No Brasil, o exame citolÃgico de Papanicolaou à a principal estratÃgia recomendada para a prevenÃÃo do cÃncer de colo do Ãtero (CCU), orientado para as mulheres de 25 a 64 anos, realizado a cada trÃs anos, apÃs dois exames normais consecutivos realizados com um intervalo de um ano. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os fatores relacionados com a prÃtica inadequada do exame Papanicolaou pelas mulheres em um municÃpio do interior do CearÃ. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta foi no perÃodo de junho à outubro de 2013 no distrito sanitÃrio V do municÃpio de Juazeiro do Norte-CE. A amostra foi calculada atravÃs da fÃrmula para populaÃÃes finitas, perfazendo um valor de 240 mulheres, as quais foram inclusas a partir dos seguintes critÃrios: ter idade compreendida entre 20 e 59 anos; ter iniciado vida sexual e aceitar participar da pesquisa. Eram excluÃdas aquelas que nÃo estavam em plena condiÃÃo fÃsica ou mental e nÃo estavam na unidade de saÃde no momento da coleta de dados. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados, o inquÃrito domiciliar do tipo Conhecimento, Atitude e PrÃtica, aplicado e posteriormente classificado pela pesquisadora segundo critÃrios de adequaÃÃo. Os dados obtidos foram armazenados e analisados pelo software STATA, versÃo 12.0. Os dados evidenciaram que todas as entrevistadas informaram ter ouvido falar do exame Papanicolaou, mas em 72,9% destas o conhecimento foi avaliado como inadequado. A atitude inadequada tambÃm apresentou percentuais elevados (73,3%). A prÃtica foi classificada como inadequada em 39,2% da amostra, na qual 13,3% afirmaram nunca ter se submetido ao exame, e 23,6% o realizaram hà mais de trÃs anos. ApÃs o teste de Odds Ratio ajustado, as seguintes variÃveis revelaram relevÃncia estatÃstica para a prÃtica inadequada: idade entre 20 e 29 anos (OR(IC)=2.25), estado civil solteira (OR(IC)=3.18) e conhecimento inadequado (OR(IC)=2.90). As dificuldades encontradas para a realizaÃÃo do exame Papanicolaou na unidade de saÃde, as variÃveis de maiores percentuais para a prÃtica inadequada foram: falta de material (68,1%), vergonha do profissional (27,6%) e nÃo gostar do profissional que realiza o exame (20,8%). Percebeu-se a partir desta pesquisa, a importÃncia do esclarecimento à populaÃÃo e a comunicaÃÃo efetiva por parte dos profissionais das equipes da EstratÃgia SaÃde da FamÃlia acerca da problemÃtica relacionada ao CCU e sua prevenÃÃo, assim como a garantia e apoio à continuidade do cuidado por parte dos gestores. / In Brazil, the Pap test is the primary recommended strategy for the prevention of cervical cancer (CCU) cancer, targeted at women 25-64 years old, held every three years after two consecutive normal tests performed a interval of one year. This research aimed to identify the factors related to inadequate practice of Pap smear for women examination on a city in the interior of CearÃ. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The collection was from June to October 2013 in the health district V of Juazeiro do Norte-CE. The sample was calculated using the formula for finite populations, totaling a value of 240 women who were included based on the following criteria: age between 20 and 59 years; have initiated sexual life and accepting participate. Excluded were those who were not in full physical or mental condition and were not at the clinic at the time of data collection. Was used as an instrument of data collection, the household survey-type Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and subsequently applied by the researcher classified according to criteria of adequacy. Data were stored and analyzed using STATA software, version 12.0. The data showed that all respondents reported having heard of the Pap smear, but in 72.9% of the knowledge was assessed as inappropriate. Improper attitude also showed high percentage (73.3%). The practice was classified as inadequate in 39.2% of the sample, in which 13.3% reported never having undergone the examination, and 23.6% have done it for over three years. After the adjusted Odds Ratio test, the following variables showed statistical significance for appropriate practice: age between 20 and 29 years (OR (CI) = 2.25), single marital status (OR (CI) = 3.18) and inadequate knowledge (OR (CI) = 2.90). The difficulties encountered in the realization of the Pap smear in the health unit, the variables of higher percentages for inadequate practice were lack of material (68.1%), shame the professional (27.6%) and not like the professional who performs the examination (20.8%). It was realized from this research, the importance of clarifying the population and effective communication among professionals of the teams of the Family Health Strategy about the issues related to cervical cancer and its prevention, as well as warranty and support continuity of care by managers.

This study is concerned with understanding the impact of message framing in influencing choice within the sustainable consumption domain. Over-consumption has been proven to be a main cause of environmental degradation, and a shift to sustainable consumption practices is needed. Yet research has found that despite knowledge of environmental issues, and a supportive attitude, pro-environmental behaviour amongst consumers is lacking, with a key influence being the lack of personal utility found in the pro-environmental choice. This study attempts to contribute to narrowing the knowledge attitude practice gap in this domain, by using message framing to isolate the personal utility available in a sustainable choice, thereby influencing a pro-environmental outcome.A study was conducted to determine the main and interaction effects of various salient message frames (reference dependence, loss aversion and time sensitivity) on behavioural intention within sustainable consumption context. Environmental attitude was also tested to ascertain the interaction effect of this variable with the other independent variables and the resultant impact on the choice made. Variables were manipulated in a 2x2x2 factorial design. Results yielded the hypothesised significance of main effects for time sensitivity, but not for reference dependence or loss aversion. In addition no three way interaction for reference dependence by loss aversion by time sensitivity was found. No interaction was found between message frame and environmental attitude. Implications for social marketers engaged in the promotion of pro-environmental behaviours are discussed. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Health Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Dentistry Johannesburg, 2016 / Oral care for patients with HIV/AIDS plays a vital role in improving their nutritional intake, medication tolerance and effectiveness, treatment success rate, as well as quality of life. As the number of people living with HIV/AIDS increases, the possibility of oral healthcare professionals treating more patients with HIV/AIDS will increase and this will result in an increased risk of cross contamination in the dental setting. Aim was to determine the knowledge, attitude and infection control practices of undergraduate dental and oral hygiene students when managing patients with HIV/AIDS. This KAP survey was of a cross-sectional design with an analytical component conducted among 108 dental and oral hygiene students. A validated questionnaire was utilized as a study instrument of choice. A convenience sampling technique was utilized and all students in the target population formed the study sample. Results: The study sample had a mean age of 21 (20 - 23) years, with the majority being females 82 (75.93%) as opposed to 26 (24.07%) males. The average knowledge level of students regarding HIV/AIDS was approximately 55% with a standard deviation of 0.15; the median was 0.55 with a min-max value of (0.2-1.0). [Table2]. Twenty nine per cent of the students (31) had a moderate knowledge level regarding the management of HIV/AIDS patients. Just over half of the cohort, 60(55.56%) of the students had a positive attitude, 44(40.74%) had a passive attitude and 4(3.70%) students had a negative attitude. The infection control practices were of a good quality among the clinical students, with an average of 78.87% (std: 15.61%). Three quarters 53 (76%) of these students had good infection control practice and 17(24%) students had excellent infection control practices. Conclusion: The dental curriculum needs to be appropriately modified, existing learning activities and practical skills should be adapted to ensure future dental practitioners have the clinical competence, in combination with relevant knowledge to provide excellent and appropriate care to patients with HIV/AIDS or any other common transmissible diseases. / MT2017

<p>Background: Health care workers, more specifically, nursing students are at increased risk of occupational injury and exposure to blood borne pathogens. Compliance with universal precautions (UP) will minimise risk or transmission of HIV and HBV (Hepatitis B virus) according to the Department of Health of South Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of universal precautions amongst nursing students and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Rationale: The rationale for the study was to investigate what the students&rsquo / knowledge and practice of UP were, to see if this could be a possible contributing factor to occupational exposure. Research design: The study was a quantitative, cross sectional survey using a questionnaire that included one open ended question. Participants: The participants for the study were the undergraduate nursing students in year levels two to four (n = 253) who and were selected by means of stratified random sampling. Procedures: A questionnaire was administered to the participants by the researcher. Analysis of the data collected was done through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0) and content analysis. Results: The researcher established that there is indeed a lack of knowledge regarding UP and that the students&rsquo / self reported practice of UP is poor. No statistically significant correlation between knowledge and practice of UP were found. There is underreporting of occupational exposures to staff at the School of Nursing. The majority of students reported a moderate to severe fear for occupational exposures and contributing factors raised by them are reality in the clinical facilities.</p>

Breastfeeding initiation rates in the United States remain below the Healthy People 2010 goals. Research indicates patient interaction with health care providers may play an important role in womens ultimate feeding choice. This study sought to examine the impact of provider counseling regarding breastfeeding during the prenatal period on feeding outcome by evaluating: 1) if providers addressed womens concerns regarding breastfeeding; and 2) how providers responded to a womans feeding choice. We also sought to examine whether the type of counseling provided by providers regarding infant feeding is influenced by patient socio-demographics and stated feeding plans. This study is cross-sectional with convenience sampling of all English or Spanish speaking women on the postpartum floor at Yale-New Haven Hospital. A total of 130 women participated. Overall, 95.4% of women identified a concern they had about breastfeeding during the prenatal period, and one quarter of patients had their concerns about breastfeeding addressed. The majority of patients (74.6%) were asked about their feeding plans, and 50.5% were encouraged to breastfeed. Unlike the majority of studies that indicate young, African American, poorly educated, unmarried and low income women are less likely to receive counseling from providers to breastfeed, providers in our study area focused their efforts on this population. In multivariate analysis, neither having concerns addressed nor being encouraged to breastfeed were associated with increased likelihood of breastfeeding. Addressing patients concerns may be most relevant in the small subset of patients who make their feeding choice during pregnancy. Finally, women who were asked about their plans and had their concerns addressed (p=.010) or were encouraged to breastfeed (p=.040) were more likely to make their decision during pregnancy compared to before pregnancy than women whose providers did not discuss these issues. Likewise, mixed feeders were more likely to make their decision regarding infant feeding during rather than before pregnancy. This data suggests providers may be encouraging women to think more thoroughly about the possibility of breastfeeding, thus delaying their decision. In conclusion, many women are not being encouraged to breastfeed or having their concerns about breastfeeding addressed. All women would benefit from prenatal discussion of these topics; however, the effect may be most profound in women who make their decision regarding feeding during pregnancy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-75).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-140).

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 137-141.

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