<p>This dissertation has the intention to discuss access to clean and safe water from an aspect of human rights. The aim is to investigate how access to clean and safe water is seen upon as a human right, and if the water situation would be influenced and perhaps improved if it was declared as an independent human right. The issue is mainly discussed from an overriding international perspective, but with focus on the situation in developing countries. This because it is often in these countries that the greatest deficiency of drinking water is occurring, and where the regimes do not ensure their population sufficient access to drinking water. The study also aims to describe the current discussion about whether to make clean and safe water an independent human right or not and to give an account of the arguments held by representatives of the different standpoints.</p><p>A sort of inductive method is used in the dissertation and the analysis mainly is built upon the Indian economist Amartya Sens theories about entitlements and development. The study principally is based on literature, documents and reports on human rights and access to and legislation of clean and safe water. However, the study also includes some phone interviews and analyses in a Geographic Information System and the statistical program SPSS.</p>

<p> </p><h2>Abstract</h2><p>Attractiveness may be defined by a variety of factors but you should see it in the public planning as it is to have a positive population growth and economic growth, through working with communications, service, housing, to name a few. This is done primarily through direct projects both within the municipality and through various partnerships between local and regional level. The progress we have seen in recent years has gone more towards a clear shell level, particularly a regional level where these have had a much greater freedom with clear geographical boundaries in between each other. Within these regions there are also clear regional groupings that have common interests and competing between each other. In my thesis, we have been distinguished including three levels of scale levels. At the local level Osby municipality, together with the other municipalities in Skåne Nordost working Sound region and at regional level, Region Skåne after that will the national level and global level.</p><p>Osby has for several years worked with attractiveness both within its own municipality, and through collaborations with both north-east Skåne, Region Skåne and a number of other formal and informal collaborations. Efforts to increase its attractiveness has been assumed to have a stable population and a positive economic growth. This work has been made concrete by using the outline above, and that through various projects, such as this can Pågatågen and Boda like to mention. Both projects are designed to increase the attractiveness of just Osby. Through working with these projects and to always show up, so will these projects lead to Osby will have a positive population growth and economic growth.</p><p>Osby municipality has a good location for the future, especially their geographical position, especially in view of the main line gives them an edge against other municipalities located in the periphery of a strong growth region. Another reason that makes Osby has a good location that they went through a restructuring during the high economic climate and with it so has it been able to adapt its business is now located at a high national level.</p><p> </p>

No description available.

<p>The aim of this study is to analyze the choice of living in a peri-urban area as part of a livelihood strategy.</p><p>The method used for collection of primary data for the study was in-depth interviews and questionnaires, undertaken with residents of Mbezi Luisi, a peri-urban area in Dar es Salaam. In order to analyze this material, a theoretical framework consisting of both livelihood frameworks and migration theories was used. In addition, previous research made on migration patterns and livelihoods of the people living in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed. The result of the study shows that people make active decisions in order to obtain a better life. From a livelihood perspective it was found that the peri-urban areas present unique livelihoods opportunities in comparison to urban and rural areas. I also found that a livelihood perspective may help urban and regional planners in their work.</p>

<p>Transboundary protected areas are a fairly recent concept that have been increasing in popularity and are increasingly being integrated into large international organizations’ environmental policy making. This essay examines the phenomena through the cooperation between two national parks, Parc National des Pyrénées in France and Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido in Spain. The theoretical framework used in this essay is based upon border theory, focusing on the different factors that influence the behavior of the border dweller and how the different social conceptions of nature influence the way it is managed. The results in this study result from researching published and private documents from the national parks and interviews carried out with staff from the park administrations from both countries. The collaboration between these two national parks dates back twenty years and the cooperation has been carried out in many small projects. Historical ties between the villages in the border region, which also shares a common culture and lingual heritage, have inspired the cooperation. There are also economical benefits that influence the collaboration, such as the European Union’s regional policy that provides funds for transboundary cooperation. A mutual world heritage site, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, is also situated within the parks’ territories, which should be managed conjointly by the national parks. However, an in-depth and well-integrated cooperation has not been found, as difference in the nature and how the organizations themselves are managed and regulated has generated a long and complicated course for decisions regarding cooperation. It appears that even if nature itself might be boundless, the national jurisdictions that prevail over nature are clearly adhered to and there are no available transboundary structures designed to handle a cooperation of this kind.</p> / <p>Gränsöverskridande naturvård är ett relativt nytt koncept som alltmer ökat i popularitet och även inlemmats i flera stora internationella organisationers naturvårdspolicy. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka gränsöverskridande naturvård mellan två angränsande nationalparker, Parc National des Pyrénées i Frankrike och Parque Nacional Ordesa Monte Perdido i Spanien. Uppsatsen har utgått ifrån gränsteoretiska utgångspunkter i form av vilka faktorer som påverkar gränsbeteendet och med särskilt fokus på hur föreställningar om naturen påverkar hur denna förvaltas. Samarbetet har granskats genom dokument publicerade av parkerna samt genom intervjuer med personal i de båda parkerna. Nationalparkerna har under drygt tjugo år haft en viss samverkan som konkretiserats genom flera småskaliga projekt. Samarbetet har inspirerats av en historisk samverkan mellan byarna i gränsregionen som har ett gemensamt språk och kulturarv samt ekonomiska incitament i form av den Europeiska Unionens stöd för samverkan mellan gränsregioner. Inom nationalparkernas område återfinns även ett gemensamt världsarv, Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, som skall förvaltas av nationalparkerna tillsammans. Studien visar dock att en fördjupad samverkan mellan parkerna inte har kunnats implementeras i praktiken, eftersom naturen förvaltas och regleras på olika sätt i de båda nationalparkerna. Skillnader mellan Parc National des Pyrénées och Parque Nacional Ordesas förvaltningsstruktur och administrationssätt gör att beslutsvägen för samarbetsfrågor blir lång och komplicerad. Även om naturen själv är gränslös, visar studien att de bestämmelser som råder över den, är starkt bundna till den nationella organisationsformen och att det i nuläget inte finns någon gränsöverskridande struktur som kan hantera frågor av detta slag.</p>

<p>När en verksamhet ska etableras på en ny geografisk marknad så uppstår en lokaliseringsproblematik och det är detta som är fokuseringen på denna studie. Bakgrunden till studien är en verksamhet som är baserad i Arvika och som vill etablera sig på en ny marknad i Europa. Företaget, som bland annat tillverkar och säljer fordonstvättar för tunga fordon (till exempel buss, lastbil och tåg), finns idag etablerad på den svenska, amerikanska och kanadensiska marknaden. Dessutom finns de representerade på den polska och finska marknaden. De vill nu undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns i andra länder inom Europa, närmare bestämt i England, Frankrike, Tyskland och Benelux-länderna. Målet med denna undersökning är att genomföra en övergriplig lokaliseringsstudie, en regional zonering, i anknytning till det företaget. Studien lutar sig emot en deskriptiv ansats och baserar sig på material hämtade från olika källor via huvudsakligen Internet.</p><p>Studien behandlar teorier från den ekonomiska geografin, om var den befinner sig i nuläget och var den har utvecklats ifrån. En större vikt läggs på lokaliseringsproblematiken och vilket perspektiv som används i de tillgängliga teorierna. Det diskuteras om olika tillvägagångssätt och fenomen inom lokaliseringsteorierna och de sätts också i samband med de förutsättningar som verksamheten har. Den praktiska tillämpningen av undersökningen innebär att utveckla en metodologisk grund utifrån tillgängliga teoretiska kunskaper för att sedan kunna applicera den i ett specifikt exempel. Problematiken med att etablera en verksamhet på en ny geografisk marknad innebär för studien att undersöka en verksamhet, dess bakomliggande orsaker och målet med en ny etablering. Undersökningen ska studera förekomsten och hur spridningen av olika faktorer ser ut för att sedan sätta dem i relation till varandra och i kontexten av företagets bakomliggande målsättningar.</p>

In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private companies. Along with an internationally funded investment program to refurbish the dilapidated water infrastructure, private operations were tested also in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only about a third of the households, however, are reached by the piped water system there; most households purchase water from those with pipe-connections or private boreholes. Thus, water distribution was informally privatized by way of water vending long before formal private sector participation began. This thesis explores individual and collective endeavors in water development, distribution, and access, along with the global and local influences that shaped the privatization exercise. With regard to the lease of Dar es Salaam’s water system, the institutional set-up has been found to mix the British and French models, having influenced the local situation through development assistance and conditionalities tied to loans. The institutional contradictions may have contributed to the conflictive cancellation of the lease arrangement. Due to the public utility company’s lack of operating capital and investment planning, infrastructure development has responded mainly to immediate individual demands, resulting in a spaghetti-like network and structural leakage. The long-standing under-performance and low coverage of the piped water system have forced many people to devise their own ways to access water. This thesis argues that the individually-devised artisan ways of water provisioning constitute the life-line of Dar es Salaam’s water system. Yet, they also undermine and divert resources away from the collectively-devised industrial form of piped water provision.

In education about climate issues teachers make choices. What is of most importance? To know how the green house effect works in a natural scientific way or to know about the political processes that can help us find a solution? Habits, or selective traditions, answers the questions why, what and how does teachers do when teaching about climate issues.  In this study selective traditions are investigated.The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify selective traditions among the Swedish geography teachers when it comes to teaching about global warming. A discussion about the implications of the selective traditions for the education from a pragmatic perspective, inspired by John Dewey in his work: “Democracy and Education is also included.The empiricism of the study consists of interviews where teachers tell about their ways of teaching about climate issues. The result is presented in the form of selective traditions. The study identifies three separate didactic typologies in teaching about climate issues. The natural science typology tradition which focuses on facts, the normative which focuses on changing the student’s attitudes and the pluralistic which focuses on the student’s democratic development. All three have different implications in a pragmatic perspective. These three didactic typologies have different implications for the democratic dimension in education. Typology 1 does not encourage the student to take part in debates about climate change. Instead the student only receives natural science facts. In Typology 2 it is the teacher or some other ruler who decides what attitudes to adapt. But in Typology 3 the student is encouraged to, and gets the opportunity to develop his- or hers own attitudes.

Many Swedish schools collaborate with schools in other countries. This research study focuses teachers’ experiences of transnational school collaboration between Swedish schools and schools in other countries. The aim of the study is to investigate the outcome of such projects and find explanations why teachers make a choice to use international school twinning as a part of their teaching in environmental education. The study concentrates on teachers’ motives for involving their students in transnational school exchange regarding environmental issues. A part of the investigation is also to elucidate how teachers conceive cultural meeting and cooperation that occurs in the context of transnational school exchange projects. The conditions for carrying on such projects are also investigated. The study uses semi-structured interviews with upper secondary school teachers from Sweden and Britain. Most interviews were performed at the respective teachers’ schools. The processing of the interviews consists of transcribing followed by a narrative report and analysis. The investigation shows that the teachers find that their students’ personal development is highly improved by international school exchange both through experiencing a different culture and cooperating with young people from another country. The teachers also believe that their students’ environmental awareness is improved by experiencing investigations and collaboration in another part of the world. The positive effects from the exchange projects are also considered as mutual for the students in both of the cooperating countries.

No description available.