O objetivo geral desta tese é avaliar a segmentação setorial, entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários, no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2009. A segmentação do mercado de trabalho reduz a mobilidade de trabalhadores entre os setores, alterando a alocação desses e gerando diferencial de rendimentos entre os trabalhadores. Para a análise do impacto da segmentação sobre a alocação dos trabalhadores, é estimado um modelo de escolha multinomial de forma a determinar qual é o efeito de cada característica sobre a probabilidade do indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego, desemprego e inatividade propostos. E, para a avaliação do impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos, inicialmente, os determinantes do rendimento são estimados por meio do procedimento de Heckman, controlando-se a seleção para os trabalhadores remunerados. O impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos é avaliado por meio de uma variável binária para o setor agropecuário (regressão de rendimentos inclui a agropecuária e os demais setores) e pela decomposição de Oaxaca (regressões de rendimentos separadas para a agropecuária e para os demais setores). Em seguida, a diferença entre os rendimentos é explicada considerando-se a população com duas ocupações, utilizando um procedimento em dois estágios com seleção por meio de um modelo de escolha ordenada. Neste modelo, procura-se avaliar o impacto da segmentação sobre a diferença entre o rendimento da primeira e da segunda ocupação de um mesmo indivíduo, assim controlando suas características não observáveis. Em todas as estimativas, são utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domicílios (PNAD). Os resultados mostram que há segmentação setorial entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários (tomados em conjunto), sendo que a mobilidade entre esses dois setores é limitada, principalmente, pelas seguintes características: a escolaridade do indivíduo, ser cônjuge, ser indígena e morar na zona rural. Além disso, há diferencial de rendimentos em favor dos setores não agropecuários, que também apresentam mercado de trabalho interno mais desenvolvido que a agropecuária, pois são percebidos maiores incentivos à mobilidade na carreira e à redução da rotatividade dos trabalhadores naqueles setores. A tese encerra-se com a proposição de algumas políticas que possam minimizar os efeitos da segmentação e aumentar o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the sectoral segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture in the Brazilian labor market from 2004 to 2009. The labor market segmentation reduces the mobility of workers among sectors, changing the allocation of workers and generating income differential among them. To analyze the impact of segmentation on the allocation of workers, a multinomial choice model is estimated in order to determine the effect of each characteristic on the probability of an person belonging to one of the proposed situation of employment, unemployment and inactivity. And, to assess the impact of segmentation on the income differential, initially, the determinants of income are estimated by the Heckman procedure, controlling the selection of paid workers. The impact of segmentation on the income differential is evaluated by a binary variable for the agricultural sector (regression of income includes agriculture and other sectors) and the Oaxaca decomposition (separate regressions of income for agriculture and other sectors). Then, the income difference is explained by considering the population with two jobs, using a procedure in two stages with selection through an ordered choice model. In this model, we attempt to assess the impact of segmentation on the difference between the earnings of the first and second occupation of the same person, what permits to control the unobservable characteristics. Data used is from the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). The results show that there is segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture and mobility between the two sectors is primarily limited by the following characteristics: formal education, marital status, being indigenous and living in rural areas. In addition, there is income differential in favor of non-agricultural sector, which also have internal labor market more developed than agriculture, as there are greater incentives to career mobility and reduction of labor turnover in those sectors. The thesis concludes with the proposition of some policies that can minimize the effects of segmentation and increase the welfare of workers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Paulo de Oliveira.pdf: 1020968 bytes, checksum: dc0eefa53ee346436db53ef5cc85ad34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-08 / This study aim to present a proposal of a tendency index of precariousness for the labor market at the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. With this Index we intend to understand the changes of the labor scenario and the shifts to the precariousness of its conditions. Between the years of 1945 and 1973, the golden years of the capitalism, there was a better way of occupational insertion due to the low index of unemployment. In this time, we also notice the increasing of the remuneration with real increasing gains, the increasing of the unionisation and the generalised social protection. In this scenario, the workers change their role to a consumption role. This was a right guaranteed by the workplace. This right means social identity, the feeling of belong a specific community. In this time, it was identify the foundation of labor market regulation institutes: the labor market guarantees the income; it allows the workman to spend the money at the market, and then the money returns to a new cycle of production and investment. In the mid-1970 and in the 1980s there was the productive restructuring process follow by the financialization of the main developed economies. In Brazil, in the 90s, there is a strong tendency of flexibility and precariousness of the labor, mainly at the beginning of the deployment and implementation of the Plano Real, at the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-1998 and 1999-2002). In this period there was a low economic growth, increasing the unemployment situation and decreasing of the labor income. The question of this research was guided by the characteristics of the government of the president Luis Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 and 2007-2009). The president was a workman at the metallurgy industry and has great experience at the labor union movements. There for, would be sustained the tendency of precariousness of the labor? To answer this question, this research argues the construction of Tendency Index of Precariousness (TIP) of the labor market of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, during the 1995 to 2009, using the Human Development Index method to build the TIP. The results show that the use of the TIP is significant. The TIP is a statistic tool which shows direction of the variables that evolve in different and reverse ways. It is a value instrument for the analyses of the evolution of the condition of insertion at the labor market of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo. The results of the TIP show the increase of the precariousness of the labor market between the years of 1995-2003 and a tendency of decrease of precariousness between the years 2004-2009 / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de índice de precarização para o mercado de trabalho da região metropolitana de São Paulo. Com esse intuito, busca-se compreender as mudanças no mundo do trabalho e os movimentos de precarização das suas condições, ou seja, é nossa opinião que no período dos anos dourados do capitalismo, entre 1945 e 1973, havia uma melhor forma de inserção ocupacional advindas das baixas taxas de desemprego, elevação do assalariamento com ganhos reais crescentes, pelo aumento da sindicalização e pela proteção social generalizada. Nesse contexto, o trabalhador assumiu cada vez mais o papel de consumidor e o trabalho garantia esse direito , significando também identidade social, inserção e pertencimento a alguma comunidade. Identificamos, nesse período, a criação de instituições de regulação do mercado de trabalho, afinal, esse mercado garante a renda para o consumo e, por conseqüência, o retorno do capital para uma nova rodada de produção e investimento. Em meados dos anos 1970 e nos anos 1980, há o processo de reestruturação produtiva seguido dos movimentos de financeirização nas principais economias desenvolvidas. No Brasil, há uma forte tendência de flexibilização e precarização do trabalho nos anos 1990, principalmente no início do período de implantação do Plano Real no governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-1998 e 1999-2002), período que apresentou baixo crescimento econômico, elevado desemprego e queda no rendimento do trabalho. A pergunta que nos fazíamos era se no governo do presidente Luis Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006 e 2007-2009), um cidadão que foi metalúrgico e teve longa experiência nos movimentos sindicais, também haveria uma forte tendência da precarização como foi nos anos 90 e no governo anterior. Assim, discute-se a construção de um índice de tendência da precarização do mercado de trabalho da região metropolitana de São Paulo no período de 1995 a 2009, com base em três autores que utilizaram o método de cálculo do IDH para a construção de seus índices de avaliação do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. A partir dos resultados obtidos, podemos afirmar que a utilização do índice-síntese Índice de Tendência da Precarização ou ITP - como ferramenta estatística com capacidade de indicar a direção de um conjunto de variáveis que evoluem de modo distinto e apresentam oscilações opostas mostrou ser um instrumento valioso para a análise da evolução das formas e condições de inserção presentes no mercado de trabalho metropolitano de São Paulo. Os resultados do ITP demonstram o aumento da precarização do mercado de trabalho da RMSP entre 1995-2003 e a tendência de queda da precarização nesse mesmo mercado de trabalho entre 2004-2009

Sung, Suet Yen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leave 50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Contents --- p.iv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Experimental Design --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Creating resumes --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Addresses --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Occupations selection --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chosen names --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Others --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Partition of the experiment --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Measuring Responses --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Responding to Ads --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.12 / Chapter 3.1 --- Is there any discrimination against the poor applicants? --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Are Hong Kong residents more employable than the mainlanders? --- p.25 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.41 / Chapter 4.1 --- Representative of Names and Residences --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Limitation on job-searching --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Relationship between results and job nature --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.47 / A Appendix --- p.48 / References --- p.49

This thesis examines labour migration as an outcome of the interaction between the state and the informal economy, by considering the trends of contemporary labour migration from Ukraine to Southern Europe. It contends that in both the sending and receiving countries, migration policies either disregard or severely limit labour migration, while their informal economies facilitate the development of migration. This basic contradiction sustains migration flows over time. The main argument of the thesis is that migration develops within the system of interacting informal economies. I demonstrate the embeddedness of migration in the informal economy by using the case of Ukrainian migration to Italy. / The role of the informal economy in the development of migration is examined across several dimensions. First, I argue that the recent labour migration from Ukraine emerged as a strategy of the informal economy, continuing the previous strategies of cross-border trading and short-term migration to Central Europe. These economic practices were the innovative responses of the population to the decline of the state economy and to the absence of economic reforms. Migration developed in the space between the state and the market economy. / Second, the flows of labour migration were 'invisible' to states, and developed outside state control and regulation. This thesis demonstrates that the migration policies of the Ukrainian state disregarded the process of out-migration of Ukrainian citizens. Similarly, Italian immigration policies did not recognise the existing flows of labour migration. The informal economy of the receiving state resolved the contradiction between the economic demand for migrant workers and restrictive migration policies and enabled access to the receiving economy. / However, access to the receiving labour market through the informal economy contributed to the disadvantaged incorporation of migrants and prevented their integration into the receiving society. The analysis of economic incorporation demonstrates that the informal economy channelled Ukrainian migrants to the secondary labour market with low earnings, a lack of benefits, and no possibility of professional advancement. The mode of access to the receiving economy and the resulting illegality heavily influenced the position of Ukrainian migrants in the labour market. / Finally, the analysis of Ukrainian labour migration to Italy demonstrates that alternative migration-facilitating institutions were developed in the absence of the state recognition of labour migration. These institutions paralleled the institutions of the official labour markets and allowed migrants to implement income-generating projects. In addition, migration was facilitated by the supporting institutions of the receiving society, which counteracted the restrictive immigration laws and political controls on migration. The migration-supporting institutions were predicated on the strategies of circumventing state control which developed from participation in the informal economy of the sending country. Labour migration from the former Soviet Union would not be possible without these informal practices and the culture of avoiding state control in economic activities. / The proposed analysis answers the challenge posed by the recent Ukrainian labour migration to conventional theories on migration, whose approaches usually omit references to the meso-level of migration processes, and consider either the structural-economic or the micro- determinants of migration. This thesis presents the informal economy both as a structural factor which enables migration and as a characteristic of the migrant agency that facilitates it. / By doing that, the thesis also complements the literature on migration to Southern Europe and argues that migrations are not simply encouraged by the informal economies of the receiving countries, but they emerge from, and are facilitated by, the informal economies of the sending countries. To perpetuate migration migrants creatively use the resources of the informal economy in conjunction with strategies of circumventing the state. This argument holds for a number of ex-Soviet countries, which suffered severe economic crises during the disintegration of the state-controlled socialist economies, and consequently produced significant labour migrations to Western Europe.

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The orthodox school's explanation for wage differentials, unemployment and labour market discrimination and the policy measures which they proposed did not offer workable solutions to the problems of the day. During the late 1960s and early 1970s a group of American labour economists conducted field studies in American urban ghettos which resulted in the formulation of the dual labour market theory. In contrast with the orthodox approach, which emphasises free market forces and investment in human capital, the dual labour market theory focuses on the dual structure of the labour market. The labour market is divided between a primary (high-wage) and a secondary (low-wage) sector, with little or no mobility between the sectors. An oversupply of labour in the secondary sector and unemployment are the results. These labour market phenomena and dualism also characterise the South African labour market and should be taken into account when policy measures are formulated. / Loonverskille, werkloosheid en arbeidsmarkdiskriminasie is algemene verskynsels in arbeids· markte wereldwyd. Die ortodokse denkskool se verklaring vir die verskynsels en die beleidsmaatreels wat bulle voorste~ het met verloop van tyd ontevredenheid ontketen omdat dit geen werkbare oplossing vir die probleme van die dag kon hied nie. Gedurende die laat ·1960s en vroee 1970s het 'n groep Arnerikaanse arbeidsekonome verskeie veldstudies in verskillende Arneri· kaanse stedelike ghetto's geloods op soek na 'n meer aanvaarbare verklaring vir hierdie verskyn· sels. Uit hierdie veldstudies is die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie geformuleer. In teenstelling met die ortodokse benadering, wat Idem le op die werking van vrye markkragte en investering in menslike kapitaal, benadruk die dualistiese arbeidsmarkteorie die tweeledige struktuur van die arbeidsmark. Die arbeidsmark is verdeel tusssen 'n primere (hoogbesoldigde) en sekondere (laagbesoldigde) sektor, met min of geen mobiliteit tussen die sektore nie. Werkers se toegang tot die primere sektor word beperk, met 'n ooraanbod van arbeid in die sekondere sektor en werkloosheid as die gevolg. Hierdie arbeidsmarkverskynsels en dualisme is ook kenmerkend van die Suid·Afrikaanse arbeidsmark en beleidsmaatreels moet daarmee rekening hou / Economics and Management Sciences / M. Comm. (Economy)

O objetivo geral desta tese é avaliar a segmentação setorial, entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários, no mercado de trabalho brasileiro de 2004 a 2009. A segmentação do mercado de trabalho reduz a mobilidade de trabalhadores entre os setores, alterando a alocação desses e gerando diferencial de rendimentos entre os trabalhadores. Para a análise do impacto da segmentação sobre a alocação dos trabalhadores, é estimado um modelo de escolha multinomial de forma a determinar qual é o efeito de cada característica sobre a probabilidade do indivíduo pertencer a um dos estados de emprego, desemprego e inatividade propostos. E, para a avaliação do impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos, inicialmente, os determinantes do rendimento são estimados por meio do procedimento de Heckman, controlando-se a seleção para os trabalhadores remunerados. O impacto da segmentação sobre o diferencial de rendimentos é avaliado por meio de uma variável binária para o setor agropecuário (regressão de rendimentos inclui a agropecuária e os demais setores) e pela decomposição de Oaxaca (regressões de rendimentos separadas para a agropecuária e para os demais setores). Em seguida, a diferença entre os rendimentos é explicada considerando-se a população com duas ocupações, utilizando um procedimento em dois estágios com seleção por meio de um modelo de escolha ordenada. Neste modelo, procura-se avaliar o impacto da segmentação sobre a diferença entre o rendimento da primeira e da segunda ocupação de um mesmo indivíduo, assim controlando suas características não observáveis. Em todas as estimativas, são utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domicílios (PNAD). Os resultados mostram que há segmentação setorial entre a agropecuária e os setores não agropecuários (tomados em conjunto), sendo que a mobilidade entre esses dois setores é limitada, principalmente, pelas seguintes características: a escolaridade do indivíduo, ser cônjuge, ser indígena e morar na zona rural. Além disso, há diferencial de rendimentos em favor dos setores não agropecuários, que também apresentam mercado de trabalho interno mais desenvolvido que a agropecuária, pois são percebidos maiores incentivos à mobilidade na carreira e à redução da rotatividade dos trabalhadores naqueles setores. A tese encerra-se com a proposição de algumas políticas que possam minimizar os efeitos da segmentação e aumentar o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the sectoral segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture in the Brazilian labor market from 2004 to 2009. The labor market segmentation reduces the mobility of workers among sectors, changing the allocation of workers and generating income differential among them. To analyze the impact of segmentation on the allocation of workers, a multinomial choice model is estimated in order to determine the effect of each characteristic on the probability of an person belonging to one of the proposed situation of employment, unemployment and inactivity. And, to assess the impact of segmentation on the income differential, initially, the determinants of income are estimated by the Heckman procedure, controlling the selection of paid workers. The impact of segmentation on the income differential is evaluated by a binary variable for the agricultural sector (regression of income includes agriculture and other sectors) and the Oaxaca decomposition (separate regressions of income for agriculture and other sectors). Then, the income difference is explained by considering the population with two jobs, using a procedure in two stages with selection through an ordered choice model. In this model, we attempt to assess the impact of segmentation on the difference between the earnings of the first and second occupation of the same person, what permits to control the unobservable characteristics. Data used is from the National Sample Survey of Households (PNAD). The results show that there is segmentation between agriculture and non-agriculture and mobility between the two sectors is primarily limited by the following characteristics: formal education, marital status, being indigenous and living in rural areas. In addition, there is income differential in favor of non-agricultural sector, which also have internal labor market more developed than agriculture, as there are greater incentives to career mobility and reduction of labor turnover in those sectors. The thesis concludes with the proposition of some policies that can minimize the effects of segmentation and increase the welfare of workers.

Diploma thesis "The influence of the major players in the labour market on solving unemployment in Litomerice region." is dealing with the problem of long-term unemployment through cooperation in the field of major players in the labor market. Current employment policy objectives, based on the strategy of "Europe 2020" puts the emphasis on efficient use of active employment policy, which is one of the major tools for dealing with unemployment. This work addresses the layed out issues at the local level of Litomerice region, knowledge of the local labor market and job opportunities supports meaningful use of these tools. Developing cooperation with all actors in the labor market supports the complexity of employment programs, which may positively affect the development of employment opportunities at the regional level. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of cooperation in tackling unemployment and develop proposals to improve the use of all available options when dealing with unemployment. Keywords: actors in the labor market, labor market, employment, long-term unemployment, the Job Office, Employment Services Klíčová slova: aktéři trhu práce, trh práce, politika zaměstnanosti, dlouhodobá nezaměstnanost, úřad práce, služby zaměstnanosti

This diploma thesis considers a model of flexicurity, which currently represents a key strategy of European employment policy. "The Danish miracle", as it is sometimes called, combines two at first sight contradictory trends - the high flexibility of the labor market and adequate security for workers. However, application of the model to the European labor markets seems to be problematic for several reasons. Several potential barriers to the effective implementation of flexicurity are being discussed in the paper. The most serious seems to be the insufficient and ambiguous definition of the model. This means that different actors understand the nature of the model differently and accept it with different expectations. Flexicurity also ignores the heterogeneity of each labor market. The argument that flexicurity represents a win-win situation for all citizens seems untrustworthy and unrealistic. The paper further argues that the model is connected with the place of origin because of the importance of informal institutions such as advanced social dialogue and public-spiritedness. Finally, it is necessary to take into consideration the enormous financial demands of the model due to the emphasis on a generous social system.

No description available.