[pt] Nessa pesquisa, desenvolvemos uma nova metodologia para analizar materiais nos regimes oscilatórios linear e quasilinear. Foi mostrado que poucos experimentos reológicos são necessários. Além disso, a análise de dados apresentada é objetiva já apenas processamentos simples são necessários para avaliar as funções materiais. Esse fato contrasta com grande parte das análises de escoamento oscilatório de alta amplitude, tendo em vista que essas metodologias requerem manipulação matemática complexa dos dados. Por fim, a metodologia desenvolvida também apresenta grande evolução com relação às metodologias utilizadas anteriormente para analisar materiais no regime QL-LAOS. / [en] In this research, we developed a novel methodology to analyze materials in the linear and quasilinear oscillatory regimes (constant structure motions). It was shown that very few rheometric experiments are necessary. Furthermore, data analysis presented on this thesis is straightforward as raw data obtained from the rheometer requires simple data processing before being input into the equations that evaluate the material functions. This fact is in contrast with most large amplitude oscillatory shear analysis methods since they aim to analyze structure-changing motions and this requires complex mathematical manipulation of data. At last, both experimental methodology and data analysis presented in this research are much simpler than the previous methodologies used to analyze materials in the QL-LAOS regime.

No description available.

The growth in Laos’ economy has been increasingly important in terms of consumption and tourism within Thailand. Currently, however, few studies have attempted to develop a marketing strategy for regional retailers in this emerging nation. This research is concerned with developing an appropriate marketing strategy that balances supply and demand within this regional market. Given that marketing relies heavily on understanding consumer behaviour, the objectives of this study are, first, to develop a cross-border shopper taxonomy in a regional market using benefit segmentation. In order to develop this marketing strategy, the research identified consumer expectations in order to explore how to achieve a competitive advantage that matches consumer needs with the available supplies. This cross-border shopping taxonomy provides a starting point for a holistic evaluation that will assist retailers in making marketing decisions. The study then attempts to understand the current market situations and marketing in practice from the perspective of suppliers. After assessing the correspondence between demand and supply, recommendations on strategic marketing are offered to Thai retailers at the end of the investigation. This study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods, with 337 questionnaires and seven in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted in Thailand between December 2013 and January 2014. The data were collected from three provinces in the northeast region of Thailand that share a border with Laos: Nongkhai, Mukdahan and Nakorn Phanom. These provinces have high potential in respect to both tourism and retail developments. In addition, the seven interviewees with retailers and policy planners examined the implementation of market segmentation and marketing strategies. The data from the interviews was interpreted and compared with the quantitative data in order to investigate the correspondence between supply and demand. In order to classify cross-border shoppers, the major statistical analyses used were EFA and cluster analysis based on benefits sought. Segments were profiled with travel behaviour, shopping behaviour and demographic variables. ANOVA and MANOVA were employed to test differences between groups. After that, the research explored expectations through the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) in order to identify priorities for developing a competitive advantage. The results show that cross-border shoppers in the regional markets of Thailand consist of four segments: the Enthusiastic shoppers, the Leisure-tourist shoppers, the Product-focused shoppers and the Practical shoppers. These segments relate to the benefits sought, and correlate with different demographic variables, shopping activities and consumption patterns. Moreover, they have different expectations towards place attributes which are important for designing a marketing strategy that is suitable to each segment. Unfortunately, the interviewees from the supply side provided less marketing response to the cross-border tourist marketing. The implications of the findings are, first, that benefit segmentation is associated with demographic variables, shopping activities and expenditures. In addition, the evidence suggests some misunderstandings on the part of suppliers in respect to cross-border demand. The evaluation of demand and supply contributed recommendations for the design and management of effective marketing strategies for cross-border shoppers in this emerging nation.

Happiness is consistently cited as one of the things that people consider most important in their lives and yet is a slippery concept about which it is difficult to establish a shared understanding. There is increasing agreement that Gross National Product (GDP) is not a sufficient indicator of progress and that alternative measures may need to include the subjective aspects of wellbeing, or happiness. However, if policy makers and development workers are to seriously consider happiness, clarity is required about what it means to different people and such clarity must be grounded in the everyday experiences of the people whose lives social and development polices aim to improve. Despite increasing interest in the concept of happiness within Laos, academic research focusing upon positive subjective experience is limited. Young Lao people who volunteer with Non-Profit Associations (NPAs) in Vientiane occupy a unique position at the crossroads of a country that continues to be affected by a complex political legacy, a rapidly modernising capital city and a newly visible civil society. The findings from the current research provide rich data from 18 months of ethnographic and participative fieldwork with this specific group of young people in Vientiane. The research addresses the following questions:  What do the ways that young Lao volunteers in Vientiane express happiness tell us about the ways that they conceptualise happiness?  What do young volunteers in Vientiane say makes them happy?  What beliefs do young volunteers in Vientiane have about happiness?  How do these beliefs about happiness fit with young volunteers’ expressed experiences of happiness? This thesis identifies three key conceptual models that research participants used to express happiness including ‘Being Happy’ (happiness is a present moment choice), ‘Becoming Happy’ (happiness is something to be achieved) and ‘Happy Being With Others’ (happiness is located in relationships between people). Further, three culturally constructed ‘happiness scripts’ that research participants share are outlined and discussed. The three scripts are: “The way to be happy is to be a good Lao person”, “I will be happy if I have the things that I need to be comfortable and to have an easy life” and “I am happy when I follow my heart”. These scripts each combine a conceptual mode of happiness with a focus on specific aspects of their lives that research participants say make them happy and a set of shared beliefs about happiness. These three scripts offer normative accounts of different pathways that research participants believe will lead to happiness. The research demonstrates, however, how research participants hold multiple scripts simultaneously and looks at the interactions and tensions between the scripts and between the scripts and participants’ lived experiences. The research concludes that the socially constructed nature of the happiness scripts and the multiple conceptual models of happiness used by the research participants emphasise the need for self-awareness and transparency in conversations about happiness. Any consideration of happiness at policy level must include open and critical discussion about the happiness script that is being promoted. At the individual level participants valued positive opportunities to become aware of and challenge their own assumptions about the things that are most important in their lives were beneficial to their happiness. The thesis, therefore, recommends a shift in policy focus from solely measuring happiness to promoting positive conversations about happiness at policy, community and individual levels. Happiness is both an important experience and a slippery concept. It is both critical that we consider it and vital that we remain critical of it.

No description available.

[pt] O escoamento cisalhante oscilatório de grande amplitude (large amplitude oscillatory shear - LAOS) é considerado atualmente uma das metodologias mais promissoras para caracterização de materiais complexos. Como uma grande faixa de processos industriais envolve grandes deformações é de extrema importância entender como esses materiais se comportam mecanicamente sob essas circunstâncias para o correto projeto e operação. Através de uma caracterização reológica completa de um material elastoviscoplástico mostramos que o modelo de Jeffreys é adequado para interpretar fisicamente os resultados em LAOS de materiais complexos. Conforme a amplitude de tesão e frequência são variados independentemente, dois tipos de movimento, caracterizados por respostas não senoidais e senoidais, foram observados respectivamente: i) movimentos a estrutura variável, quando a amplitude de tensão é maior que a tensão limite de escoamento do material, e ii)movimentos a estrutura constante, para casos onde a amplitude de tensão é menor que a tensão limite ou onde a frequência é muito maior que o inverso do tempo característico do material. Assim, uma nova metodologia, a quasi-linear LAOS (QL-LAOS) foi desenvolvida para a caracterização reológica e interpretação de resultados em LAOS. Ademais, foi obtida excelente concordância entre as previsões teóricas e os resultados experimentais. / [en] Large amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) is presently considered one of the most promising methodologies to investigate the behavior of complex materials. Since a wide range of industrial processes involves large deformations, understanding how complex materials behave under these conditions is fundamental for operation and design purposes. By performing a thorough rheological characterization of a commercially available hair gel, it was shown that a Jeffreys framework is suitable to interpret physically LAOS rheology data of complex materials. As the stress amplitude and frequency are independently varied, two classes of motion are observed, characterized by a non-sinusoidal and a sinusoidal response, respectively: structure-changing motions, when the stress amplitude is above the yield stress and the frequency is of the order of the reciprocal of the thixotropic characteristic time; and constant-structure motions, when either the stress amplitude is below the yield stress or the frequency is much larger than the reciprocal of the thixotropic characteristic time. Thus, a novel methodology, the quasi-linear LAOS (QL-LAOS) methodology, is suggested for rheological characterization and interpretation of LAOS results. Moreover, a remarkable agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results was obtained.

Les enseignements du bouddhisme theravāda, tels qu’ils sont consignés dans le Canon pāli (Tipiṭaka), font peu de cas de la piété filiale et du culte aux ancêtres. Cela n’est guère surprenant pour une religion qui repose sur l’éthique du kamma (selon laquelle la destinée d’un individu, strictement individuelle, résulte de ses actions dans cette vie ou dans une vie antérieure) et qui préconise, dans ses textes fondateurs, le renoncement aux liens filiaux et familiaux, souvent considérés comme une entrave sur la voie de la délivrance. Pour les bouddhistes lao en revanche, la dévotion à l’égard des parents, aïeuls et ancêtres est au centre de la vie religieuse et relève sans conteste de l’Enseignement du Buddha. L’aumône matinale, l’édification d’un bâtiment monastique, la consécration d’une statue du Maître ou d’une figure sainte, la commande d’un manuscrit, l’organisation d’une cérémonie d’ordination, l’exercice de la méditation, la participation à des cérémonies calendaires – à dire vrai, tout acte pieux – sont autant d’occasions de rendre hommage ou de porter assistance aux parents et aux esprits lignagers avec lesquels sont partagés les fruits de ces entreprises. L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender la place qu’occupent les ascendants familiaux dans le bouddhisme des Lao et de comprendre comment, et dans quelle mesure, ces derniers ont pu harmoniser des considérations sociales et familiales qui leur sont propres avec la doctrine du theravāda sur laquelle repose formellement leur spiritualité. / The Buddhist teachings of the Theravāda, as they are recorded in the Pāli canon (Tipiṭaka), demonstrate little concern for filial piety or ancestor cults. This is hardly surprising for a religion that rests on the ethic of kamma (according to which the fate of a being remains strictly individual, resulting only from his actions in this or previous existences) and recommends, at least in its founding texts, the renunciation of filial and familial ties, often regarded as an obstacle on the path to liberation. In contrast, Lao Buddhists consider that devotion towards parents, forebears and ancestors is at the core of religious life and undoubtedly belongs within the teaching of the Buddha. Giving alms, building a monastery, casting an image of the Master or a saint, commissioning a copy of a manuscript, receiving ordination, practising meditation, participating in annual festivals—more broadly, all kinds of pious deeds—are opportunities to pay homage or provide assistance to parents and lineage spirits, with whom the fruits of these actions will be shared. The purpose of this study is to consider the place occupied by parents and ancestors in Lao Buddhism and to understand how, and to what extent, the Lao have been able to harmonise their own social and familial accounts with the doctrine of the Theravāda, on which their spirituality is understood to rest.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la description du kmhmouʔ – langue à tradition orale parlée au Laos. Elle présente les caractéristiques générales de cette langue peu décrite dans la région de l’Asie du Sud-Est comme le montre notre référence bibliographique.Le kmhmouʔ, langue isolante, est dépourvue de marqueurs grammaticaux morphologiques. Les mots du kmhmouʔ sont pour la plupart pluricatégoriels et plurifonctionnels : la distinction verbo-nominale se fonde essentiellement sur des critères combinatoires. Les noms sont des noms massifs portant une signification notionnelle, et leur référentialité est conditionnée à la présence de déterminants nominaux (classificateurs, déictiques, quantifieurs et épithètes qualificatives) ; en l’absence de morphologie verbale, le temps, l’aspect et le mode peuvent être soit non-marqués et identifiables par le contexte, marqués par des moyens lexicaux de type adverbial ou circonstanciel, ou marqués par des particules d’origine catégorielle variée (majoritairement verbale), et le plus souvent empruntées aux langues de contact. La description grammaticale s’appuie sur des données spontanées recueillies lors d’un travail de terrain dans les villages kmhmouʔ et à la radio nationale lao pour l’émission en kmhmouʔ. Le travail de terrain a été conduit en kmhmouʔ, et l’analyse et l’interprétation du corpus ont bénéficié du fait que l’auteur est locuteur natif. Une partie du corpus recueilli (1h30 au total) est présenté en annexe, intégralement glosé et traduit en français et en lao. Cette thèse, outre qu’elle rend disponible pour la première fois les données et la grammaire du dialecte du kmhmouʔ de l’Est, ouvre des pistes de réflexion particulièrement intéressantes pour les travaux en typologie des langues isolantes et de la transcatégorialité, ainsi que la réflexion sur le rôle du contact de langue dans la grammaticalisation. / This dissertation is a contribution to the description of Kmhmouʔ, a language with an oral tradition spoken in Laos. It presents the general characteristics of this language, which is among the less described languages of the region of Southeast Asia, as shown by the bibliography. Kmhmouʔ, an isolating language, does not exhibit any grammatical morphology. Words are mostly multi-categorial as regards parts of speech, and multi-functional: the verb-noun distinction is based essentially on combinatory properties of words. Nouns are basically all mass terms bearing a notional meaning, and they become countable and referential by means of determiners (classifiers, deictics, quantifiers and qualifiers); due to the lack of verb morphology, tense, aspect and mood can be either unmarked and identifiable by the context, marked by lexical means (adverbs or adverbial phrases), or marked by particles originating from various parts of speech (mostly verbs), and for the most part borrowed from contact languages.This grammatical description is based on spontaneous data collected during fieldwork in Kmhmouʔ villages and from the Lao national radio (Kmhmouʔ broadcast). The fieldwork was conducted in Kmhmouʔ, and the analysis and interpretation of the corpus benefited from the fact that the author is native speaker of Kmhmouʔ. A significant part of the corpus (1h30 in total) is provided in an appendix, fully glossed and translated into French and Lao.This thesis, besides making data and grammar of the Eastern Kmhmouʔ dialect available for the first time, opens up some new and challenging paths for the study of the typology of isolating languages and transcategoriality, as well as for studies of the role of language contact in grammaticalization.

Innovationen in der Berufsschullehrraus- und -weiterbildung sind wichtige und anspruchsvolle Vorhaben. Durch eine verbesserte Qualifizierung der Lehrenden an berufsbildenden Schulen sollen die Jugendlichen in ihrer Berufsausbildung verlässlicher befähigt werden, fachliche, soziale und andere Kompetenzen für die Arbeitswelt und auch andere gesellschaftliche Bereich zu erwerben und wirkungsvoll anzuwenden (vgl. Ursula, Seite 5). Im Kontext der Diskussion um Standards für die Lehrerausbildung spielen Standards für das erziehungswissenschaftliche Studium eine besonders wichtige Rolle, weil dieses in besonderer Weise an Kompetenzen für den späteren Lehrerberuf ausgerichtet sein soll. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die folgenden Ausführungen zu Fragen der Standards für das erziehungswissenschaftliche Studium angestellt (vgl. Tulodziecki 2006, S. 51). Als die Vocational Teacher Training Division (VTTD), Faculty of Engineering, National University of Laos im Verlauf des Akademisierens der technischen Lehrerausbildung 2004 den Auftrag erhielt, das Studium des beruflichen Lehrer für die Berufsschulen als 1. Phase der Berufsschullehrerausbildung mit Bachelor-Abschluss durchzuführen, stieß diese neue universitäre Aufgabe auf manche Widerstände. Denn mussten kurzfristig Studienpläne entworfen sowie Stundenpläne koordiniert und organisiert werden. Die VTTD wurde am 23. März 2004 als Vocational Teacher Training Unit (VTTU) vom Ministry of Education (MoE) genehmigt. Herr Vixay VANKHAM leitete damals die VTTU, stellte insgesamt vier Angestellte ein und gründete am 10. Februar 2005 die Vocational Teacher Training Division. Im Laufe des Entwicklung der VTTD hat Dr. Rolf GENNRICH, Direktor of Lao-German Programme on Human Resource Development for Market Ecomony (HRDME), diesen Prozess unterstützt. Als Experte der Berufs- und beruflichen Lehrerausbildung trug Prof. Dr. Hanno HORTSCH maßgeblich zur Entwicklung des Framework, des Modells und des Konzepts der beruflichen Lehrerausbildung in Laos bei und besuchte das Land im März 2001, im Januar 2003, im May 2005 und im März 2007. Als lokaler Experte ist Herr Bounseng KHAMMOUNTY, jetziger Head of Vocational Teacher Training Division zuständig. Die VTTD wird zukünftig zu einem Vocational Teacher Department (VTD) weiterentwickelt. Anstatt Dr. Rolf GENNRICH wird Herr Peter POZORSKI (GTZ) die Entwicklung weiter unterstützen und (siehe Kapitel 2), den Prozess der Stabilisierung der Berufsschullehrerausbildung nach der Untersuchung der „Standards für berufliche Lehrkräfte in Laos P.D.R- Gestaltungsansätze für die Anpassung der beruflichen Lehreraus- und –weiterbildung“ begleiten. Generell sollten bei den theoretischen Überlegungen und den praktischen Maßnahmen die Komplexität der Lehrerausbildung insgesamt, die vorhandenen wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten und die Notwendigkeiten zu Kooperation und Koordination bei den beteiligten Institutionen beachtet werden.

Les zoonoses émergentes constituent un problème de santé publique majeur. A l'image des virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), influenza, ou encore Ebola, la plupart des pathogènes zoonotiques prennent leur origine chez la faune sauvage. Les chiroptères sont des réservoirs de virus zoonotiques qui peuvent provoquer des pathologies graves chez l'Homme, comme le virus de la rage ou le coronavirus responsable de la pandémie du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS) en 2003-2004. En Asie du Sud-Est, reconnue comme un point chaud d'émergence, les chiroptères sont régulièrement en contact avec l'Homme du fait de l'exploitation des mêmes environnements et des activités de chasse et de consommation de ces animaux sauvages. Le risque de transmission de potentiels virus des chiroptères à l'Homme reste encore très peu étudié, notamment au Cambodge et au Laos. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse, qui a pour but de détecter et de caractériser des coronavirus et des astrovirus chez les chiroptères de ces deux pays, et d'explorer les environnements où le risque de transmission à l'Homme serait plus élevé.Un premier axe de travail a porté sur la détection et la caractérisation de ces deux familles virales chez des chiroptères échantillonnés de 2010 à 2013. Une forte diversité de coronavirus et d'astrovirus a été détectée chez de nombreux genres de chiroptères insectivores et frugivores. De nouveaux hôtes réservoirs et de nouvelles souches virales ont été mis en évidence, dont certaines sont relativement proches de souches pathogènes chez l'Homme ou chez d'autres espèces animales. Le deuxième axe d'étude visait une caractérisation plus approfondie des virus. L'étude des protéines impliquées dans l'entrée cellulaire (protéines de capside et de spicule pour les astrovirus et coronaivrus respectivement), permet d'évaluer le potentiel de passage de la barrière d'espèce de ces virus. Plusieurs techniques de séquençage ont été tentées, en particulier au niveau des gènes d'intérêt. Les résultats ont été très limités, et n'ont pas permis une caractérisation approfondie des souches. Néanmoins, ce travail a mis en évidence les points critiques et les approches à envisager dans l'optique d'un futur séquençage de ces virus.Enfin, le troisième axe de recherche a porté sur l'étude des facteurs environnementaux qui pourraient impacter les chiroptères et les potentiels virus zoonotiques qu'ils peuvent porter. Bien que les données aient été limitées, l'approche méthodologique et les pistes d'étude sont à retenir pour des études épidémiologiques futures. De plus les caractéristiques liées à la transformation des paysages naturels par l'Homme est un aspect important à prendre en compte. / Zoonoses are important public health issues, and represent 60% of emerging infectious diseases. Most of zoonotic pathogens originate from wildlife, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza Virus or Ebola Virus. Chiroptera have been recognized as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses, such as the lyssavirus or the coronavirus responsible for the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003-2004.Southeast Asia is a hotspot for emerging diseases. Bats represent 30% of the biodiversity and are in close contact with human populations, due to the exploitation of the same environment and the use of bats as food in subsistence hunting. So far, there has been a lack of knowledge and understanding concerning the viruses circulating in the bat population in this region, especially in Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to this problematic, with a special focus on the detection and molecular characterization of coronaviruses and astroviruses in bat populations in these two countries. The aim was also to depict environmental aspects which increase the risk of potential transmission from bats to humans.The first part of this work was dedicated to the detection and typing of astroviruses and coronaviruses in bats collected over a three-year period throughout Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. A high diversity of these viruses was found in various insectivorous and frugivorous bats. New bat reservoirs and new potential virus strains were detected, including some related to strains known to be highly pathogenic for humans or livestock species.The second part of this work therefore concentrates on a deeper characterization of the strains of interest, targeting genomic regions involved in cell host entry, and thus in ability to cross species barriers .Several isolation and sequencing methods were implemented in order to characterize the regions of interest, i.e. capsid and spike proteins. Results were limited and did not permit a deeper characterization. Nevertheless, this work highlights the aspects which need to be improved in order to sequence the viruses more effectively.The final part of this thesis examined environmental factors impacting the distribution pattern of bats, as well as the potential risk for virus transmission to humans. Transformation of landscape by humans from natural to cultivated lands, appeared to be important factors to take into account when investigating bat distribution, and the viruses they can harbor. Despite the weakness of the dataset, the methodological approach is worth being considered in further epidemiological studies on bat-associated viruses.