined. The current research, through Knowledge-Based View of the firm, examines the issue of effective knowledge integration from the perspective of Organizational Capabilities. This perspective suggests that effective knowledge integration improves the capabilities of an organization, which enhances the factors influencing the productivity of the knowledge-worker. Knowledge Integration Mechanisms were studied using four variables: Rules and Directives, Sequencing, Routines, and Group Problem-Solving. All these four variables were hypothesized to positively influence the three forms of Organizational Capabilities, namely Local Capability, Architectural Capability, and Process Capability. Then, the effect of these Capabilities on the Factors of Knowledge-Worker Productivity was examined. These factors were identified as Task Clarity, Autonomy, Innovation, Learning, Quality, and Value Addition. Through analysis of surveys collected from over three hundred knowledge professionals, this research empirically models and uncovers key aspects of these constructs. The results provide a basis for understanding the knowledge-based theory of the firm, which postulates that knowledge integration is the primary role of the firm. The data was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. This method was chosen because it allows the analysis of all the relationships simultaneously. From the analysis of data collected, results of this research suggests that Process Capability has got maximum influence on the Factors of Knowledge-Worker Productivity; and Group Problem-Solving, as a Knowledge Integration Mechanisms, was found to be most significant in the development of Organizational Capabilities. These results conform to those reported in the literature, that is improved Factors of Knowledge-Worker Productivity is dependent on Organizational Capabilities, which are enhanced by effective Knowledge Integration Mechanisms. Overall, this thesis expands the Knowledge-Based View of the firm by integrating the above mentioned three constructs. This integrated view provides insights on the significance of knowledge integration and illustrates how firms develop a set of capabilities that can improve the Factors of Knowledge-Worker Productivity. The findings from this research can be used to develop sound strategies for effective leverage of Knowledge Management, ensuring organizational development.

Knowledge management (KM) implementation strategies on construction projects can reap benefits such as improved performance and continuous improvement yet many projects are characterised by inefficiencies, repetition of mistakes and lack of lessons learnt. Poor skills, design changes, errors and omissions contribute to the internal failure cost element of the Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) while the resultant effect of client dissatisfaction contributes to the external failure cost. COPQ is prevalent regardless of project type and has been found to be over 10% of total project cost in certain cases. While the need to reduce COPQ is definite, it is uncertain what impact KM has in its reduction. The aims of the research therefore are twofold (i) to investigate the impact of KM in reducing COPQ on construction projects (ii) to develop a KM framework for reducing COPQ on construction projects. A mixed method approach was adopted for the research with an exploratory sequential research design utilising both qualitative and quantitative inquiries to address the research aims. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaire survey were selected as the method for qualitative and quantitative data collection respectively. The interviews were conducted with 25 industry experts involved in KM strategies for large construction organisations across UK to obtain data, based on their experiences and expertise on projects, which were then analysed using content analysis. The output from the analysis yielded variables and working hypotheses which were tested through the questionnaire survey. Further data were obtained from 114 survey respondents who have iii been mostly involved in KM initiatives for large construction organisations across UK. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. From the interpretation of the entire qualitative and quantitative data, it was found that KM can be complex and difficult to manage within organisations and on projects. Although KM was perceived to have positive impact in reducing COPQ, organisations did not, and could not quantify COPQ neither could they measure the extent of the impact of KM on COPQ. Causal links were found between COPQ elements i.e. errors and omissions, design changes and poor skills, contrary to the theoretical suggestion of being mutually exclusive. It was found that KM currently has not been optimised to reduce COPQ due to a number of barriers. Optimising KM to reduce COPQ therefore involves overcoming the barriers as follows: develop performance metrics to assess the impact of KM on COPQ on projects; appoint knowledge champions to facilitate KM activities to reduce COPQ; adopt a positive organisational culture towards KM; allocate adequate time and budget for KM activities on projects; select procurement strategies that support and facilitate KM. A KM framework for reducing COPQ on construction projects was developed as an output of the research and evaluated by industry practitioners. It can be concluded that the optimisation of KM can significantly reduce COPQ. A key recommendation for industry practitioners therefore is to adopt a holistic approach to quantifying COPQ and assessing the impact of KM in reducing COPQ such as the one presented in this research. The research contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of cost reduction, quality improvements and knowledge management on projects.

Les données sur la biodiversité sont généralement représentées et stockées dans différents formats. Cela rend difficile pour les biologistes leur agrégation et leur intégration afin d'identifier et découvrir des connaissances pertinentes dans le but, par exemple, de classer efficacement des spécimens. Nous présentons ici l'entrepôt de données BioKET issu de la consolidation de données hétérogènes de différentes sources. Actuellement, le champ d'application de BioKET concerne la botanique. Sa construction a nécessité, notamment, d'identifier et analyser les ontologies et bases botaniques existantes afin de standardiser et lier les descripteurs utilisés dans BioKET. Nous avons également développé une méthodologie pour la construction de terminologies taxonomiques, ou thésaurus, à partir d'ontologies de plantes et d'informations géo-spatiales faisant autorité. Les données de biodiversité et botanique de quatre fournisseurs majeurs et de deux systèmes d'informations géo-spatiales ont été intégrées dans BioKET. L'utilité d'un tel entrepôt de données a été démontrée par l'application de méthodes d'extraction de modèles de connaissances, basées sur les approches classiques Apriori et de la fermeture de Galois, à des ensembles de données générées à partir de BioKET. En utilisant ces méthodes, des règles d'association et des clusters conceptuels ont été extraits pour l'analyse des statuts de risque de plantes endémiques au Laos et en Asie du Sud-Est. En outre, BioKET est interfacé avec d'autres applications et ressources, tel que l'outil GeoCAT pour l'évaluation géo-spatiale des facteurs de risques, afin de fournir un outil d'analyse performant pour les données de biodiversité. / Biodiversity data are generally stored in different formats. This makes it difficult for biologists to combine and integrate them in order to retrieve useful information and discover novel knowledge for the purpose of, for example, efficiently classifying specimens. In this work, we present the BioKET data warehouse which is a consolidation of heterogeneous data stored in different formats and originating from different sources. For the time being, the scope of BioKET is botanical. Its construction required, among others things, to identify and analyze existing botanical ontologies, to standardize and relate terms in BioKET. We also developed a methodology for mapping and defining taxonomic terminologies, that are controlled vocabularies with hierarchical structures from authoritative plant ontologies, Google Maps, and OpenStreetMap geospatial information system. Data from four major biodiversity and botanical data providers and from the two previously mentioned geospatial information systems were then integrated in BioKET. The usefulness of such a data warehouse was demonstrated by applying classical knowledge pattern extraction methods, based on the classical Apriori and Galois closure based approaches, to several datasets generated from BioKET extracts. Using these methods, association rules and conceptual bi-clusters were extracted to analyze the risk status of plants endemic to Laos and Southeast Asia. Besides, BioKET is interfaced with other applications and resources, like the GeoCAT Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool, to provide a powerful analysis tool for biodiversity data.

Driven by rapid technological developments, greater customer expectations, and increased product complexity,product development processes increasingly rely on the integration of dispersed specialist knowledge.Consequently, many industrial firms are changing the way they approach product development. Productdevelopment increasingly relies on knowledge integration across firm boundaries. Customers are one of the mostindispensable sources of knowledge, and their knowledge needs to be integrated during product development.However, little is known about the processes and mechanisms used to integrate customer knowledge in productdevelopment.Therefore, firms must devise processes and mechanisms that support knowledge integration withcustomers. This thesis aims to investigate knowledge integration with customers in collaborative productdevelopment. The work described in this thesis combines a case study with a survey approach. More specifically, five casestudies were conducted at three industrial manufacturing firms. Data were collected in 46 interviews, along withinformal discussions, workshops, and secondary material. The case studies revealed the role of knowledgeintegration, knowledge integration mechanisms, and the importance of contextual factors related to the customer’stechnical capability, and the locus of initiative for the product development project. A cross-sectional survey wasperformed in order to ascertain the role of knowledge integration and its effect on innovation performance and theeffect of firms and customers’ technical capability and locus of initiative on knowledge integration withcustomers. The survey study generated 216 responses from firms operating in the Swedish manufacturingindustry. This thesis consists of a compiled summary and five appended papers. The results in these provide the basis formodelling knowledge integration with customers. The findings confirm that integrating knowledge withcustomers in product development is associated with better innovation performance. Further, the results point tothe dynamic characteristics of knowledge integration in product development processes. More specifically, firmstend to apply different combinations of mechanisms in different phases, depending on the intended content of theknowledge contribution of the customer and the requirements of each phase in the development process. Inaddition, the degree of technical capability, internal integration capability, and locus of initiative are importantfactors influencing knowledge integration processes. This thesis sheds new light on collaborative productdevelopment with customers by demonstrating that knowledge, and particularly the integration of knowledgeacross firm boundaries, is a central property of product development. The study focuses on industrial andmanufacturing firms, complementing current perspectives on the role of customers in other sectors. In thisparticular sector, complexity and system-wide implications need to be resolved together with customers throughknowledge integration activities. An important implication of the thesis is that firms need to devise mechanismsfor knowledge integration with customers, and be prepared to redevise these as the firm progresses through theproduct development phases.

Faced with the challenges to addressing the novelties of the changing business environments (e.g., new customer requirement, changes in customers taste and preferences, the introduction of new products or services by competitors), organizations seek to build collaboration among their employees who possess complementary knowledge. Integrating complementary knowledge enhances employees' ability to address environmental challenges and foster innovation. Despite the importance of knowledge integration for innovation, integration of such knowledge becomes difficult when employees lack a shared understanding of knowledge, and when the knowledge is newly generated. Because new knowledge is tacit in nature and highly personal to a particular individual, it is difficult to articulate, making knowledge integration (KI) an arduous task. Lack of shared understanding, the presence of new knowledge, and lack of common interests in employees creates three types of knowledge boundaries – syntactic (information processing) boundaries, semantic (interpretive) boundaries, and pragmatic (political) boundaries. The presence of knowledge boundaries makes it difficult for employees to share and access their knowledge with each other. To overcome the challenges related to the knowledge boundaries, employees use boundary-spanning objects, which are common lexicons, common meaning, and common interests, to share and access their knowledge across the boundaries. Although prior studies have emphasized the importance of knowledge integration of various knowledge sources for innovations, examinations of what enhances KI capability of employees for organizational innovation remain limited. In addition, apart from Carlile, (2004) and Franco (2013), which are both case studies, other studies that examine the role of boundary spanning objects for knowledge integration are missing. The knowledge management literature also fails to measures (the success of common lexicons, common meaning, and common interests for achieving KI capability) boundary spanning objects. Therefore, in this study, new measurement items of boundary spanning objects and novelty are developed to test the hypotheses. A survey-based design was used to collect data and measure the constructs examined in this study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the direct relationship hypotheses. The moderation effects were tested using 1) multi-group analysis using hierarchical linear regression, and 2) relative weight of each boundary spanning object determining KI capability at the different levels of novelty. Evidence suggests that while common meaning and common interests positively influence KI capability, common lexicon does not have a statistically significant relationship with KI capability. The results also revealed that KI capability positively influences organizational innovation. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the strength of the relationship between boundary spanning objects and KI capability is different at the medium and the high level of novelty.

Introduction: The development of complex products requires specialized departments to handle the demands and to be competitive in the market. To handle the knowledge integration between the specialized departments, the boundaries need to be identified. Compared to previous research, this case study takes focus on the phases of one specific product development process in a software development organization. Therefore: The purpose of this paper is to explore why boundaries exist in a software service development organization during a product development process and why they appear. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the first research question focuses on where and when the boundaries appear in the organization’s product development process. Moreover, if these boundaries appear vertically or horizontally in the organization’s hierarchy structure. The second research question then needs to elaborate on why these appear. Therefore, the research questions for the study are: RQ1: Where are the vertical and horizontal boundaries appearing in a software development organization during product development? RQ2: Why did the identified boundaries appear in the organization? Method: To answer the research questions, a single case study with an inductive approach. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect primary qualitative data from individuals involved in the product development process. A 10-step structured literature review was used to collect secondary data. The interviews were analyzed by a thematic analysis and later combined with the secondary data through theoretical analysis. The theoretical analysis was the basis to fulfill the research questions and the purpose. Findings: The conclusion of the study shows that each of the phases in the product development process had boundaries that affect knowledge integration. Boundaries could be syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic, thus creating different kinds of consequences for the organization. Furthermore, the boundaries were either domain- specific, task-oriented, spatial, or temporal and could be vertical in the different levels of hierarchy, horizontal between departments and teams, or both. The reason behind the appearance of these boundaries was traced to multiple different possible explanations, like lack of artifacts, lack of trust, extensive use of tacit knowledge, and lack of integration. Implications: The study has a theoretical implication by giving a practical approach to how to identify boundaries during a product development process in a software service organization. Furthermore, by identifying these boundaries and why they appear, the study has a practical implication for the case organization by contributing with understanding for their product development and future work with boundary crossing in their processes. Limitations: The study is limited by being a single case study, thus having somewhat low generalizability for other organizations. Hence, it is recommended that future research repeats a similar study in other contexts.