Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) besitzen das Potenzial, beträchtliche Mengen Biomasse für die Versorgung mit erneuerbaren Energien und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen bereitzustellen. Es ist bekannt, dass KUP auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen mehr Ökosystemdienstleistungen hervorbringen können als üblicherweise angebaute einjährige Ackerfrüchte oder Energiepflanzen wie Raps und Mais. Trotzdem gibt es nur wenige Informationen über den Wasserverbrauch und die Transpiration von Pappelarten und ihren Hybriden unter den spezifischen Standortsbedingungen in Deutschland. Darüber hinaus bestehen Wissenslücken für die Abschätzung langfristiger Auswirkungen von KUP auf bodenökologische Aspekte. Um diese Defizite zu minimieren wurden auf einem Standort im mittelsächsischen Löss-Hügelland Felduntersuchungen durchgeführt. Für die Untersuchung der Effekte von KUP auf die Bodenwasserbilanz wurden Saftfluss- und Bodenfeuchte-Messungen in einer 10jährigen Hybrid-Pappelplantage durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Biomasseakkumulation, Nährelementverteilung und bodenökologische Parameter erforscht. Die Daten wurden genutzt, um ein prozess-orientiertes Wasserhaushaltsmodell zu parametrisieren und zu kalibrieren. Das validierte Modell wurde danach für die Untersuchung und Bewertung des Einflusses von Pappel-KUP und Winterweizen auf die Wasserbilanz verschiedener sächsischer Standorte genutzt. Schließlich wurden die standortsspezifischen Biomasseerträge von KUP hergeleitet. Diese Informationen wurden mithilfe eines Geografischen Informationssystems (GIS) mit den Flächen verschnitten, auf denen der Anbau von KUP zu Synergien bzw. potenzielle Risiken für den Bodenschutz sowie den Natur- und Landschaftsschutz führen kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Hybrid-Pappelplantagen deutlich mehr Wasser als Ackerkulturen und einheimische Forstbaumarten verbrauchen. Es kann daraus abgeleitet werden, dass die Anlage von KUP auf Ackerflächen den wassergebundenen Nährstoffaustrag sowie den Austrag von Schadstoffen reduziert. Auch das Erosionsrisiko würde verringert. Andererseits kann eine im vergleich zum Einzugsgebiet großflächige Anlage von KUP in Regionen mit negativer klimatischer Wasserbilanz zu einer geringeren Grundwasserneubildung führen. Eine ausreichende Wasserversorgung ist unverzichtbar, um die Wuchspotenziale von Pappel-Hochleistungssorten voll auszuschöpfen. Pappel-KUP können weitgehend ohne zusätzliche Düngung bewirtschaftet werden. Ehemals intensiv genutzte Ackerböden enthalten ausreichend Nährstoffe und Elemententzüge über die geerntete Biomasse werden durch atmosphärische Depositionen ausgeglichen. Auf lange Sicht kann der KUP-Anbau jedoch zu einer Verringerung des pH-Wertes und der Kationen-Austauschkapazität im Boden führen. Für die Vermeidung negativer Folgen für die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und das Pflanzenwachstum wären dann angepasste Konzepte für die Kalkung und Düngung notwendig. Die GIS-basierte Analyse unterstreicht, dass in Sachsen beträchtliche Flächenpotenziale für die Anlage von KUP existieren. Auf einem großen Teil würde die Anlage von KUP auch andere Ökosystemdienstleistungen aus dem Bereich Boden- und Naturschutz verbessern. Auch künftig sollte bei der Anlage von KUP-Flächen eine ökologische Begleitforschung erfolgen. Es besteht unter anderem der Bedarf, die ökologischen Aspekte von anderen schnell wachsenden Baumarten im Kurzumtrieb, zum Beispiel Robinie zu bewerten. Ein weiteres ziel könnte die Verbesserung von Anlage- und Rückumwandlungstechnologien sein, um die Stabilität von akkumulierter organischer Bodensubstanz zu erhalten. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass die künftige praktische Bedeutung von KUP eher von den sozioökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen und der regionalen Umsetzung der gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik der Europäischen Union abhängen wird als von unzureichenden Standortsbedingungen. / Short rotation plantations and short rotation coppice (SRC) have the potential to contribute significant amounts of biomass to the sectors of green energy and of renewable raw materials. It is generally accepted that SRC may provide more ecosystem services on agricultural land than common annual arable or even energy crops like oil seed rape or maize do. However, only sparse information exists about the water demand and transpiration of poplar species and their hybrids for site conditions in Germany. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about the long-term impact of short rotation plantations on soil ecology. To overcome these shortcomings, field investigations were conducted at a site in the hilly loess region of Saxony. To study effects of SRC on the soil water balance, sap flow and soil moisture measurements were conducted in a 10 years old hybrid poplar plantation. Moreover biomass accumulation, nutrient allocation and soil ecological parameters were determined. The data were used to parameterize and calibrate a process-oriented hydrological model. The validated model was subsequently used to determine and assess the impact of short rotation poplar plantations and winter wheat on the water balance of different sites in Saxony Finally, site specific yields of SRC were determined and areas with synergies and potential risks for soil protection, nature conservation at the regional scale were identified using Geographical Information Systems. The results show that hybrid poplar plantations consume significantly more water than arable crops and native tree species. Thus, it can be expected that the establishment of short rotation coppice may reduce the export of nutrients and pollutants or lower the risk of soil erosion. On the other hand, the large-scale establishment of short rotation coppice at catchments with negative climatic water balance may lead to a decrease of groundwater recharge. A sufficient water supply is indispensable in order fully to exploit the growth potential of high yielding polar clones. Short rotation plantations with poplar on arable land may be extensively managed without fertilization. Former intensively used agricultural soils provide sufficient nutrients and element exports by harvested biomass may be balanced by atmospherical deposition. However, it might be that in the long run cation exchange capacity and pH of the soils will decrease. This would require appropriated concepts for liming and fertilization. The GIS based analysis shows that there exist a substantial potential of arable land for the cultivation of SRC in Saxony. There, the establishment of SRC may improve other ecosystem services as soil protection and nature conservation too. Future research should be included into the ecological evaluation of new SRC plots. There is a need to asses ecological aspects of other fast growing tree species in SRC, in particular Black Locust. Another task could be the improvement of conversion practices to ensure the stability of accumulated soil organic matter during establishment and reconversion of SRC sites. It can be concluded that the future practical relevance of SRC is rather dependant on socio-economic framework conditions and the regional implementation of the common agricultural policy within the European Union than on insufficient site condition.

Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) besitzen das Potenzial, beträchtliche Mengen Biomasse für die Versorgung mit erneuerbaren Energien und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen bereitzustellen. Es ist bekannt, dass KUP auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen mehr Ökosystemdienstleistungen hervorbringen können als üblicherweise angebaute einjährige Ackerfrüchte oder Energiepflanzen wie Raps und Mais. Trotzdem gibt es nur wenige Informationen über den Wasserverbrauch und die Transpiration von Pappelarten und ihren Hybriden unter den spezifischen Standortsbedingungen in Deutschland. Darüber hinaus bestehen Wissenslücken für die Abschätzung langfristiger Auswirkungen von KUP auf bodenökologische Aspekte. Um diese Defizite zu minimieren wurden auf einem Standort im mittelsächsischen Löss-Hügelland Felduntersuchungen durchgeführt. Für die Untersuchung der Effekte von KUP auf die Bodenwasserbilanz wurden Saftfluss- und Bodenfeuchte-Messungen in einer 10jährigen Hybrid-Pappelplantage durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Biomasseakkumulation, Nährelementverteilung und bodenökologische Parameter erforscht. Die Daten wurden genutzt, um ein prozess-orientiertes Wasserhaushaltsmodell zu parametrisieren und zu kalibrieren. Das validierte Modell wurde danach für die Untersuchung und Bewertung des Einflusses von Pappel-KUP und Winterweizen auf die Wasserbilanz verschiedener sächsischer Standorte genutzt. Schließlich wurden die standortsspezifischen Biomasseerträge von KUP hergeleitet. Diese Informationen wurden mithilfe eines Geografischen Informationssystems (GIS) mit den Flächen verschnitten, auf denen der Anbau von KUP zu Synergien bzw. potenzielle Risiken für den Bodenschutz sowie den Natur- und Landschaftsschutz führen kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Hybrid-Pappelplantagen deutlich mehr Wasser als Ackerkulturen und einheimische Forstbaumarten verbrauchen. Es kann daraus abgeleitet werden, dass die Anlage von KUP auf Ackerflächen den wassergebundenen Nährstoffaustrag sowie den Austrag von Schadstoffen reduziert. Auch das Erosionsrisiko würde verringert. Andererseits kann eine im vergleich zum Einzugsgebiet großflächige Anlage von KUP in Regionen mit negativer klimatischer Wasserbilanz zu einer geringeren Grundwasserneubildung führen. Eine ausreichende Wasserversorgung ist unverzichtbar, um die Wuchspotenziale von Pappel-Hochleistungssorten voll auszuschöpfen. Pappel-KUP können weitgehend ohne zusätzliche Düngung bewirtschaftet werden. Ehemals intensiv genutzte Ackerböden enthalten ausreichend Nährstoffe und Elemententzüge über die geerntete Biomasse werden durch atmosphärische Depositionen ausgeglichen. Auf lange Sicht kann der KUP-Anbau jedoch zu einer Verringerung des pH-Wertes und der Kationen-Austauschkapazität im Boden führen. Für die Vermeidung negativer Folgen für die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und das Pflanzenwachstum wären dann angepasste Konzepte für die Kalkung und Düngung notwendig. Die GIS-basierte Analyse unterstreicht, dass in Sachsen beträchtliche Flächenpotenziale für die Anlage von KUP existieren. Auf einem großen Teil würde die Anlage von KUP auch andere Ökosystemdienstleistungen aus dem Bereich Boden- und Naturschutz verbessern. Auch künftig sollte bei der Anlage von KUP-Flächen eine ökologische Begleitforschung erfolgen. Es besteht unter anderem der Bedarf, die ökologischen Aspekte von anderen schnell wachsenden Baumarten im Kurzumtrieb, zum Beispiel Robinie zu bewerten. Ein weiteres ziel könnte die Verbesserung von Anlage- und Rückumwandlungstechnologien sein, um die Stabilität von akkumulierter organischer Bodensubstanz zu erhalten. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass die künftige praktische Bedeutung von KUP eher von den sozioökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen und der regionalen Umsetzung der gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik der Europäischen Union abhängen wird als von unzureichenden Standortsbedingungen. / Short rotation plantations and short rotation coppice (SRC) have the potential to contribute significant amounts of biomass to the sectors of green energy and of renewable raw materials. It is generally accepted that SRC may provide more ecosystem services on agricultural land than common annual arable or even energy crops like oil seed rape or maize do. However, only sparse information exists about the water demand and transpiration of poplar species and their hybrids for site conditions in Germany. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about the long-term impact of short rotation plantations on soil ecology. To overcome these shortcomings, field investigations were conducted at a site in the hilly loess region of Saxony. To study effects of SRC on the soil water balance, sap flow and soil moisture measurements were conducted in a 10 years old hybrid poplar plantation. Moreover biomass accumulation, nutrient allocation and soil ecological parameters were determined. The data were used to parameterize and calibrate a process-oriented hydrological model. The validated model was subsequently used to determine and assess the impact of short rotation poplar plantations and winter wheat on the water balance of different sites in Saxony Finally, site specific yields of SRC were determined and areas with synergies and potential risks for soil protection, nature conservation at the regional scale were identified using Geographical Information Systems. The results show that hybrid poplar plantations consume significantly more water than arable crops and native tree species. Thus, it can be expected that the establishment of short rotation coppice may reduce the export of nutrients and pollutants or lower the risk of soil erosion. On the other hand, the large-scale establishment of short rotation coppice at catchments with negative climatic water balance may lead to a decrease of groundwater recharge. A sufficient water supply is indispensable in order fully to exploit the growth potential of high yielding polar clones. Short rotation plantations with poplar on arable land may be extensively managed without fertilization. Former intensively used agricultural soils provide sufficient nutrients and element exports by harvested biomass may be balanced by atmospherical deposition. However, it might be that in the long run cation exchange capacity and pH of the soils will decrease. This would require appropriated concepts for liming and fertilization. The GIS based analysis shows that there exist a substantial potential of arable land for the cultivation of SRC in Saxony. There, the establishment of SRC may improve other ecosystem services as soil protection and nature conservation too. Future research should be included into the ecological evaluation of new SRC plots. There is a need to asses ecological aspects of other fast growing tree species in SRC, in particular Black Locust. Another task could be the improvement of conversion practices to ensure the stability of accumulated soil organic matter during establishment and reconversion of SRC sites. It can be concluded that the future practical relevance of SRC is rather dependant on socio-economic framework conditions and the regional implementation of the common agricultural policy within the European Union than on insufficient site condition.

No description available.

The water use by short rotation coppices (SRC) has been a focus of ongoing research in the last decades. Nevertheless, investigations that consider site factors and present long-term monitoring of the components of the water balance are rare. This research quantified the tree-based transpiration in the 4th growing season of uncoppiced 1st rotational hybrid poplar stands (Populus deltoides Bart. ex Marsh × P. nigra L. “AF2”) in western Slovakia. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of meteorological and soil-related site conditions on transpiration rates. Three experimental plots were located in the Morava River floodplains, on loamy sand-textured soils with different groundwater accessibilities: higher, low, and fluctuating groundwater level. We measured sap flow (Heat Ratio Method), volumetric water content, matric potential, groundwater level, and meteorological variables throughout the growing season in 2019. The results indicated that transpiration in the three sites was almost constant during that period, which was characterized by distinct conditions. The average cumulative transpiration at the site with a higher groundwater level (1105 mm) was larger than at the site with a lower groundwater level (632 mm) and the site with fluctuating groundwater (863 mm). A principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis identified that the contribution of meteorological and soil-related site variables to transpiration differed among the sites. Soil water availability and groundwater accessibility are critical variables for the water use of poplar SRC. We concluded that the combination of site conditions needs to be reconsidered for the expansion of sustainable short rotation plantations in Europe.

Despite the negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment, these remain as the primary contributors to the energy sector. In order to mitigate global warming risks, many countries aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy crops are being used as a substitute for fossil fuels and short rotation forestry is a prime example. In order to examine the sustainability of energy crops for fuel, typical European short rotation forestry (SRF) biomass, willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.) are examined and compared to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in respect to various aspects of soil respiration and combustion heat obtained from the extracted products per hectare. Various approaches are used to look at an As-contaminated site not only in the field but also in a soil-column experiment that examines the fate of trace elements in SRF soils, and in an analysis using MICMAC to describe the driving factors for SRF crop production. Based on the cause-effect chain, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on ecosystem quality are assessed when land-use is changed from degraded land (grassland) to willow and poplar SRF. A manual opaque dynamic closed chamber system (SEMACH-FG) was utilized to measure CO2 emissions at a willow/poplar short rotation forest in Krummenhennersdorf, Germany during the years 2013 and 2014, and at a rapeseed site in 2014. Short rotation forest soils showed higher CO2 emission rates during the growing season than the dormant season – with a CO2 release of 5.62±1.81 m-2 s-1 for willows and 5.08±1.37 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for poplars in the growing season. However, during the dormant season the soil sites with willow emitted 2.54±0.81 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and with poplar 2.07±0.56 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The highest emission rates for the studied plantations were observed in July for both years 2013 and 2014, during which the highest air and soil temperatures were recorded. Correlations between soil emission of CO2 and some meteorological parameters and leaf characteristics were investigated for the years 2013 and 2014. For example, for the willow clone (Jorr) and poplar clone (Max 3), high correlations were found for each between their soil emission of CO2 and both soil temperature and moisture content. Fitted models can explain about 77 and 75% of the results for Jorr and Max 3 clones, respectively. Moreover, a model of leaf area (LA) can explain about 68.6% of soil CO2 emission for H275. Estimated models can be used as a gap-filling method, when field data is not available. The ratio between soil respiration and the combustion heat calculated from the extracted products per hectare was evaluated and compared for the study’s willow, poplar and rapeseed crops. The results show that poplar and willow SRF has a very low ratio of 183 kg CO2 GJ 1 compared to rapeseed, 738 kg CO2 GJ 1. The soil-column experiment showed that by continuing the SRF plantation at the As-contaminated site, remediation would need only about 3% of the time needed if the site was left as a fallow field. In order to understand the complex willow and poplar short rotation forestry production system, 50 key variables were identified and prioritized to describe the system as a step to enhance the success of such potentially sustainable projects. The MICMAC approach was used in order to find the direct and the indirect relationships between those parameters and to classify them into different clusters depending on their driving force and interdependency. From this, it can be summarized that in order to enhance the success of a SRF system, decision makers should be focussing on: ensuring a developed wood-fuel market, increasing farmers’ experience/training, improving subsidy regulations and recommending a proper harvesting year cycle. Finally, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on the ecosystem quality were assessed. Results show that establishing SRF plantations on degraded lands improved the ecosystem structural quality (ESQ) by about 43% and ecosystem functional quality (EFQ) by about 12%. Based on overall results, poplar and willow SRF biomass can be recommended as renewable and sustainable sources for bioenergy.

Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) bieten für eine Vielzahl von Organismen einen idealen Lebensraum. Einige Insektenarten reagieren darauf mit einer massenhaften Vermehrung. Besonders der Einfluss des Roten Pappelblattkäfers (Chrysomela (=Melasoma) populi) führte in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt zur Schädigung von KUP. Bisher nehmen die Schäden noch selten bestandesbedrohende Ausmaße an, sind in der Tendenz jedoch klar zunehmend. Immer häufiger kommt es zu relevanten Zuwachsverlusten, verzögertem Austrieb und dem Ausfall einzelner Pflanzen. Daher werden im Rahmen des BMBF-Verbundprojektes „AgroForNet“ Möglichkeiten der Überwachung, Prognose und Bekämpfung des Roten Pappelblattkäfers erforscht. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Jahr 2011 zeigen vielversprechende Ansätze, mit denen sich C. populi effektiv überwachen und Schäden kostengünstig minimieren lassen.

Despite the negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment, these remain as the primary contributors to the energy sector. In order to mitigate global warming risks, many countries aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy crops are being used as a substitute for fossil fuels and short rotation forestry is a prime example. In order to examine the sustainability of energy crops for fuel, typical European short rotation forestry (SRF) biomass, willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.) are examined and compared to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in respect to various aspects of soil respiration and combustion heat obtained from the extracted products per hectare. Various approaches are used to look at an As-contaminated site not only in the field but also in a soil-column experiment that examines the fate of trace elements in SRF soils, and in an analysis using MICMAC to describe the driving factors for SRF crop production. Based on the cause-effect chain, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on ecosystem quality are assessed when land-use is changed from degraded land (grassland) to willow and poplar SRF. A manual opaque dynamic closed chamber system (SEMACH-FG) was utilized to measure CO2 emissions at a willow/poplar short rotation forest in Krummenhennersdorf, Germany during the years 2013 and 2014, and at a rapeseed site in 2014. Short rotation forest soils showed higher CO2 emission rates during the growing season than the dormant season – with a CO2 release of 5.62±1.81 m-2 s-1 for willows and 5.08±1.37 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 for poplars in the growing season. However, during the dormant season the soil sites with willow emitted 2.54±0.81 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and with poplar 2.07±0.56 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The highest emission rates for the studied plantations were observed in July for both years 2013 and 2014, during which the highest air and soil temperatures were recorded. Correlations between soil emission of CO2 and some meteorological parameters and leaf characteristics were investigated for the years 2013 and 2014. For example, for the willow clone (Jorr) and poplar clone (Max 3), high correlations were found for each between their soil emission of CO2 and both soil temperature and moisture content. Fitted models can explain about 77 and 75% of the results for Jorr and Max 3 clones, respectively. Moreover, a model of leaf area (LA) can explain about 68.6% of soil CO2 emission for H275. Estimated models can be used as a gap-filling method, when field data is not available. The ratio between soil respiration and the combustion heat calculated from the extracted products per hectare was evaluated and compared for the study’s willow, poplar and rapeseed crops. The results show that poplar and willow SRF has a very low ratio of 183 kg CO2 GJ 1 compared to rapeseed, 738 kg CO2 GJ 1. The soil-column experiment showed that by continuing the SRF plantation at the As-contaminated site, remediation would need only about 3% of the time needed if the site was left as a fallow field. In order to understand the complex willow and poplar short rotation forestry production system, 50 key variables were identified and prioritized to describe the system as a step to enhance the success of such potentially sustainable projects. The MICMAC approach was used in order to find the direct and the indirect relationships between those parameters and to classify them into different clusters depending on their driving force and interdependency. From this, it can be summarized that in order to enhance the success of a SRF system, decision makers should be focussing on: ensuring a developed wood-fuel market, increasing farmers’ experience/training, improving subsidy regulations and recommending a proper harvesting year cycle. Finally, the impacts of land-use change and occupation on the ecosystem quality were assessed. Results show that establishing SRF plantations on degraded lands improved the ecosystem structural quality (ESQ) by about 43% and ecosystem functional quality (EFQ) by about 12%. Based on overall results, poplar and willow SRF biomass can be recommended as renewable and sustainable sources for bioenergy.:Table of Contents Acknowledgements VI Abstract VII List of Figures IX List of Tables XI List of Appendix Tables XII List of Abbreviations XIII List of Abbreviations ...continued XIV 1. Background 1 1.1. General introduction 1 1.2. Soil organic carbon (SOC) 2 1.3. Soil respiration 4 1.4. Energy and bioenergy crops 5 1.5. Willow and poplar short rotation forestry 8 1.6. Degraded lands 10 1.8. Challenges 17 1.9. Objectives of this study 18 2. Methodology 19 2.1. Site Description 19 2.2. Environmental variables 22 2.3. Measuring CO2 emissions 23 2.3.1. Soil emission of CO2 23 2.3.2. Sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature (Q10) 25 2.4. Willow and poplar leaf traits 26 2.4.1. Measuring leaf area 26 2.4.2. Leaf Area Index (LAI) 27 2.4.3. Leaf sensitivity to high and low temperatures 28 2.5. Soil characteristics 30 2.5.1. Soil sampling 30 2.5.2. Soil Moisture Content % (SMC) by gravimetric method 31 2.5.3. Soil pH 31 2.5.4. Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 31 2.5.5. Soil content of C, N, S, heavy metals and trace elements 31 2.5.6. Soil porosity 31 2.5.7. Soil pore water 32 2.5.8. Soil hydraulic conductivity (Kf) 32 2.6. Soil-column experiment 34 2.6.1. Experiment set-up 35 2.6.2. Distribution coefficients (Kd) 35 2.7. MICMAC approach 36 2.7.1. Selection of variables 36 2.7.2. Description of direct relationships 36 2.7.3. Classification of variables 37 2.8. Impacts of land-use change on the ecosystem quality 38 2.9. Computer software 40 3. Results and Discussion 41 3.1. Environmental conditions 41 3.1.1. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 41 3.1.2. Soil temperature 42 3.1.3. Soil moisture content 43 3.2. Soil emission of CO2 46 3.2.1. CO2 emission from soil at the short rotation forestry site 46 3.2.2. Soil emission of CO2 during the day and the night 48 3.2.3. Cumulative emission of CO2 49 3.2.4. Comparison with other bioenergy crops 50 3.3. Q10 52 3.4. Willow and poplar Leaf Characteristics 54 3.4.1. Leaf Area Index (LAI) 54 3.4.2. Specific leaf area (SLA) 56 3.4.3. Leaf sensitivity to temperature 57 3.5. Correlations of soil CO2 emission with soil temperature and moisture content 59 3.6. Correlations of soil CO2 emission with plant parameters 65 3.7. Insights into soil respiration and combustion heat per area 67 3.7.1. Cumulative seasonal CO2 emission (CE) 68 3.7.2. Output energy 69 3.7.3. CO2(soil respiration) / Energy ratio 70 3.7.4. Global-warming potential (GWP) 72 3.8. Trace elements in soil 73 3.8.1. Solid-liquid partition coefficients (Kd) 74 3.8.2. Estimating time of remediation 78 3.9. Identification and Prioritization of Key Parameters for Willow and Poplar Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) Production System 82 3.9.1. Based on direct influence/dependence map: 85 3.9.2. Based on indirect influence/dependence map: 87 3.10. Impacts of Land-use Change on the Ecosystem Quality 93 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 101 5. References 102 Appendix 118

No description available.

Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) bieten für eine Vielzahl von Organismen einen idealen Lebensraum. Einige Insektenarten reagieren darauf mit einer massenhaften Vermehrung. Besonders der Einfluss des Roten Pappelblattkäfers (Chrysomela (=Melasoma) populi) führte in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt zur Schädigung von KUP. Bisher nehmen die Schäden noch selten bestandesbedrohende Ausmaße an, sind in der Tendenz jedoch klar zunehmend. Immer häufiger kommt es zu relevanten Zuwachsverlusten, verzögertem Austrieb und dem Ausfall einzelner Pflanzen. Daher werden im Rahmen des BMBF-Verbundprojektes „AgroForNet“ Möglichkeiten der Überwachung, Prognose und Bekämpfung des Roten Pappelblattkäfers erforscht. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Jahr 2011 zeigen vielversprechende Ansätze, mit denen sich C. populi effektiv überwachen und Schäden kostengünstig minimieren lassen.