Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho das madeiras de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii para a produção de celulose kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids® e avaliar a influência de dois níveis de deslignificação no desempenho dos processos de polpação e branqueamento e nas propriedades das polpas branqueadas. Amostras de cavacos de ambas as espécies, com 6 anos de idade, foram analisadas quanto a densidade básica, composição química e morfologia das fibras. Após isso, os materiais foram submetidos a polpação kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids®, objetivando a obtenção de polpa celulósica com dois níveis de deslignificação para cada amostra em cada processo: números kappa de 18 e 15. As polpas celulósicas foram branqueadas na sequência Pré-O2 A/D Eop D P, visando alvura final de 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO, e tiveram suas características físico-mecânicas e morfológicas avaliadas. Os resultados mostram que a madeira de A. mearnsii é mais densa, possui menor proporção de lignina e maior teor de extrativos totais que a madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla. As fibras da madeira de eucalipto possuem maior comprimento, largura e diâmetro do lúmen, além de menor espessura de parede. No processo de polpação, a madeira de A. mearnsii é aquela que demanda maior carga alcalina e fator H para atingir determinado grau de deslignificação, apresentando maior consumo alcalino. Apesar disso, essa espécie é a que resulta em maiores rendimentos. A comparação entre os processos de polpação mostra que o Lo-Solids® demanda menor carga alcalina e fator H que o processo convencional, resultando em menor consumo alcalino, maiores rendimentos e polpas com maior viscosidade e menor teor de ácidos hexenurônicos. Porém, a pré-deslignificação com oxigênio é mais eficiente para polpas do processo convencional. Já o consumo de reagentes no processo de branqueamento é maior em polpas de acácia e naquelas com menor grau de deslignificação. As polpas branqueadas de A. mearnsii e do processo Lo-Solids® demandam menor energia de refino, apresentam características físico-mecânicas superiores, maior população fibrosa e menor área ocupada por vasos se comparadas às polpas de E. grandis x E. urophylla e do processo convencional, respectivamente. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the woods of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii for the kraft pulp production on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes and to verify the impact of two delignification levels on the bleaching process and on the characteristics of bleached pulps. Samples of wood chips of both species, with 6 years-old, had their basic density, chemical composition and fibers morphology evaluated. After that, the materials were submitted to kraft pulping on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes, with the objective of achieve two delignification levels for each sample on each process: kappa numbers 18 and 15. The pulps were bleached on Pre-O2 A/D Eop D P sequence to 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO final brightness and had their physical-mechanical and morphological characteristics evaluated. The results shows that the wood of Acacia mearnsii is denser, presents lower proportion of lignin and higher content of extractives than the wood of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. The fibers of eucalyptus wood have higher length, width, thickness and lumen diameter, and lower wall thickness than acacias fibers. On the pulping process the wood of Acacia mearnsii demands higher alkali charge and H Factor to achieve some delignification degree, presenting higher alkali consumption. Nevertheless, this species presents the highest yields. The comparison between the pulping processes shows that the Lo-Solids® demands lower alkaline charge and H Factor than the conventional process, which results in lower alkaline consumption, higher yields and pulps with better viscosity and lower hexenuronic acids content. However, the oxygen delignification is more efficient for pulps from conventional process. The reagents consumption through the bleaching is higher on Acacias pulps and pulps with lower initial delignification degree. The bleached pulps of Acacia mearnsii and pulps from Lo-Solids® process demand lower refining energy to achieve the same drainability, presents better physical-mechanical characteristics, higher fiber population and lower area occupied for vessels than Eucalyptus pulps and pulps from conventional process, respectively.

A baixa porcentagem de plantios com árvores do gênero Pinus no Brasil e a crescente demanda por polpa celulósica de fibra longa no país evidenciam a necessidade de estudos de espécies de pinus tropicais que se desenvolvam em regiões além do sul brasileiro. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar tecnologicamente a madeira de Pinus maximinoi e avaliar o desempenho desta matéria-prima para produção de polpa celulósica, a partir do processo de polpação modificado do tipo Lo-Solids®. Utilizou-se como referência tecnológica a madeira de Pinus taeda, espécie mais empregada no país para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra longa. Foram analisadas 5 árvores de P. maximinoi e 5 árvores de P. taeda, com 14 anos de idade e plantadas nas mesmas condições edafoclimáticas. As madeiras das duas espécies foram caracterizadas tecnologicamente quanto a densidade básica da madeira, composição química e morfologia dos traqueídes. Posteriormente, foram realizados cozimentos de caracterização, utilizando-se o processo de polpação kraft convencional com diferentes níveis de cargas alcalinas, com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho da madeira de P. maximinoi frente ao processo de polpação e ajustar modelos matemáticos para estimar parâmetros de interesse . Foram obtidas polpas branqueáveis com número kappa = 28±5% a partir do processo de polpação modificado do tipo Lo-Solids®, com fator H 2295, sulfidez de 30% e relação licor madeira de 4L/kg. Os resultados de caracterização da madeira de P. maximinoi demonstraram que esta possui densidade básica equivalente a 0,417 g/cm3, teores de 64,49 % de holocelulose, 31,06% de lignina total, 4,45% de extrativos totais e 0,16% de cinzas e traqueídes com 4,19 mm de comprimento, 56,95 μm de largura, 44,11 μm de diâmetro de lúme e 6,42 μm de espessura da parede. Os resultados dos cozimentos Lo-Solids® mostraram que a madeira de P. maximinoi demandou álcali ativo de 24,4% (base NaOH) e resultou em polpas com rendimento depurado de 47,5%, teor de rejeitos de 0,43% e viscosidade de 713 cm3/g. O consumo específico da madeira de P. maximinoi foi de 5,868 m3/tsa e incremento médio anual em celulose de 6,575 tsa/ha/ano. O teor de sólidos gerados por tonelada de celulose produzida para a madeira de P. maximinoi foi de 1,451 t/tsa. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem concluir que a madeira de P. maximinoi representa uma alternativa interessante para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra longa, tendo em vista que possui características tecnológicas muito semelhantes à madeira de P. taeda, além do menor consumo específico da madeira e maior incremento médio anual em celulose. / The low percentage of plantation of pine genus in Brazil and the growing demand for long fiber pulp demonstrates the necessity of studies with tropical pine species that develop in regions beyond the south of Brazil. The main objectives of this study were to characterize the wood of the specie Pinus maximinoi and to evaluate the performance of this material for pulp kraft production, using the modified pulping process Lo-Solids®. Pinus taeda wood was used as technologinal reference since it is the most used pine specie in Brazil for softwood pulp production. Samples from 5 Pinus maximinoi trees and 5 Pinus taeda trees were analysed both with 14 years old, planted in the same conditions. Both of the materials were technollogicaly characterized by wood basic density analysis, wood chemistry and tracheids morphology. After that, were realized characterization pulping processes, using the conventional kraft pulping process, with different alkali charges, in order to study the behavior of Pinus maximinoi wood throughout the process and ajust mathematical models to estimate parameters of interest. Then, it was produced bleached pulps with kappa number of 28±5% using the modified pulping process Lo-Solids®, with H factor 2295, 30% of sulfidity and liquor to wood ratio = 4L/kg. The results from the wood characterization shows that Pinus maximinoi wood has basic wood density equivalent to 0,417 g/cm3, 64,49% content of holocellulose, 31,06% content of total lignin, 4,45% content of total extractives and 0,16% content of ash; the tracheids morphology showed that the tracheids has lenght 4,19 mm, 56,95 μm of width, 44,11 μm of lumen width and 6,42 μm of wall thickness. The results of the Lo-Solids® pulping process showed that Pinus maximinoi wood has demanded alkali charge of 24,4% (NaOH) and resulted in pulps with screened yield of 47,5%, rejects contents of 0,43% and viscosity pulp of 713 cm3/g. The specific wood consumption was 5,868 m3/tsa and the IMACEL 6,575 tsa/ha/ano. The solids content generated per ton of cellulose was 1,451 t/tsa for Pinus maximinoi wood. The results obtained in this study showed that the Pinus maximinoi wood represents an interesting alternative for softwood pulp production given that the technological characteristics were very similar between the P. taeda wood, beyond the higher forestry production, the lower wood specific consumption observed and higher IMACEL.

Munksunds pappersbruk är ett integrerat massa- och pappersbruk som består av två fiberlinjer, en barr- och en lövlinje där båda kokarna är kontinuerliga med efterföljande tvättsteg. En kartering av COD (eng. Chemical Oxygen Demand) och natrium utfördes för båda linjerna för att utvärdera tvätteffektiviteten. COD anger hur mycket syre som krävs för att bryta ned det kvarvarande organiska materialet och natrium används som en indikator på tvättförlusten av kokkemikalierna. Karteringen utfördes genom att analysera in- och utgående flöden vid varje tvättsteg, exklusive kokarna. En förenklad metod användes, där tre flöden analyserades och den fjärde beräknades genom flödes- och massbalanser. Modellen som användes för att beskriva tvätteffektiviteten för respektive utrustning var tvättutbytet Y, som erhölls genom en massbalans. Studien visade att halten COD och Natrium minskar mest från början för respektive linje och når ett gränsvärde runt 8,2 kg COD/adt och 6,6 kg Na/adt för barrlinjen, respektive 8,5 kg COD/adt och 4,8 kg Na/adt för lövlinjen, där ytterligare substans inte kan tvättas bort. Båda linjerna tvättar likvärt med avseende på COD, men lövlinjen tvättar bättre med avseende på natrium. I det sista tvättsteget hade båda fiberlinjerna eliminerat 98% av den inkommande COD-mängden med massan från kokarna. Vidare hade barrlinjen eliminerat 86% och lövlinjen 93% med avseende på natrium i det sista tvättsteget. Utvärderingen av de olika tvättutrustningarna visade att DD-filtret i lövlinjen var effektivast både med avseende på COD och natrium, följt av PO-pressen. På barrlinjen var filter 1 mest effektivt med avseende på COD och natrium. / A mapping of COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and sodium will be done to evaluate the different washing steps. COD describe the amount of oxygen needed to dissolve the organic matter left in the pulp and sodium is used as an indicator of the washing loss of the cooking chemicals. The in- and outgoing streams of the washing steps was analyzed to examine the efficiency. A simplified method was applied where three streams were analyzed and the fourth was calculated through flow-and mass balances. The model used to describe the wash efficiency in this study was the wash yield, which can be obtained by mass balances. The study showed that the content of COD and sodium decreased most in the beginning and reaches a limit value of 8,2 kg COD/adt and 6,6 kg Na/adt in the softwood pulp line and 8,5 kg COD/adt and 4,8 kg Na/adt in the soft wood pulp line, where no more content could be removed. Both pulp lines washed efficient with aspect of COD, but the hardwood pulp line washed more efficient in the aspect of natrium compared to the softwood pulp line. In the last washing step, both pulp lines had removed 98% of the ingoing COD from the digester. With aspect to natrium the softwood pulp line had removed 86% and the hardwood pulp line 93% in the last washing step. The evaluation of the different washing equipment showed that the DD-filter in the hardwood pulp line was the most efficient with aspect of both COD and Sodium, followed by the PO-press. In the softwood pulp line, filter 2 was the most efficient regarding both COD and Sodium. The flow- and mass balances turned out to be complicated at some of the washing steps, especially around the Q1-press in the hardwood pulp line and press 1-3 and filter 2 in the softwood pulp line. The reason for this could be that different functional chemicals are added before the Q1-press, which was not considered in this study, additional causes could be unidentified flows that affect the balances. The study was limited to only analyze three streams and calculate the fourth, an analyze of all the streams would give a more accurate result. However, the study provides a good overview of the wash efficiency in the pulp mill.

In the early 1990’s, a lot of work was focused on extending the kraft cook to a low lignin content (low kappa number). The driving force was the need to further reduce the environmental impact of the bleaching, as less delignification work would be needed there. However, the delignification during the residual phase of a kraft cook is very slow and, due to its poor selectivity, it is a limiting factor for the lignin removal. If the amount of lignin reacting according to the residual phase could be reduced, it would be possible to improve the selectivity of the kraft cook. In the work described in this thesis, special attention has been given to the activation energy of the slowly reacting residual phase of a kraft cook on softwood raw material and to the influence of different cooking parameters on the amount of the residual phase lignin. The activation energy of the residual phase delignification of the kraft cook was shown to be higher than that of the bulk phase delignification. In order to decrease the amount of residual phase lignin, it was essential to have a high concentration of hydrogen sulphide ions when cooking with a low hydroxide concentration. It was also important to avoid a high sodium ion concentration when cooking with low hydroxide and low hydrogen sulphide ion concentrations. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that dissolved wood components had a positive effect on the delignification rate in the bulk phase of a kraft cook. The influence of different cooking parameters in the extended softwood kraft process on the bleachability (i.e. the ease with which the pulps can be bleached to a target brightness) of the manufactured pulp was also investigated. If variations in bleachability were seen, an attempt would also be made to find chemical reasons to explain the differences. It was difficult to establish clear relationships between the chemical structures of the residual lignin and the bleachability of the pulp. However, it was seen that the higher the content of β-aryl ether structures in the residual lignin after cooking, the better was the QPQP*-bleachability. In the middle/end of the 1990’s, the focus moved from extended cooking to efficient utilisation of the wood raw material, e.g. by interrupting the kraft cook at higher kappa number levels and choosing appropriate cooking conditions to maximise the cooking yield. A high cooking yield often leads to a somewhat higher hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of the pulp at a given kappa number. Therefore additional attention was devoted to how the HexA content and carbohydrate composition were affected, e.g. by a set of cooking parameters. Performing these studies it was also important to investigate the effects of a low HexA (after cooking) strategy on such vital factors as the cooking yield, the bleachability and the yellowing characteristics of the pulp obtained. It proved to be difficult to significantly reduce the HexA content in a kraft pulp by altering the cooking conditions for both softwood and the hardwood Eucalyptus Globulus. A reduction in HexA content can be achieved by extending the cook to lower kappa numbers, or by using a high hydroxide concentration, a low hydrogen sulphide concentration or a high sodium ion concentration. However, neither of these strategies is attractive for industrial implementation since they would result in an extensive loss of yield, viscosity and strength. / <p>QC 20100825</p>

O setor florestal brasileiro prevê forte expansão das florestas plantadas de eucalipto, o que torna essencial estudos que indiquem materiais genéticos superiores e adaptados a novas fronteiras regionais. O estado de Goiás tem se destacado como um território com grande potencial ao estabelecimento e expansão de novos plantios. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação tecnológica de clones-elite de Eucalyptus spp., oriundos de um teste clonal instalado no município de Luziânia- GO, com foco na qualidade do lenho para produção de polpa celulósica Kraft. Do total de materiais genéticos do teste clonal, foram selecionados 6 clones híbridos de Eucalyptus spp, na idade de 4 anos, e cortadas 5 árvores de cada clone, obtendo-se discos de madeira em 6 posições longitudinais (0% (base), DAP, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura comercial) e 4 toretes (±50 cm de comprimento) em posições intermediárias. Os discos de madeira foram utilizados na determinação das características físicas, químicas e anatômicas dos clones e os toretes, transformados em cavacos, submetidos à polpação Kraft e avaliadas as características do cozimento. Os resultados indicam grande variabilidade entre os clones nas características avaliadas. Os seis clones diferiram quanto ao crescimento e volume, com destaque para os clones A, B, C e F, de melhores desempenho. Os valores médios de densidade básica ponderada observados para os clones de estudo (0,46-0,50 g/cm3), se encontram dentro da faixa considerada ideal para a produção de celulose. Foram observados valores médios de densidade aparente entre 0,56 e 0,65 g/cm3, sendo o maior valor verificado para o clone E. Em geral, foi observado efeito significativo apenas na variação radial das propriedades físico-anatômicas. A caracterização química do lenho dos seis clones indica potencialidade tecnológica para produção de celulose Kraft, com destaque ao clone E. Os melhores desempenhos na polpação kraft para Kappa ± 18, foram alcançados com os clones E e F. Os clones de Eucalyptus spp. do estudo, em sua maioria, apresentaram excelente adaptabilidade local e satisfatórias propriedades do lenho quanto à transformação tecnológica em polpa celulósica Kraft. O clone E, que apresentou menor teor de extrativos e maior teor de holocelulose em sua constituição, além de bom desempenho no processo de polpação Kraft, bem como o clone F, que obteve os melhores índices de crescimento e produvidade e satisfatórias características físicas, anatômicas e tecnológicas, foram indicados como os de maior potencial para a produção de celulose. Ressalta-se a importância de se desenvolver pesquisas futuras nos materiais em idade mais avançada, visando melhor qualificar a adaptação local, bem como a qualidade do lenho, em busca de maior alcance no desempenho e eficiência produtiva do processo de polpação celulósica. / The Brazilian forestry sector foresees a strong expansion of Eucalyptus forests, which makes essential studies indicating superior genetic material and adapted to new borders. Goiás state has stood out as a territory with great potential for the establishment and expansion of new forest plantations areas. In this sense, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the technological performance of Eucalyptus wood elite clones from a clonal test installed in the municipality of Luziânia-GO, focusing on the wood quality for kraft pulping. From the total genetic material of the clonal test, 6 Eucalyptus wood hybrid clones, at 4 years-old, were selected and 5 trees of each clone were cut, obtaining wooden discs in 6 longitudinal positions (0% (base), DBH, 25%, 50% , 75% and 100% of commercial height) of trunck. Also, 4 logs of 50 cm in length between the base and 100% of the commercial height. The wood discs were used for determining the physical, chemical and anatomical wood characteristics and the short logs were transformed into wood chips for kraft pulping that whose characteristics were evaluated. The results indicate a high variability among the clones. All clones differed in volume growth, especially clones A, B, C and F, with the best performances. The average values of weighted basic density observed in Eucalyptus spp. clones (0.46-0.50 g/cm3) are within the range considered ideal for the kraft pulping production. Average values of apparent density were observed between 0.56 and 0.65 g / cm3, being the highest value verified for clone E. In general, a significant effect of radial position of the trunk was observed only for physical-anatomical properties. The wood chemical characterization indicates, for all clones, technological potential for kraft pulp production, especially for clone E, with lower content of extractives and higher content of holocellulose,. The best performances of kappa number 18 of kraft pulping were observed in clones E and F. Eucalyptus wood clones, presented excellent adaptability and great wood technological properties. The clone E, which presented besides good performance in the kraft pulping process, as well as clone F, which obtained the best rates of growth and productivity and satisfactory physical, anatomical characteristics, were the ones with the best kraft pulping potencial. Future researches with the same Eucalyptus spp. trees at advanced ages are recommended, in order to provide a better information of local adaptation as well wood quality, in search of greater reach in the performance and productive efficiency of the kraft pulping process.

Modern chemical technology is an efficient tool for solving problems, particularly within the complex environment of the pulp and paper industry, and the combination of experimental studies, mill data and mass balance calculations are of fundamental importance to the development of the industry. In this study various examples are presented, whereby chemical technology is of fundamental importance. It is well documented that under normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without problems. However, in the case of  alternatives to the kraft recovery boiler, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required for the design calculations. In this study the viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at temperatures relevant for a recovery boiler, i.e. similar to water at room temperature. The presence of non-process elements (NPE) in a typical pulp mill has been investigated. The main input is with regards to the wood, and anticipated problems include; deposits in evaporators, high dead-load in liquor streams, plugging of the upper part of the recovery boiler and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Efficient green liquor clarification is of the greatest importance as an efficient kidney for many NPE. Mill data and calculations show that the magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be highly beneficial. The prehydrolysis liquor will contain both sugars and acetic acid. It is however not possible to fully replace the sulphuric acid of the viscose spinning bath with acetic acid of own production. The sulphuric chemicals from the viscose plant can be partly taken care of in the kraft recovery area as well as the viscose plant which can be supplied with alkali and sulphuric acid. Zinc-containing effluents from the viscose plant can be treated with green liquor to precipitate zinc sulphide. / Modern chemical technology is an extremely efficient tool for solving problems particularly in a complicated environment such as the pulp and paper industry. Here, examples are studied during which chemical technology is of fundamental importance. At normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without hindrance. However, for certain kraft recovery boiler alternatives, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required. The viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at relevant temperatures. The main input of non-process elements (NPE) is down to the wood, and known problems include deposits in evaporators and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Green liquor clarification is an efficient kidney for many NPE. Magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be of significant interest, as the handling of both alkali and sulphuric compounds can be integrated. Problems will however arise as the capacity of the pulping line and the chemical recovery has to be adjusted.

This thesis focused on the modelling of a pulping process. The purpose was to see if an accurate model can be crated based on relatively simple premises and if the errors can be identified or analysed. To realise this, the authors conducted a literature study to identify the current state of the art regarding the chemical pulping process. In addition, flow charts and sample data from a case study were examined. Based on the literature review and case study, model assumptions were derived. The model is divided into sixteen components. Where mixing occurs, lumped conditions are assumed. The model has five validation points, four of which are temperatures and a mass flowrate. These are shown as deviations from the measured values. In conclusions, it was the model could produce stable results over a narrow time frame. More so if the transition period at the start of the simulation is overlooked. Several new model assumptions are presented with the purpose to increase accuracy e.g. account for the components ability to store mass.

Submitted by FELIPE MANENTE GARCIA null (gualepa@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-07-25T03:58:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Felipe.pdf: 1724714 bytes, checksum: 3df945db807a5add72d1ee13c5fff1cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T16:55:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_fm_dr_bot.pdf: 1724714 bytes, checksum: 3df945db807a5add72d1ee13c5fff1cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T16:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_fm_dr_bot.pdf: 1724714 bytes, checksum: 3df945db807a5add72d1ee13c5fff1cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A indústria papeleira vem focando em estudos atuais, alternativas para separar a madeira em seus componentes, celulose, hemiceluloses, lignina e extrativos, pois eles que restringem as diversas oportunidades da biorrefinaria integrando processos produtivos de combustíveis e produtos químicos a partir da biomassa. A solubilização das hemiceluloses por auto hidrólise tem sido proposta como o primeiro passo da biorrefinaria, e os materiais extraídos com a auto hidrólise podem ser usados na produção de produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da temperatura (120°C,140°C,160°C) na auto hidrólise, e posteriormente no rendimento da polpação Kraft em diferentes cargas de álcali ativo (12%,13%,14%) em cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que com o incremento da temperatura no processo de auto hidrólise o rendimento apresenta alteração para ambas espécies; reações com maiores valores de temperaturas afetam negativamente o rendimento do processo de auto hidrolise; a utilização da Eucalyptus grandis mostrou mais eficaz no processo de auto hidrolise quando comparado ao híbrido E. grandis x E. urophylla. Conclui-se que, a auto hidrólise apresentou eficácia removendo a maior parte das hemiceluloses e apenas atacando ligeiramente a lignina e a celulose. / The paper industry has been focusing on current studies alternatives for separating wood into its components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives, as they that hide the various biorefinery opportunities integrating production processes of fuels and chemicals from biomass. The solubilization of hemicelluloses by auto-hydrolysis has been proposed as the first step in biorefinery. And the materials extracted with the Auto-hydrolysis can be used in the production of chemicals and biofuels. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of temperature (120 ° C, 140 ° C, 160 ° C) in the auto-hydrolysis and Kraft pulping yield in different loads of active alkali (12%, 13%, 14%) in Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis chips. The survey results showed that with the increase of temperature in the process of hydrolysis yield self presents to both species; reactions with highest rates of temperatures affect negatively the performance of the hydrolysis process; the use of Eucalyptus grandis showed more effective in hydrolysis process when compared the hibrid E. grandis x E. urophylla and concluded that , the hydrolysis showed effectiveness by removing most of the hemicelluloses and attacking only slightly the lignin and cellulose.

O setor florestal brasileiro prevê forte expansão das florestas plantadas de eucalipto, o que torna essencial estudos que indiquem materiais genéticos superiores e adaptados a novas fronteiras regionais. O estado de Goiás tem se destacado como um território com grande potencial ao estabelecimento e expansão de novos plantios. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação tecnológica de clones-elite de Eucalyptus spp., oriundos de um teste clonal instalado no município de Luziânia- GO, com foco na qualidade do lenho para produção de polpa celulósica Kraft. Do total de materiais genéticos do teste clonal, foram selecionados 6 clones híbridos de Eucalyptus spp, na idade de 4 anos, e cortadas 5 árvores de cada clone, obtendo-se discos de madeira em 6 posições longitudinais (0% (base), DAP, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura comercial) e 4 toretes (±50 cm de comprimento) em posições intermediárias. Os discos de madeira foram utilizados na determinação das características físicas, químicas e anatômicas dos clones e os toretes, transformados em cavacos, submetidos à polpação Kraft e avaliadas as características do cozimento. Os resultados indicam grande variabilidade entre os clones nas características avaliadas. Os seis clones diferiram quanto ao crescimento e volume, com destaque para os clones A, B, C e F, de melhores desempenho. Os valores médios de densidade básica ponderada observados para os clones de estudo (0,46-0,50 g/cm3), se encontram dentro da faixa considerada ideal para a produção de celulose. Foram observados valores médios de densidade aparente entre 0,56 e 0,65 g/cm3, sendo o maior valor verificado para o clone E. Em geral, foi observado efeito significativo apenas na variação radial das propriedades físico-anatômicas. A caracterização química do lenho dos seis clones indica potencialidade tecnológica para produção de celulose Kraft, com destaque ao clone E. Os melhores desempenhos na polpação kraft para Kappa ± 18, foram alcançados com os clones E e F. Os clones de Eucalyptus spp. do estudo, em sua maioria, apresentaram excelente adaptabilidade local e satisfatórias propriedades do lenho quanto à transformação tecnológica em polpa celulósica Kraft. O clone E, que apresentou menor teor de extrativos e maior teor de holocelulose em sua constituição, além de bom desempenho no processo de polpação Kraft, bem como o clone F, que obteve os melhores índices de crescimento e produvidade e satisfatórias características físicas, anatômicas e tecnológicas, foram indicados como os de maior potencial para a produção de celulose. Ressalta-se a importância de se desenvolver pesquisas futuras nos materiais em idade mais avançada, visando melhor qualificar a adaptação local, bem como a qualidade do lenho, em busca de maior alcance no desempenho e eficiência produtiva do processo de polpação celulósica. / The Brazilian forestry sector foresees a strong expansion of Eucalyptus forests, which makes essential studies indicating superior genetic material and adapted to new borders. Goiás state has stood out as a territory with great potential for the establishment and expansion of new forest plantations areas. In this sense, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the technological performance of Eucalyptus wood elite clones from a clonal test installed in the municipality of Luziânia-GO, focusing on the wood quality for kraft pulping. From the total genetic material of the clonal test, 6 Eucalyptus wood hybrid clones, at 4 years-old, were selected and 5 trees of each clone were cut, obtaining wooden discs in 6 longitudinal positions (0% (base), DBH, 25%, 50% , 75% and 100% of commercial height) of trunck. Also, 4 logs of 50 cm in length between the base and 100% of the commercial height. The wood discs were used for determining the physical, chemical and anatomical wood characteristics and the short logs were transformed into wood chips for kraft pulping that whose characteristics were evaluated. The results indicate a high variability among the clones. All clones differed in volume growth, especially clones A, B, C and F, with the best performances. The average values of weighted basic density observed in Eucalyptus spp. clones (0.46-0.50 g/cm3) are within the range considered ideal for the kraft pulping production. Average values of apparent density were observed between 0.56 and 0.65 g / cm3, being the highest value verified for clone E. In general, a significant effect of radial position of the trunk was observed only for physical-anatomical properties. The wood chemical characterization indicates, for all clones, technological potential for kraft pulp production, especially for clone E, with lower content of extractives and higher content of holocellulose,. The best performances of kappa number 18 of kraft pulping were observed in clones E and F. Eucalyptus wood clones, presented excellent adaptability and great wood technological properties. The clone E, which presented besides good performance in the kraft pulping process, as well as clone F, which obtained the best rates of growth and productivity and satisfactory physical, anatomical characteristics, were the ones with the best kraft pulping potencial. Future researches with the same Eucalyptus spp. trees at advanced ages are recommended, in order to provide a better information of local adaptation as well wood quality, in search of greater reach in the performance and productive efficiency of the kraft pulping process.

Massatvätt är ett viktigt steg i kraft-processen, då kokkemikalierna kan återvinnas och återanvändas i processen, vilket minimerar belastningen på miljön. Det är ett viktigt steg innan blekning av massan, då en låg kemisk syre-förbrukning (COD) är viktigt för att minska förbrukning av blekningskemikalier. Dessutom kan massatvätt även eliminera andra oönskade material, såsom metaller eller extraktivämnen. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera av tvätt-effektivitet av industriell massatvätt. Målen var att jämföra industriell tvättning med extensiv tvättning, att undersöka kvaliteten av tvättvätskor med analystekniker och att undersöka befintliga metoder för att beräkna tvätt-effektivitet. Den experimentella fasen var indelad i provtvättning och tvätt-serier, utförda med olika tvättvätskor, uppehållstider och industriell och extensiv utspädningsfaktor. Provtvättningen gav resultat som möjliggjorde det att utveckla tvätt-metoden. Resultaten för tvätt-serien visade att den extensiva utspädningsfaktorn generellt gav bättre resultat och en mer effektiv tvätt, och att en tvättvätska med en temperatur på 80°C generellt gav bättre resultat. Ljusheten påverkades inte av utspädningsfaktorn och kappanalysen visade en väldigt liten skillnad jämfört med originalmassan. Utvärderingen av befintliga metoder för att beräkna tvätt-effektivitet indikerade att alla undersökta metoder kunde ge felaktiga resultat, men beräkningarna tillsammans med andra metoder såsom COD, konduktivitet och med flera borde ge industrin en god indikation på tvätt-effektiviteten / Pulp washing is an important step in the kraft process, as it allows for the cooking chemicals to be recovered and reused in the process, which also minimizes the environmental load to the subsequent stages. It is also important before the bleaching plant, as a low chemical oxygen demand (COD) carry-over is important to minimize the consumption of bleaching chemicals. Furthermore, washing can also remove other unwanted materials, such as metals or wood extractives. The aim of the study was to assess washing efficiency of industrial washing. The objectives were to compare industrial washing with extensive washing, to investigate the quality of wash liquors using analytical techniques and to examine existing methods for calculating washing efficiency. The experimental phase was divided into trial washing and washing series, conducted with different wash liquors, residence times and dilution factors (DF). The trial washing yielded results that allowed for the washing methodology to be improved. The results from the washing series indicated the extensive DF in general gave better results and provided a more efficient washing, and that a wash liquor of 80°C gave better results. Brightness was not affected by the dilution factor and kappa number analysis showed that there was a very slight difference compared to the original pulp. The evaluation of existing methods for calculating washing efficiency indicated that all investigated methods could give inaccurate results, but that the calculations together with other methods such as COD and conductivity should give the industry a good indication of the washing efficiency.