Indigenous goats are one of the most important sources of animal protein to many rural poor, but this is being threatened by the way they are managed and the way people utilize the land. Goats supply the rural people with meat, milk, manure (which can be used as fertilizers) and hides which can also be used for different purposes. Milk and meat have always been an important component in the normal balanced diet, providing energy, protein, calcium and other minerals and vitamins. As the population in South Africa continue to grow, meat and milk will become more important as a source of high quality protein to reduce malnutrition especially in children. As such milk and meat production is a vital form of primary health care in both rural and peri-urban areas. Donkin (1998) indicated that, in commercial enterprises, milk is usually from cows. However, the disadvantages with cows as a source of milk for the household and small holder farmer are that dairy cows are expensive, require large amounts of food, produce large amounts of milk (more than household needs), have a relatively long generation interval and when slaughtered have large carcases (posing problems of storage and distribution). In contrast, dairy and meat goats are less expensive, are easily handled by women and children, eat less, produce appropriate quantities of meat and milk for household consumption, reducing storage problems, have a short generation interval and produce more progeny. In spite of all these advantages, Bembridge and Tapson (1993) indicated that productivity from goats in the communal farming system, which is based on the extensive system is poor due to a low weaning rate, a high mortality rate and low turnover. Goats are often blamed for veld deterioration and damage to soil subsequent to poor animal and grazing management. Goats are hardy animals, that can survive where other animals cannot (Webb et al., 1998). One of the major problems at present however, is the availability of adequate grazing and the current land tenure systems. Goat farmers share common grazing land, which makes it very difficult to manage since the chief of the area holds the land in trust. This is one of the reasons why rural land is poorly managed. Our concern as researchers is how we can help rural people to sustain the productivity of these animals. This research is focused on the fact that" some 30% of the population of South Africa are classified as ultra-poor (i.e. those who do not obtain sufficient food) and of these, 80% are blacks living in rural areas, it is understandable that the efficiency of animal production in rural communal farming systems has been perceived by some as the most important issue for animal production research". The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of land tenure system on goat production in two rural villages, Moutse and Phooko. The analysis is based on 1998 / 1999 survey data. Surveys of landless and smallholder farmers were conducted in the KwaNdebele district of Mpumalanga in 1998 and 1999. In total 26 farmers were interviewed. The interview was through a questionnaire which was distributed to participating farmers with the help of an extension officer from the villages. The effect of land tenure on goat production was analysed by determining the productive efficiency of livestock in the villages, and the contribution of livestock to the livelihood of the local people. Finally farmers were classified according to categorical characteristics such as type of animal farmed with, those practicing minor management versus those who do not, and the type of farming system practiced e.g. animal or mixed farming. The results show that all the categories mentioned i.e. type of management, type of farming and land tenure system influence animal performance to some extent. It is concluded from the results that to successful farmers, land tenure seems to be a major limiting factor. The characterization of farmers that are economically successful in terms of goat I animal husbandry shows that they have little or no land and no regular substantial off farm income. Therefore, they rely mainly on goat I animal husbandry to provide a constant income, which emphasize the importance of livestock in rural farming systems. Although goats are less popular compared to cattle (often used for lobola), they form an important part of most rural farming systems, particularly in providing meat and milk for rural people. The results of the survey show that from the 26 farmers interviewed, 13 are farming with goats and cattle, and the remaining 13 with a combination of goats, cattle, sheep and sometimes pigs. KwaNdebele, like other former homelands has an agricultural potential which is largely underestimated because of lack of skills and training, absence of ownership, overstocking and lack of veld management. From the result, it is concluded that it is difficult to enforce proper management and conservation measures under communal land. Although the results suggests only a slight effect on land tenure on animal performance, land tenure does have an effect on the implementation of conservation measures. In economic terms, the cultivator I farmer is said to lack incentives to carefully husband the holding he does not have property rights that internalise the costs and benefits of conserving or failing to conserve the land (Basset and Crummey, 1993). / Dissertation (M Inst Agrar ( Animal Production))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

ABSTRACT The major theme of this research investigates artists' representations of journeys; the ritual activity of people's daily journeys along fixed routes, and long distance travel. Through specific projects by David Goldblatt, Usha Seejarim and Carouschka Streijffert, the differences between the experience of actual journeys and the visual codes and conventions used to represent these journeys in artwork is interrogated. In particular, this research is concerned with the presence and absence of the body within these represenations of journeys, focussing on how journeys construct otherness. These concerns have been linked to my own practical work. The Putco bus service also appears in all three artists' works. Through qualitative research, this report shows how ordinary subject matter has been used by the three identified artists to produce interesting work.

This dissertation is an ethnographic exploration of gossip and rumour around the fear and distrust that surrounds a local hospital in KwaNdebele that has acquired a reputation as a slagpale (an Afrikaans term for slaughterhouse). Using ethnographic data gathered over an 18 month period, I examine how gossip (ukuhleba) and rumour (amahemuhemu) capture patient voices of discontent with hospital service while also being a means by which patients seek to discipline medical professionals and to warn others about possible abuse when visiting the hospital. The focus on gossip and rumour answers an often neglected question in scholarship, which is how patients respond to the widely reported power that medical professionals exercise over them? Furthermore, having broadly traced the uses of gossip and rumour in resistance to biomedical technologies to the 1800s, this dissertation moves beyond a focus on patient responses to examine the logic underpinning this resistance. To do this I compare three categories of traditional healers in KwaNdebele. I found that gossip and rumours also circulated about traditional healers although unequally among the three types. There is particular suspicion around non-initiating healers called amagedla who are thought to practice outside ancestral structures of control. I read the emphasis on ancestral regulation as a metaphor for communal control and accordingly conclude that biomedicine and its practitioners similarly meet with much resistance particularly because they are far removed and disempowering to what are often semi-literate and illiterate residents. Finally, the dissertation focuses on stories of hospital hauntings and deaths said to be connected with a diminishing traditional practice of ‘fetching’ the spirits of those who die at the hospital and shows that discourses around hospital deaths and burial rites are intimately connected to broader considerations that extend beyond the hospital setting to encompass socio-economic changes and resultant anxieties. These considerations are framed through an idiom of a call for a return to tradition and ultimately express a perceived crisis of social reproduction in post-apartheid KwaNdebele. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / UP Postgraduate Merit Bursary / NRF Scarce Skills Master's Scholarship / Anthropology and Archaeology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

D.Litt. et Phil. (Anthropology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis (M.A.)

Thesis (M.A.)

Gedurende die afgelope 50 jaar het rolspelers in Sendingwetenskap binne die Evangeliese en Reformatoriese tradisie steeds meer oortuig geraak dat Skrifgetroue sendingwerk ’n integrasie moet behels van teologiese visie en suiwer toegepaste Woordverkondiging waarin die kern van die evangelie steeds sentraal bly. Hierby geld dade van liefde, die najaag van geregtigheid en verligting van armoede asook vermindering van lyding om die verkondiging van die evangelie van Jesus Christus prakties te maak. Deur God se genade was die Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland se sendingwerk in die KwaNdebele-omgewing in Suid-Afrika ’n belangrike instrument in die uitbreiding van God se koninkryk. Die huidige studie evalueer die integrasie van Woord en daad in hierdie kerke se sendingwerk binne die genoemde gebied in die lig van die missio Dei-motief. Hieruit kan belangrike insigte verwerf en ’n bydrae gelewer word tot Missiologie en Skrifgetroue sendingwerk in die Reformatoriese tradisie uit te bou. Die doel is om 'n model vir integrale sending binne ʼn missio Dei-perspektief daar te stel deur Bybelse beginsels en praktiese lesse te integreer. Hierdie studie voeg ‘n teoretiese en praktiese benadering saam om ‘n verantwoordbare en toepasbare model daar te stel. ʼn Bybels-eksegetiese begronding van integrale sending gebaseer op die missio Dei en 15 Bybelse sleutelbegrippe hieroor toon die onlosmaaklike eenheid van die motiewe hart, mond en hande. Dit bied ‘n verantwoorde basis vir integrale sending. Hierdie beginsels word getoets aan twee internasionale toepassingsvoorbeelde: die Miga Netwerk en die Lausanne-verklaring 2010, wat waardevolle insigte bied oor ʼn model vir integrale sending. Daarna word die gevolge en uitwerking van geïntegreerde Woord- en daadbediening in die CGKN se sendingwerk binne KwaNdebele ontleed. In die lig van literatuurstudies, ‘n argivale ondersoek en persoonlike onderhoude met sendelinge en kerkleiers in KwaNdebele volg waardevolle gevolgtrekkings in die lig van die missio Dei. Deur na beide die CGKN en die kerkleiers in KwaNdebele te luister, is ‘n balans gevind om ʼn operasionele denkraamwerk vir integrale sending op te stel. Verwante literatuur uit die teologie en wêreldwye sendinggebiede gee aan hierdie eksegetiese en empiriese studie verdieping. Die kern van die studie se bevindings is tweërlei: * Die CGKN het geïntegreerde sendingwerk in KwaNdebele verrig. Tog het ʼn onvolledige fundering van en visie op integrale sending in missio Dei-perspektief gelei tot ’n bediening wat ’n versnipperde beeld van integrale sending weergee. Hierdie leemtes hou waardevolle aanwysers in vir sending met hart, mond en hande. * Daar is wel voldoende teologiese, teoretiese en praktiese beginsels en hulpmiddels wat die ontwerp van ‘n bruikbare model vir geïntegreerde sending aanhelp. Só ʼn model kan meehelp om die lewensgehalte van die mense in KwaNdebele en ander wêrelddele tot eer van God te verhoog, terwyl dit steeds deeglik met die konteks en kultuur rekening hou. Die navorsing mond uiteindelik uit in ‘n operasionele denkraamwerk wat prinsipiële en praktiese besinning begelei vir integrale sending in KwaNdebele en diverse kulturele kontekste wêreldwyd. / PhD (Missiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Gedurende die afgelope 50 jaar het rolspelers in Sendingwetenskap binne die Evangeliese en Reformatoriese tradisie steeds meer oortuig geraak dat Skrifgetroue sendingwerk ’n integrasie moet behels van teologiese visie en suiwer toegepaste Woordverkondiging waarin die kern van die evangelie steeds sentraal bly. Hierby geld dade van liefde, die najaag van geregtigheid en verligting van armoede asook vermindering van lyding om die verkondiging van die evangelie van Jesus Christus prakties te maak. Deur God se genade was die Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland se sendingwerk in die KwaNdebele-omgewing in Suid-Afrika ’n belangrike instrument in die uitbreiding van God se koninkryk. Die huidige studie evalueer die integrasie van Woord en daad in hierdie kerke se sendingwerk binne die genoemde gebied in die lig van die missio Dei-motief. Hieruit kan belangrike insigte verwerf en ’n bydrae gelewer word tot Missiologie en Skrifgetroue sendingwerk in die Reformatoriese tradisie uit te bou. Die doel is om 'n model vir integrale sending binne ʼn missio Dei-perspektief daar te stel deur Bybelse beginsels en praktiese lesse te integreer. Hierdie studie voeg ‘n teoretiese en praktiese benadering saam om ‘n verantwoordbare en toepasbare model daar te stel. ʼn Bybels-eksegetiese begronding van integrale sending gebaseer op die missio Dei en 15 Bybelse sleutelbegrippe hieroor toon die onlosmaaklike eenheid van die motiewe hart, mond en hande. Dit bied ‘n verantwoorde basis vir integrale sending. Hierdie beginsels word getoets aan twee internasionale toepassingsvoorbeelde: die Miga Netwerk en die Lausanne-verklaring 2010, wat waardevolle insigte bied oor ʼn model vir integrale sending. Daarna word die gevolge en uitwerking van geïntegreerde Woord- en daadbediening in die CGKN se sendingwerk binne KwaNdebele ontleed. In die lig van literatuurstudies, ‘n argivale ondersoek en persoonlike onderhoude met sendelinge en kerkleiers in KwaNdebele volg waardevolle gevolgtrekkings in die lig van die missio Dei. Deur na beide die CGKN en die kerkleiers in KwaNdebele te luister, is ‘n balans gevind om ʼn operasionele denkraamwerk vir integrale sending op te stel. Verwante literatuur uit die teologie en wêreldwye sendinggebiede gee aan hierdie eksegetiese en empiriese studie verdieping. Die kern van die studie se bevindings is tweërlei: * Die CGKN het geïntegreerde sendingwerk in KwaNdebele verrig. Tog het ʼn onvolledige fundering van en visie op integrale sending in missio Dei-perspektief gelei tot ’n bediening wat ’n versnipperde beeld van integrale sending weergee. Hierdie leemtes hou waardevolle aanwysers in vir sending met hart, mond en hande. * Daar is wel voldoende teologiese, teoretiese en praktiese beginsels en hulpmiddels wat die ontwerp van ‘n bruikbare model vir geïntegreerde sending aanhelp. Só ʼn model kan meehelp om die lewensgehalte van die mense in KwaNdebele en ander wêrelddele tot eer van God te verhoog, terwyl dit steeds deeglik met die konteks en kultuur rekening hou. Die navorsing mond uiteindelik uit in ‘n operasionele denkraamwerk wat prinsipiële en praktiese besinning begelei vir integrale sending in KwaNdebele en diverse kulturele kontekste wêreldwyd. / PhD (Missiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015