Research pertaining to the role of active online internationalization (AOI) in the context of Born Globals has been shown to be an under-researched area of study. This compelled us to explore the possible benefits and challenges that may come from pursuing AOI for Swedish Born Globals. Our theoretical framework combined literature concerning Born Globals and their rapid internationalization with the notion of learning advantages of newness and literature regarding AOI into a theoretical model. Our theoretical investigation displayed a lack of research dealing with the potential challenges of AOI; with the virtuality trap of Yamin and Sinkovics (2006) being the exception. Through abductively analyzing qualitative data collected from four Swedish Born Globals with our theoretical model, we arrived at a number of empirically testable propositions that highlight the effects of using AOI for Swedish Born Globals. Our analysis leads to the conclusion that there are more challenges for Swedish Born Globals pursuing AOI than previously identified by present literature.

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Since Chu T¡¦ien-wen was sixteen years old, she has been an important role in Taiwan literature. Chu T¡¦ien-wen has been influence by her parents and Zhang Ai-ling in Chinese literature for a long time. In the chinese ritual music cultur, she was educated under Hu Lan-cheng and became an author in the style of Zhang Qiang Hu Diao. Therefor, Chu T¡¦ien-wen and her sister Chu T'ien-hsin published San San magazine. However, after been through Nativist Literature Controversy and Hu Lan-cheng's death, she became a screenwriter for the movie, directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien and became one of the important participant of New Movie Movement in Taiwan. To face the problems of cross-srait relations and the visitions for the relatives, leading Chu T'ien-wen walk out military dependents' village and walk out San San and Grand View Garden, the style has also changed from San San ¢w¢w a young girl¡¦s fantasies style through growth theme of military dependents' village style and turned into the metropolis mature style. After Hu Lan-cheng passed away, Chu T'ien-wen swore to accomplish his unfinished ¡§ Woman Theory ¡¨ . To pass down the Female Writing of Woman Theory of Civilization, she decided to use ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ Notes of a Desolate Man and Words of a Witch. Hu Lan-cheng used to describe Chu T'ien-wen as a Japanese witch, and praised of the youth and beauty of her literature of art, which gives an inspiration to Chu T'ien-wen and to start a journey for witch. In ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ , giving Chu T¡¦ien-wen an advice as witch who predicted that patriarchal society were devastated. And in Notes of a Desolate Man that a desolate man who had feminine soul to offer Japanese witching dance for god. In Words of a Witch as witching word to fly from time and death that become unique to Chu T'ien-wen¡¦s Witched Writings.

This paper proposes novel antenna designs for cellular phones and WLAN (Wireless LAN) applications. For cellular phones, a dual- frequency PIFA (Planar Inverted-F Antenna) loaded with a chip inductor is constructed. In order to decrease the construction cost, PIFAs without a loading chip inductor for GMS/DCS phones are devised. Besides, a PIFA-monopole antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS is also proposed. For WLAN application, a dual-band PIFA for 2.4/5.8 GHz and a dual-band integrated monopole antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz are shown. Finally, a novel metal-plate WLAN antenna, having a simple structure and being easy to construct with low cost, is presented.

Frequency synthesizer is a key building block of fully-integrated wireless communication systems. Design of a frequency synthesizer requires the understanding of not only the circuit-level but also of the transceiver system-level considerations. This dissertation presents a full cycle of the synthesizer design procedure starting from the interpretation of standards to the testing and measurement results. A new methodology of interpreting communication standards into low level circuit specifications is developed to clarify how the requirements are calculated. A detailed procedure to determine important design variables is presented incorporating the fundamental theory and non-ideal effects such as phase noise and reference spurs. The design procedure can be easily adopted for different applications. A BiCMOS frequency synthesizer compliant for both wireless local area network (WLAN) 802.11a and 802.11b standards is presented as a design example. The two standards are carefully studied according to the proposed standard interpretation method. In order to satisfy stringent requirements due to the multi-standard architecture, an improved adaptive dual-loop phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture is proposed. The proposed improvements include a new loop filter topology with an active capacitance multiplier and a tunable dead zone circuit. These improvements are crucial for monolithic integration of the synthesizer with no off-chip components. The proposed architecture extends the operation limit of conventional integerN type synthesizers by providing better reference spur rejection and settling time performance while making it more suitable for monolithic integration. It opens a new possibility of using an integer-N architecture for various other communication standards, while maintaining the benefit of the integer-N architecture; an optimal performance in area and power consumption.

It is estimated that networked devices consumed about 150 TWh of electricity in 2006 in the U.S. which has cost around $15 billion and contributed about 225 billion lbs of CO 2 to greenhouse gas emissions. About 13.5% of this energy is consumed by network equipment such as switches and routers. This thesis addresses the energy consumption of Ethernet, and designs and evaluates improvements on existing methods to reduce the energy consumption of Ethernet links and switches. Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is an emerging IEEE 802.3 standard which allows Ethernet links to sleep when idle. In this thesis, a performance evaluation of EEE is completed. This evaluation replicates previous work by Reviriego et al. in an independent manner. The performance evaluation shows that EEE overhead results in less energy savings than expected. A new method based on Packet Coalescing is developed and evaluated to improve the energy efficiency of EEE. Packet Coalescing bursts packets such that EEE overhead is minimized. The results show that EEE with Packet Coalescing for 10 Gb/s Ethernet can achieve very close to ideal (or energy proportional) performance at the expense of an insignificant added per packet delay. Periodically Paused Switched Ethernet (PPSE) was previously proposed and prototyped by Blanquicet and Christensen in 2008. PPSE uses periodically sent notification packets to halt packet transmission into a LAN Switch and thus allowing the switch to sleep periodically. In this thesis, a first performance evaluation of PPSE is completed. The evaluation in this thesis shows that a PPSE for 10 Gb/s Ethernet LAN Switches achieves either significant energy savings at the expense of an excessive packet delay, or less than expected savings with a less than human response time added per-packet delay. An improvement to PPSE (Adaptive PPSE) is proposed and developed based on an adaptive policy. The adaptive policy considers past traffic load to determine whether to put the switch to sleep or not. The evaluation shows that Adaptive PPSE can achieve very close to ideal performance at the expense of an added average per packet delay which is less than half of the human response time.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities / Department of Chinese

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζεται µία µελέτη τυπωµένων κεραιών γεωµετρίας φράκταλ για ασύρµατες τερµατικές συσκευές, µε έµφαση στις εφαρµογές των κινητών επικοινωνιών και των ασύρµατων τοπικών δικτύων. Η ραγδαία εξέλιξη των ασύρµατων επικοινωνιών είχε ως αποτέλεσµα την σηµαντική µείωση των διαστάσεων των τερµατικών συσκευών, την ολοκλήρωση διαφορετικών υπηρεσιών διαφορετικών συχνοτήτων λειτουργίας στην ίδια συσκευή και την ανάγκη πολλαπλών κεραιών για την αντιµετώπιση του φαινοµένου της διάλειψης και της διασυµβολικής παρεµβολής του ασύρµατου καναλιού. Αυτές οι εξελίξεις έθεσαν καινούργιες απαιτήσεις στην σχεδίαση της κεραίας οδηγώντας στην ανάγκη κεραιών εξαιρετικά µικρών διαστάσεων, πολυσυχνοτικών, χαµηλού κόστους, υψηλής απόδοσης και επιθυµητών χαρακτηριστικών ακτινοβολίας κατά περίπτωση. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής διερευνήθηκε η ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης και παραγωγής πολυσυχνοτικής συµπεριφοράς που παρουσιάζουν τα σχήµατα γεωµετρίας φράκταλ αν χρησιµοποιηθούν σαν κεραίες. Αρχικά προτείνεται µία καινούργια κατηγορία κεραιών, οι τυπωµένες µονοπολικές κεραίες γεωµετρίας φράκταλ και συγκρίνονται διάφορες γεωµετρίες φράκταλ τόσο ως προς την ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης όσο και ως προς τα χαρακτηριστικά εµπέδησης και ακτινοβολίας που παρουσιάζουν. Εξετάζεται ο καθοριστικός ρόλος του επιπέδου γείωσης αυτής της κατηγορίας κεραιών και εξάγονται γενικά συµπεράσµατα για την εκµετάλλευσή του µε τον βέλτιστο δυνατό τρόπο. Επιπλέον διερευνήθηκε η χρήση των σχηµάτων φράκταλ για την µείωση των διαστάσεων των µικροταινιακών κεραιών. Η φράκταλ ορθογώνια καµπύλη προτείνεται για εφαρµογές γραµµικής και κυκλικής πόλωσης, η οποία παρουσιάζει σηµαντική ικανότητα σµίκρυνσης και προσφέρει πολλούς σχεδιαστικούς βαθµούς ελευθερίας που µπορούν να χρησιµοποιηθούν είτε για περαιτέρω µείωση του µεγέθους της είτε για την διατήρηση του εύρους ζώνης της σε ικανοποιητικά επίπεδα. Λόγω του συµπαγούς σχήµατος και των επιθυµητών χαρακτηριστικών των τυπωµένων µονοπολικών και µικροταινιακών κεραιών φράκταλ, µελετάται περαιτέρω η χρησιµοποίησή τους για την υλοποίηση συστηµάτων πολλαπλών κεραιών µε σκοπό την βελτίωση της ποιότητας του λαµβανοµένου σήµατος. Ακόµη µελετάται η ικανότητα παραγωγής πολυσυχνοτικής συµπεριφοράς της µονοπολικής κεραίας Sierpinski και προτείνεται µία τροποποίηση η οποία µειώνει σηµαντικά το µέγεθος της κεραίας και καθίσταται δυνατόν να τυπωθεί σε ασύρµατες συσκευές µικρού µεγέθους. Επιπλέον, διερευνώνται διάφορες τεχνικές για να ελεγχθούν οι συχνότητες συντονισµού της κεραίας και να συµπέσουν µε τις εκάστοτε επιθυµητές µπάντες λειτουργίας. Τέλος εξετάζεται η επίδραση των διαστάσεων του επιπέδου γείωσης στα χαρακτηριστικά εµπέδησης του συστήµατος. / This Ph.D. thesis presents a comprehensive study on printed fractal antennas for wireless terminal devices, with emphasis on mobile and wireless local area network applications. The rapid evolution of wireless communications resulted in a decrease of terminal devices’ dimensions, in the integration of different services, operating in different spectra, in the same device and finally in the deployment of multiple antenna systems to mitigate the phenomena of fading and intersymbol interference of wireless channel. These evolutions, in turn, set new demands on antenna’s design leading to the necessity of exceptionally small, multiband and low cost radiators possessing high efficiency and desirable radiation characteristics. In the context of the present work, the miniaturization and multiband ability of fractal shaped antennas is examined. Initially a new antenna type is proposed, that of printed fractal monopole antennas, and several innovative fractal shaped monopoles are compared with respect to their miniaturization ability, input impedance and radiation characteristics. The important role of the ground plane is also investigated and general conclusions are drawn to exploit its effects in the most appropriate way. The application of fractals on microstrip antennas was further studied with the fractal rectangular curve (frc) microstrip antenna being proposed for linear and circular polarization applications. The frc microstrip antenna proved to possess a noticeable miniaturization ability and a geometry with several degrees of freedom that can be used either to reduce further its size, or to keep the bandwidth to a satisfactory level. Due to the compact size and desirable electrical characteristics of printed monopole and microstrip fractal antennas, they were further considered for the implementation of multi element antenna systems in order to improve the SNR of the received signal. Finally, the multiband ability of the Sierpinski monopole antenna is investigated and a modification is proposed to decrease the overall antenna height making it feasible to be printed in small terminal devices. Several techniques to allocate the desirable bands of interest are also discussed along with the effect the ground plane dimension’s on the system’s input impedance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3663.pdf: 991854 bytes, checksum: 1988a05b729bee74883ef587b580938f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / This paper has as objective to understand how the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (PNATE) comes to the farmers of the family farming. This policy was prepared in 2004 and was celebrated by the support sectors to the family farming, because it meant a disruption with the previous extensionist model, which enjoyed the land concentration on one side, and the producing inputs companies for agriculture on the other, with several damages to the family farming. In this paper, we adopt the case study methodology, in which we observed the Empresa Matogrossense de Pesquisa Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (EMPAER) and farmers from the settlement Antonio Conselheiro. 187 questionnaires were applied to the settlers, as a sample of the universe. The research concludes that, if from one hand, the policy advances in favor of the family farming, on the other hand it is far from the goal of making the family farming a dynamic component of household food production chain. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo entender como chega aos agricultores da agricultura familiar a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER). Essa política foi elaborada em 2004 e foi bastante festejada pelos setores de apoio à agricultura familiar, porque significava um rompimento com o modelo extensionista anterior, que beneficiava a concentração fundiária de um lado, e as empresas produtoras de insumos para agricultura de outro, com vários prejuízos à agricultura familiar. Neste trabalho, adotamos a metodologia de estudo de caso, no qual observamos a Empresa Matogrossense de Pesquisa Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (EMPAER) e os agricultores do Assentamento Antonio Conselheiro. Foram aplicados 187 questionários aos assentados, como amostra do universo. A pesquisa conclui que se de um lado, a política avança em favor da agricultura familiar, de outro encontra-se muito distante da meta de tornar a agricultura familiar num componente dinâmico da cadeia de produção alimentar.

The IEEE 802.11b standard is today the only commonly used standard in Europe for fast wireless networks. This makes it possible to connect computers to networks in places where it is not possible to use wires. Examples of such situations are internet access at airports, communication in emergency areas or for military communication. Common for all these situations is that network security is important. This thesis consists of two different parts. The first part handles the security mechanisms and the second part is an evaluation of the possibilities to use IEEE 802.11b in embedded applications. The part that handles the security includes the security mechanisms found in the standard, flaws in these mechanisms and methods that try to reduce these problems.