Under certain environmental conditions, some varieties of wheat synthesize the enzyme alpha amylase late in grain ripening, even in the absence of rain or sprouting. The resulting grain has a sound appearance but can be unsuitable for end-product applications due to the presence of late maturity alpha amylase (LMA) activity. Reduction of LMA and the development of cultivars tolerant to boron toxic soils are high priority traits in the WA wheat breeding program and the use of molecular markers closely linked to these traits for marker assisted selection (MAS) is highly desirable. The aims of this study were to take a genomics approach to provide detailed structural information for the region on wheat chromosome 7BL in which quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for LMA and boron tolerance (Bo1) have been mapped. Once the structure had been determined, this then laid the foundation for further studies to investigate the function of putative candidate genes identified within this region. The research involved the use of bioinformatic tools and rice/wheat synteny to investigate the structure of this chromosome region, followed by the use of molecular probes to isolate genomic DNA clones (BAC clones) corresponding to this region. A two-step bioinformatics strategy was used, involving (1) alignment of portions of the wheat and rice genomes, to identify rice genomic regions syntenic to wheat group 7L and (2) selection of candidate genes from those regions of the rice genome. The selected candidate genes included an anion transporter, as a candidate gene for boron tolerance, and GAMYB-like genes, as candidate genes for LMA. The GAMYB class of transcription factors identified were of particular interest because of published literature indicating its importance in controlling ƒÑ-amylase levels in cereal grains. The key phenotype of interest in this thesis is LMA and different levels of expression of ƒÑ-amylase are a key feature of this phenotype. Molecular markers and candidate genes were then used to screen two BAC libraries, one derived from the French cultivar, ¡¥Renan¡¦ and the other derived from Aegilops tauschii (the source of the D genome of wheat). About 300 BAC clones corresponding to the chromosome region of interest were obtained. Of these, 8 BAC clones (6 chosen through hybridization to a GAMYB-like probe, and 2 from wheat ESTs anchored to the rice genome) were selected for sequencing, allowing for the development of new microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and for the discovery of novel transposable elements that provide a rich source of polymorphism for the development of additional markers. Novel microsatellite and SNP markers that were identified from the BAC clone sequence were mapped on the Cranbrook/Halberd doubled haploid (DH) mapping population. Markers were located to chromosomes 7AL, 7BL and 7DL. New markers derived from the BAC sequence information were used to anchor the BAC clones to the genetic map and develop a framework physical-genetic map. An automated annotation pipeline has been established and was used to annotate selected contigs of the sequenced BAC clones. A new marker assisted selection strategy, termed Multiplex Trait Signature (MuTs) analysis, was developed and tested on 39 wheat cultivars of known LMA phenotype. MuTs provides a graphical genotype of individuals for a particular chromosomal region and is a convenient tool for interrogating genetic similarity in the individuals surveyed. Based on assays of 22 markers (12 spanning the LMA QTL on chromosome 7BL and 10 spanning the LMA QTL on chromosome 3BS) on these 39 wheat cultivars, it was found that the varieties can be grouped according to pedigree and provides a tool for interpreting LMA status for a variety. Validation of the 7BL LMA and boron tolerance (Bo1) QTL regions was achieved using a targeted mapping approach using the doubled haploid population Pastor/RAC891 using published molecular markers and markers developed in this thesis. The main outcome of this study is that the genomic organisation of this region on chromosome 7BL is complex, and that the identification of candidate genes in wheat controlling 1) tolerance of cultivars to boron toxic soils and 2) pathways regulating the expression of LMA, is likely to involve the interplay of a network of regulatory genes.

A cultivar Hass detém cerca de 90% do comércio de abacate para exportação. Em contrapartida, são descritas diversas cultivares de abacateiro protegidas por patentes em vários países, sendo menos da metade delas estabelecidas comercialmente. Ampliar o período de oferta de abacates do tipo \'Hass\' no mercado é de interesse para os exportadores brasileiros, pois impulsiona melhores negociações frente à demanda do fruto no mercado externo, sobretudo com países do Hemisfério Norte, em épocas em que o mercado se encontra num período crítico de alta demanda e baixa oferta. Este estudo objetivou avaliar variáveis que caracterizaram o desenvolvimento, a produção e os atributos de qualidade dos frutos das cultivares de abacateiros \'Hass\', \'Carmen\' e \'Gem\' nas condições edafoclimáticas da região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo durante os anos de 2016 e 2017, visando ampliar o período de oferta dos frutos do tipo \'Hass\' no mercado internacional. No primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação, são apresentados os resultados relativos à comparação entre a cultivares Hass e Carmen, quanto às variáveis de crescimento de ramos de verão e de final de inverno/primavera, número de panículas por ramo, intensidade e tipo de florescimento, tamanho da planta (altura, diâmetro paralelo e perpendicular à linha de plantio e volume de copa), produção (Kg por planta, número de frutos por planta, eficiência produtiva e índice de alternância produtiva) e qualidade dos frutos (massa, diâmetro, comprimento, relação C:D, calibre e variáveis pós-colheita). Os resultados apontaram que \'Carmen\' apresentou maior crescimento dos ramos de verão, enquanto o mesmo foi observado para \'Hass\' nos ramos de final de inverno/primavera. No ano de 2016, \'Carmen\' produziu um número maior de panículas por ramo, em contrapartida, em 2017, a intensidade de florescimento foi maior para \'Hass\'. Nos dois anos, \'Carmen\' produziu mais inflorescências indeterminadas e menos determinadas em relação a \'Hass\'. Quanto à maturação dos frutos, \'Carmen\' mostrou-se mais precoce em cerca de quinze dias, embora ambas as cultivares tenham florescido na mesma época. \'Carmen\' apresentou superioridade em todas as variáveis produtivas analisadas, no entanto, mostrou-se mais alternante. Em ambos os anos, os frutos de \'Hass\' foram maiores em todas as variáveis que caracterizam o seu tamanho. As variáveis de pós-colheita apresentaram a mesma tendência em frutos de ambas as cultivares. No segundo capítulo, objetivou-se caracterizar o hábito vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultivar Gem na mesma região de cultivo. As avaliações foram executadas conforme as descritas no primeiro capítulo. \'Gem\' apresentou crescimento dos ramos de final de inverno/primavera mais acentuado, maior porcentagem de flores indeterminadas nos dois anos, maturação tardia, atingindo o percentual mínimo de matéria seca no final do mês de junho que evolui até o mês de outubro. As árvores possuem hábito de crescimento vertical, sendo indicada para pomares adensados. Os frutos produzidos são de tamanho grande. \'Carmen\' e \'Gem\' são promissoras para a região de cultivo, podendo ser indicadas como novas opções na produção de abacates do tipo \'Hass\'. / The Hass variety holds about 90% of the world avocado production. In contrast, within a wide range of several other avocado cultivars available in different countries, less than half of them had established commercially. Expanding the period of supply of \'Hass\' and \'Hass\'-type avocados is of interest to Brazilian exporters, because it facilitates fruit commercialization in the external markets of the Northern Hemisphere, in critical periods of high demand and low supply. The objective of this research was to evaluate plant growth, production and fruit quality attributes of \'Hass\', \'Carmen\' and \'Gem\' avocado cultivars in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the central-western region of the São Paulo State during the years of 2016 and 2017, aiming to extend the period of supply of \'Hass\' type fruits in the international market. In the first chapter of this dissertation, the results of the comparison between Hass and Carmen avocado cultivars are presented, regarding growth variables of summer and late winter/spring shoots, the number of panicles per shoot, the intensity and flowering type, tree size (height, diameter parallel and perpendicular to the planting line and canopy volume), yield (kg per plant, number of fruits per plant, yield efficiency and alternate bearing index) and fruit quality (mass, diameter, length and post-harvest quality variables). The results showed that \'Carmen\' avocado trees have higher growth of summer shoots, while \'Hass\' trees show larger growth of the shoots flushing by the end of winter/spring. In 2016, the \'Carmen\' trees yielded a larger number of panicles per shoot, while in 2017, the flowering intensity of \'Hass\' trees was higher. In both years, the \'Carmen\' trees produced a larger percentage of indeterminate inflorescences in comparison with \'Hass\' trees. In terms of fruit maturity, the \'Carmen\' fruit ripened about fifteen days earlier than \'Hass\' fruit in, although both cultivars flowered at the same time. The \'Carmen\' cultivar was superior than \'Hass\' in all the production variables analyzed in this study, despite of having a stronger tendency to alternate bearing. In both years, Hass\' yielded larger fruit size. Fruit post-harvest variables showed a similar tendency in both cultivars. In the second chapter, the objective was to characterize the vegetative and reproductive habit of the Gem cultivar in the same region of cultivation. The \'Gem\' trees have a vertical growth habit, being indicated for densified orchards, and showed stronger vigor of the winter/spring vegetative flush, with higher percentage of indeterminate flowers large fruit size and late maturation in both evaluated years. Both the \'Carmen\' and \'Gem\' avocado cultivars are promising for the growing region and may be indicated as new options for production of \'Hass\'-type avocados.

A cultivar Hass detém cerca de 90% do comércio de abacate para exportação. Em contrapartida, são descritas diversas cultivares de abacateiro protegidas por patentes em vários países, sendo menos da metade delas estabelecidas comercialmente. Ampliar o período de oferta de abacates do tipo \'Hass\' no mercado é de interesse para os exportadores brasileiros, pois impulsiona melhores negociações frente à demanda do fruto no mercado externo, sobretudo com países do Hemisfério Norte, em épocas em que o mercado se encontra num período crítico de alta demanda e baixa oferta. Este estudo objetivou avaliar variáveis que caracterizaram o desenvolvimento, a produção e os atributos de qualidade dos frutos das cultivares de abacateiros \'Hass\', \'Carmen\' e \'Gem\' nas condições edafoclimáticas da região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo durante os anos de 2016 e 2017, visando ampliar o período de oferta dos frutos do tipo \'Hass\' no mercado internacional. No primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação, são apresentados os resultados relativos à comparação entre a cultivares Hass e Carmen, quanto às variáveis de crescimento de ramos de verão e de final de inverno/primavera, número de panículas por ramo, intensidade e tipo de florescimento, tamanho da planta (altura, diâmetro paralelo e perpendicular à linha de plantio e volume de copa), produção (Kg por planta, número de frutos por planta, eficiência produtiva e índice de alternância produtiva) e qualidade dos frutos (massa, diâmetro, comprimento, relação C:D, calibre e variáveis pós-colheita). Os resultados apontaram que \'Carmen\' apresentou maior crescimento dos ramos de verão, enquanto o mesmo foi observado para \'Hass\' nos ramos de final de inverno/primavera. No ano de 2016, \'Carmen\' produziu um número maior de panículas por ramo, em contrapartida, em 2017, a intensidade de florescimento foi maior para \'Hass\'. Nos dois anos, \'Carmen\' produziu mais inflorescências indeterminadas e menos determinadas em relação a \'Hass\'. Quanto à maturação dos frutos, \'Carmen\' mostrou-se mais precoce em cerca de quinze dias, embora ambas as cultivares tenham florescido na mesma época. \'Carmen\' apresentou superioridade em todas as variáveis produtivas analisadas, no entanto, mostrou-se mais alternante. Em ambos os anos, os frutos de \'Hass\' foram maiores em todas as variáveis que caracterizam o seu tamanho. As variáveis de pós-colheita apresentaram a mesma tendência em frutos de ambas as cultivares. No segundo capítulo, objetivou-se caracterizar o hábito vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultivar Gem na mesma região de cultivo. As avaliações foram executadas conforme as descritas no primeiro capítulo. \'Gem\' apresentou crescimento dos ramos de final de inverno/primavera mais acentuado, maior porcentagem de flores indeterminadas nos dois anos, maturação tardia, atingindo o percentual mínimo de matéria seca no final do mês de junho que evolui até o mês de outubro. As árvores possuem hábito de crescimento vertical, sendo indicada para pomares adensados. Os frutos produzidos são de tamanho grande. \'Carmen\' e \'Gem\' são promissoras para a região de cultivo, podendo ser indicadas como novas opções na produção de abacates do tipo \'Hass\'. / The Hass variety holds about 90% of the world avocado production. In contrast, within a wide range of several other avocado cultivars available in different countries, less than half of them had established commercially. Expanding the period of supply of \'Hass\' and \'Hass\'-type avocados is of interest to Brazilian exporters, because it facilitates fruit commercialization in the external markets of the Northern Hemisphere, in critical periods of high demand and low supply. The objective of this research was to evaluate plant growth, production and fruit quality attributes of \'Hass\', \'Carmen\' and \'Gem\' avocado cultivars in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the central-western region of the São Paulo State during the years of 2016 and 2017, aiming to extend the period of supply of \'Hass\' type fruits in the international market. In the first chapter of this dissertation, the results of the comparison between Hass and Carmen avocado cultivars are presented, regarding growth variables of summer and late winter/spring shoots, the number of panicles per shoot, the intensity and flowering type, tree size (height, diameter parallel and perpendicular to the planting line and canopy volume), yield (kg per plant, number of fruits per plant, yield efficiency and alternate bearing index) and fruit quality (mass, diameter, length and post-harvest quality variables). The results showed that \'Carmen\' avocado trees have higher growth of summer shoots, while \'Hass\' trees show larger growth of the shoots flushing by the end of winter/spring. In 2016, the \'Carmen\' trees yielded a larger number of panicles per shoot, while in 2017, the flowering intensity of \'Hass\' trees was higher. In both years, the \'Carmen\' trees produced a larger percentage of indeterminate inflorescences in comparison with \'Hass\' trees. In terms of fruit maturity, the \'Carmen\' fruit ripened about fifteen days earlier than \'Hass\' fruit in, although both cultivars flowered at the same time. The \'Carmen\' cultivar was superior than \'Hass\' in all the production variables analyzed in this study, despite of having a stronger tendency to alternate bearing. In both years, Hass\' yielded larger fruit size. Fruit post-harvest variables showed a similar tendency in both cultivars. In the second chapter, the objective was to characterize the vegetative and reproductive habit of the Gem cultivar in the same region of cultivation. The \'Gem\' trees have a vertical growth habit, being indicated for densified orchards, and showed stronger vigor of the winter/spring vegetative flush, with higher percentage of indeterminate flowers large fruit size and late maturation in both evaluated years. Both the \'Carmen\' and \'Gem\' avocado cultivars are promising for the growing region and may be indicated as new options for production of \'Hass\'-type avocados.

Цель — исследование стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости у педагогов общеобразовательных школ. Объектом исследования стали педагоги общеобразовательных школ Свердловской области в возрасте поздней зрелости. Предмет исследования — стратегии преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (113 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 88 страниц, на которых размещены 3 рисунков и 6 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы, которая должна вылиться в разработку технологии консультирования по выбору стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Первая глава представляет собой обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы, содержащие теоретические аспекты исследования преодолевающего поведения в поздней зрелости. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию психологических особенностей людей в поздней зрелости и двум типам механизмов – психологической защите и стратегиям преодолевающего поведения. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Подчеркивается важность психологических консультаций для людей в поздней зрелости, важность разговоров с ними о том, что существуют разные стратегии преодоления сложных случаев и проблем. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования – опытно-поисковому исследованию стратегий преодолевающего поведения в поздней старости. В ней представлено описание организации и методик проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам. Анализ уровня проявления механизмов психологической защиты проходил при помощи опросника Плутчика — Келлермана — Конте (LifeStyle Index). Для диагностического инструментария и исследования превалирующих стратегий преодолевающего поведения применялся опросник Стивена Хобфолла (Hobfoll) «Стратегии преодоления стрессовых ситуаций» (чаще всего именуется «Опросник SACS»), в основе которого лежит теория многоосевой модели поведения преодоления. В главе представлены результаты исследования. В качестве выводов предлагается практическая модель психологического консультирования в поздней зрелости. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. Предложены пути и способы преодоления кризисного этапа в развитии личности в поздней зрелости с опорой на психотехнологии. / The goal is to study the strategies of overcoming behavior in late adulthood among teachers of secondary schools. The object of the study was teachers of secondary schools in the Sverdlovsk region at the age of late maturity. The subject of the research is the strategy of overcoming behavior in late adulthood. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (113 sources) and an appendix, which includes forms of the methods used. The volume of the master's thesis is 88 pages, which contain 3 figures and 6 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, sets the goal and objectives of the research, defines the object and subject of the research, as well as the stages of the research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work, which should result in the development of a technology for consulting on the choice of strategies for overcoming behavior in late maturity. The first chapter is a review of foreign and domestic literature, containing theoretical aspects of the study of overcoming behavior in late adulthood. Sections are presented devoted to the study of the psychological characteristics of people in late adulthood and two types of mechanisms - psychological defense and strategies for overcoming behavior. The conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The importance of psychological counseling for people in late adulthood is emphasized, the importance of talking with them about the fact that there are different strategies for overcoming difficult cases and problems. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study - an experimental and exploratory study of strategies for overcoming behavior in late old age. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all methods used. Analysis of the level of manifestation of psychological defense mechanisms was carried out using the Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte questionnaire (LifeStyle Index). For diagnostic tools and the study of prevailing coping behavior strategies, Stephen Hobfoll's Stress Coping Strategies questionnaire (most commonly referred to as the SACS Questionnaire) was used, which is based on the theory of a multi-axis model of coping behavior. The chapter presents the results of the study. As conclusions, a practical model of psychological counseling in late adulthood is proposed. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, and the practical significance of the study is substantiated. The ways and means of overcoming the crisis stage in the development of personality in late maturity based on psychotechnologies are proposed.