Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 445049.pdf: 985835 bytes, checksum: 6999f9525f1cf085ddde3a6a0fb67e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / The presence of Bacillus spp. in milk is an important problem for the dairy industry due to their capability of sporulation and the possibility of spore resistance to heat treatment by ultra high temperature (UHT). Bacillus sporothermodurans survive to the UHT system, germinating and growing in stored milk and, if not correctly identified and quantified, can exceed the criterion established for mesophilic aerobic, besides altering the quality of dairy products when in high concentrations. On the other hand, contamination of milk by Bacillus cereus is not only an important cause of deterioration, but is also associated with the occurrence of diarrhea and emetic syndromes. Traditionally, these microorganisms are identified and quantified in food using conventional microbiological techniques, but the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based methods have been widely used for the same purpose. However, PCR cannot distinguish between viable and dead cells, which can be overcame with the use of DNA intercalating, such as propidium monoazide (PMA). PMA binds to DNA derived from cells with damaged membranes, preventing their amplification by PCR, allowing, thus, the selective detection of viable cells. Therefore, this thesis aimed to characterize the thermal resistance of B. sporothermodurans and to develop methods of detection and quantificatification of viable cells of B. sporothermodurans and B. cereus in milk samples by qPCR associated with PMA. Isothermal and non-isothermal treatments allowed the determination of the profile of heat resistance of B. sporothermodurans spores to heat UHT process, predicting that to 121?C was found a D value between 2 a 4 min. The selective detection and quantification of B. sporothermodurans and B. cereus by PMA-qPCR were developed targeting 16S rRNA gene and hemolysin gene, respectively.The treatment with PMA from pure culture and artificially contaminated UHT milk were standardized by end-point PCR for the detection of viable cells of these microorganisms. The inhibition of amplification of DNA from dead cells was obtained at a concentration of 30μg/mL PMA. The standardization of qPCR assays were performed using hydrolysis probes (TaqMan? system) specific to each target gene. The quantification limit from UHT milk artificially contaminated was 2.5 x 102 CFU/mL for B. sporothermodurans and 7.5 x 102 CFU/mL for B. cereus. The assays were applied to 135 samples of UHT milk of different commercial brands, comparing with the conventional method of cultivation for each microorganism. B. sporothermodurans and B. cereus were respectively detected in 14 (10.4%) and 44 (32.6%) of the samples by molecular methods developed, and in 11 (8.1%) and 15 (11.1%) by conventional culturing methods. The PMA-qPCR methods developed in this study were specific and sensitive for the detection and quantification of viable B. sporothermodurans and B. cereus cells, being applicable for the evaluation of milk samples, reducing the time for the analysis of this product. Furthermore, the results showed that B. cereus can be found in UHT milk / A presen?a de Bacillus spp. em leite representa um importante problema para a ind?stria de latic?nios devido ? sua capacidade de esporula??o e ? possibilidade de resist?ncia do esporo ao tratamento t?rmico por ultra alta temperatura (UAT). O Bacillus sporothermodurans sobrevive ao sistema UHT, germinando e se multiplicando no leite estocado e, caso n?o seja corretamente quantificado e identificado, pode ultrapassar o limite estabelecido pela legisla??o para microrganismos mes?filos aer?bios, al?m de alterar a qualidade dos produtos l?cteos quando em altas concentra??es. Por outro lado, a contamina??o de leite por Bacillus cereus constitui n?o somente uma importante causa de deteriora??o, mas tamb?m est? associada com a ocorr?ncia das s?ndromes em?tica e diarreica. Tradicionalmente, estes microrganismos s?o identificados e quantificados em alimentos atrav?s de t?cnicas cl?ssicas de cultivo, mas m?todos baseados na Rea??o em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) tamb?m t?m sido amplamente utilizados. Entretanto, a PCR n?o distingue c?lulas mortas de c?lulas vi?veis, o que pode ser contornado com o emprego de intercalantes de DNA, como o prop?dio monoazida (PMA). O PMA se liga ao DNA derivado de c?lulas com membranas rompidas, impedindo suas amplifica??es na PCR, permitindo, assim, a detec??o seletiva de c?lulas vi?veis. Portanto, a presente tese teve por objetivo caracterizar a resist?ncia t?rmica de B. sporothermodurans, bem como desenvolver m?todos de detec??o e quantifica??o de c?lulas vi?veis de B. sporothermodurans e de B. cereus em amostras de leite atrav?s de PCR associada ao PMA. Tratamentos isot?rmicos e n?o isot?rmicos permitiram a determina??o do perfil de resist?ncia t?rmica de esporos de B. sporothermodurans ao processo UHT, predizendo que a 121?C foi encontrado um valor D entre 2 a 4 min.A detec??o e quantifica??o seletivas de B. sporothermodurans e de B. cereus atrav?s de PMA-qPCR foram desenvolvidas utilizando o gene RNAr 16S e o gene da hemolisina como alvos, respectivamente. O tratamento com PMA a partir de cultura pura e leite UHT artificialmente contaminado foi padronizado atrav?s da PCR convencional para a detec??o de c?lulas vi?veis destes microrganismos. A inibi??o da amplifica??o de DNA de c?lulas mortas foi obtida na concentra??o de 30μg/mL de PMA. A padroniza??o dos ensaios de qPCR foram realizados utilizando sondas de hidr?lise (sistema TaqMan?) espec?ficas para cada gene alvo. O limite de quantifica??o a partir de leite UHT artificialmente contaminado foi de 2,2 x 102 UFC/mL para B. sporothermodurans e de 7,5 x 102 UFC/mL para B. cereus. As t?cnicas foram aplicadas a 135 amostras de leite UHT de diferentes marcas comerciais, comparando com a metodologia cl?ssica de cultivo para cada microrganismo. B. sporothermodurans e B. cereus foram, respectivamente, detectados em 14 (10,4%) e 44 (32,6%) das amostras analisadas pelos m?todos moleculares desenvolvidos, e em 11 (8,1%) e 15 (11,1%) pelos m?todos convencionais de cultivo. Os m?todos de PMA-qPCR desenvolvidos neste estudo foram espec?ficos e sens?veis para a detec??o e quantifica??o de c?lulas vi?veis de B. sporothermodurans e de B. cereus, mostrando-se aplic?veis para serem utilizados na avalia??o de amostras de leite, reduzindo o tempo de an?lise deste produto. Al?m disso, os resultados demonstraram que B. cereus pode ser encontrado em leite tratado pelo sistema de UHT

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizCSR_DISSERT.pdf: 1061087 bytes, checksum: 59b7dfa721ded550e3f4f7e5bc104e67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / The objective of this study is to investigate if exist relationship between organizational culture and the organizational climate, having as research s locus three dairy industries in the Rio Grande do Norte State. As such, an exploratory-descriptive and conclusive-causal study, with a sample composed of 211 employees of all firms hierarchical levels was undertaken. By way the data collection, the employees personal characteristics, the predominant organizational culture profile and the predominant organizational climate in the industries researched were identified. In order to analyse the organizational culture, the Competing Value Model (CAMERON; QUINN, 2006), with adaptations by Santos (1998, 2000), was used. In order to analyse the organizational climate, the Organizational Climate Measurement Scale, proposed by Martins (et al., 2004, 2008), with modifications, was used. The data were submitted to quantitative statistical analyses, firstly to the set of firms and afterwards to the firms alone, that permitted arrival to the following conclusions: the cultural profiles was met in a balanced way in the researched organizations, with emphasis to clan culture and market culture profiles; the researched organizations have a good organizational climate, based in the Martins (2008) classification, with emphasis to boss and organization s support and physical comfort , being these factors coherent whit the clan culture profile; the personal variables are correlated with the cultural profiles and with the organizational climate factors, however, each organization show its singular form of relation; and the cultural profiles showed influence on organizational climate factors. Thus, the results permitted to conclude that there are relations between the cultural profiles and the organizational climate factors in the researched organizations / O objetivo deste trabalho ? investigar se existe rela??o entre a cultura organizacional e o clima organizacional, tendo como locus de pesquisa tr?s ind?strias de latic?nios do Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo explorat?rio-descritivo e conclusivo-causal, em uma amostra composta por 211 funcion?rios de todos os n?veis hier?rquicos das empresas participantes. A partir dos dados coletados, identificou-se as caracter?sticas pessoais dos respondentes, o perfil da cultura organizacional predominante e o clima organizacional predominante nas ind?strias analisadas. Para a an?lise da cultura organizacional utilizou-se o Modelo dos Valores Competitivos (CAMERON; QUINN, 2006) com adapta??es segundo Santos (1998, 2000). Para a an?lise do clima organizacional utilizou-se a Escala de Medida de Clima Organizacional, proposta por Martins (et al., 2004, 2008), com modifica??es de forma a se ter um instrumento mais enxuto. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a an?lises estat?sticas quantitativas, primeiramente para o conjunto de empresas e em seguida para as empresas individualmente, que permitiram chegar ?s seguintes onclus?es: os perfis culturais foram encontrados de forma equilibrada nas organiza??es pesquisadas, com ?nfase para os perfis cultura cl? e cultura mercado ; as organiza??es pesquisadas possuem um clima bom, segundo a classifica??o de Martins (2008), com destaque para os fatores apoio da chefia e da organiza??o e conforto f?sico , fatores estes bem coerentes com o perfil cultura cl? ; as vari?veis pessoais dos respondentes se correlacionaram tanto com os perfis culturais quanto com os fatores do clima organizacional, por?m, cada organiza??o apresentou sua forma peculiar de rela??o; e os perfis culturais apresentaram influencia sobre os fatores do clima organizacional, tanto para o conjunto de organiza??es quanto para as organiza??es individualmente. Assim, os resultados nos permitem concluir que h? rela??es entre os perfis culturais e os fatores determinantes do clima organizacional nas organiza??es pesquisadas

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-26T20:18:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelPereiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 17725661 bytes, checksum: 485aaa2a5d5adede2e5af252341a1863 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-29T19:37:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelPereiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 17725661 bytes, checksum: 485aaa2a5d5adede2e5af252341a1863 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-29T19:37:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelPereiraDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 17725661 bytes, checksum: 485aaa2a5d5adede2e5af252341a1863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-25 / Programa Nacional de Coopera??o Acad?mica - PROCAD / Desde a d?cada de 1970, o Brasil tem passado por in?meras transforma??es em suas estruturas econ?micas e produtivas, as quais possuem rela??o simbi?tica com a organiza??o e din?mica do territ?rio brasileiro. Esse conjunto de transforma??es econ?micas, sociais e t?cnico-cient?ficas desenvolve-se no bojo da reestrutura??o produtiva do capital, processo que ocorre em escala global, mas que se efetiva com particularidades nos diferentes lugares. Partindo dessa premissa a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar a reestrutura??o produtiva do setor de latic?nios no Rio Grande do Norte, destacando sua rela??o com o processo de produ??o/organiza??o do espa?o e seus reflexos sobre as rela??es sociais de produ??o. A metodologia adotada para elabora??o deste trabalho pautou-se na realiza??o de revis?o bibliogr?fica acerca dos processos de produ??o do espa?o e reestrutura??o produtiva, pesquisa documental sobre a din?mica do setor de latic?nios no Rio Grande do Norte, bem como sobre as instru??es normativas que regulamentam a produ??o de derivados l?cteos no Brasil, paralelamente efetuamos a coleta de dados secund?rios, junto a ?rg?os oficiais, como IBGE, EMATER e SINDLEITE. Outro importante recurso metodol?gico foi ? realiza??o da pesquisa de campo, a qual nos permitiu conhecer empiricamente as distintas realidades vivenciadas pelos agentes que atuam no sistema produtivo do leite no Rio Grande do Norte. As an?lises ora realizadas evidenciam que o processo de reestrutura??o produtiva do setor de latic?nios ? fomentado, sobremaneira, pelo Estado, que financia, incentiva e normatiza a produ??o de l?cteos no pa?s. No caso espec?fico do Rio Grande do Norte, este processo ? impulsionado pela cria??o do ?Programa do Leite?, o qual por meio da constitui??o de um mercado institucional contribui para o fortalecimento e expans?o das ind?strias, em detrimento do setor artesanal de processamento. Ainda assim os agricultores familiares seguem atuando na atividade, seja somente produzindo e comercializando leite in natura, fornecendo leite para unidades de processamento, intermediando a produ??o de seus pares ou beneficiando artesanalmente o leite nas queijeiras tradicionais presentes em todo o estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os resultados obtidos revelam que ? complexa teia de rela??es de rela??es sociais de produ??o que se estabelecem no amago no amago da atividade laticinista no Rio Grande Norte, estas sendo sumariamente marcadas pelas rela??es de concorr?ncia e complementariedade, entre os setores industrial e artesanal de processamento do leite / Since the 1970s, Brazil has gone through several changes in its economic and productive structures, which have symbiotic relationship with the organization and dynamics of the Brazilian territory. This set of economic, social and technical-scientific transformations developed in the amid the productive capital restructuring, a process that occurs on a global scale, but that effective with particularities in different places. Adopting this presuposition the present research had as main objective analyze the productive restructuring of the dairy sector in Rio Grande do Norte, highlighting its relationship with production process / organization of space and its impact on the social relations of production. The adopted methodology to elaborate of this study was based on the achievement a bibliographic review with regard to proceedings of production of space and productive restructuring, document research about the dynamics of the dairy sector in Rio Grande do Norte, as well as on regulatory instructions governing the dairy production in Brazil, we achieve parallel secondary data collection, with official organs such as IBGE, EMATER and SINDLEITE. Another important methodological resource was the realization of the field research, which enabled us to empirically understand the distinct realities lived by agents acting on milk production system in Rio Grande do Norte. The analyzes performed nevertheless evidence that the restructuring process in the dairy sector is fomented, greatly by state,that finance, encourages and normatizes the production of milk in the country. In the specific case of Rio Grande do Norte, this process is boosted by the creation of "Programa do Leite," which by constituting of an institutional market, contributes to the strengthening and expansion of industries, the detriment of the artisanal processing sector. Nevertheless family farmers continue to act in the activity, be only producing and trading fresh milk, supplying milk to processing units, mediating the production of their peers or by the craft benefiting milk in traditional cheese factories presents in the entire state of Rio Grande do Norte. The results reveal that it is a complex web of social relations of production that are established at the heart of laticinista activity in the Rio Grande Norte, these are summarily marked by relations of competition and complementarity between industrial and artisanal processing of milk

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-04-10T23:18:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos - Disserta??o - Vers?o Final 2017 B.pdf: 1422782 bytes, checksum: 8058051bfe780cb7972b630af8f1e7e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T23:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos - Disserta??o - Vers?o Final 2017 B.pdf: 1422782 bytes, checksum: 8058051bfe780cb7972b630af8f1e7e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / The dairy industry is an example of a system characterized by the association of different production systems: agriculture, livestock, dairy, industrial transformation and product distribution. Dairy products are the food group that includes milk, as well as its processed byproducts, having as main inputs, water and energy. These inputs are essential in the production processes of the dairy industry, as well as the assessment of eco-efficiency through the quantities of water and energy consumed. For this purpose, data from 23 dairy products registered at INEMA from 2006 to 2012 were used, and the average water consumption coefficient of 3.15 LL of processed milk and average effluent generation coefficient of 3.17 LL processed milk. Regarding the energy consumed indicator, the available data were unsatisfactory due to lack of data, which made it impossible to obtain reliable results on consumption. It was concluded that the dairy products licensed in the state of Bahia are less efficient in the use of water and energy inputs in relation to the national industry, as it is in relation to the international industry (benckmarking). It is pointed out that this type of approach is not yet an initiative of the Environmental Agency and that the concept of eco-efficiency is not incorporated in the analyzes of environmental licensing in Brazil. / A industria de latic?nios ? um exemplo de sistema caracterizado pela associa??o de diferentes sistemas de produ??o: agricultura, pecu?ria, explora??o leiteira, transforma??o industrial e distribui??o do produto. Os produtos l?cteos s?o o grupo de alimentos que inclui o leite, assim como os seus derivados processados, tendo como insumos principais, ?gua e energia. Esses insumos s?o essenciais nos processos produtivos da ind?stria de produtos l?cteos, assim como a avalia??o da ecoefici?ncia atraves das quantidades de ?gua e energia consumidas. Para este fim, foram utilizados dados de 23 latic?nios protocolados no INEMA, no per?odo de 2006 a 2012, sendo obtido o coeficiente m?dio de consumo de ?gua de 3,15 L.L de leite processado e coeficiente m?dio de gera??o de efluente de 3,17 L.L leite processado. Quanto ao indicador de energia consumida, os dados disponibilizados foram insatisfat?rios devido ? falta de dados, o que impossibilitou a obten??o de resultados confi?veis sobre o consumo. Concluiu-se que os latic?nios licenciados no estado da Bahia s?o menos eficientes na utiliza??o dos insumos de ?gua e energia em rela??o ? ind?stria nacional, da mesma forma que esta em rela??o ? ind?stria internacional (benckmarking). Indica-se que esse tipo de abordagem ainda n?o ? uma iniciativa do ?rg?o Ambiental e que o conceito de ecoefici?ncia n?o est? incorporado nas an?lises do licenciamento ambiental, no Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1998 - Erick Samuel Rojas Cajavilca.pdf: 1008769 bytes, checksum: 8add22c3d7e5c2118b5b62321be8eb7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-09-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This thesis analyzes the conditions of competitiveness of the chain of milk in Brazil, in the scope of the Mercosul having as reference of the distinct contributions of the theoretical quarrels on Competitiveness, Comparative Advantages and Enterprise Strategy. The first chapter argues economic literature referent to the competitiveness, dynamic comparative advantages and strategies of the companies. The subsequent chapters present a profile of the l?cteas chains in the countries of the Mercosul and an analysis of the transformations in the competitive environment throughout all the chain of latic?nios in Brazil to start off desregulation, stabilization and regional integration. A change of the profile of the chain of milk is verified, since the increase of the heterogeneidade of the agricultural producer, until changes in the profile of the consumption. To make front to these structural modifications in course, in the sector the companies invest in diverse strategies that allow to its permanence and growth in the market. The confirmation clearest is the resetting of the sector, in a process that some companies initiate before the opening of the economy, in middle of the decade of 80. Others, would initiate it as reflected of the processes of regional integration and stabilization of the economy. We look for to show as in one same sector, in a similar environment, the companies adopt diverse strategies, in function of its resources and perspectives of market. Having as objective the maintenance of competitive positions. / Esta disserta??o analisa as condi??es de competitividade da cadeia de l?cteos no Brasil, no ?mbito do Mercosul ? luz dos distintos aportes das discuss?es te?ricas sobre Competitividade, Vantagens Comparativas e Estrat?gia Empresarial. O primeiro cap?tulo discute a literatura econ?mica sobre a competitividade, vantagens comparativas din?micas e estrat?gias das empresas. Os cap?tulos subseq?entes apresentam um perfil das cadeias l?cteas nos pa?ses do Mercosul e uma an?lise das transforma??es no ambiente competitivo ao longo de toda a cadeia de latic?nios no Brasil a partir da desregula??o, estabiliza??o e integra??o regional. Verifica-se uma mudan?a do perfil da cadeia de l?cteos, desde o aumento da heterogeneidade do produtor rural, at? mudan?as no perfil do consumo. Para fazer frente a estas modifica??es estruturais em curso, no setor as empresas investem em diversas estrat?gias que permitam a sua perman?ncia e crescimento no mercado. A constata??o mais clara ? a recomposi??o do setor, num processo que algumas empresam iniciam antes da abertura da economia, em meados da d?cada de 80. Outras, o iniciariam como reflexo dos processos de integra??o regional e estabiliza??o da economia. Procuramos mostrar como num mesmo setor, num ambiente similar, as empresas adotam diversas estrat?gias, em fun??o dos seus recursos e perspectivas de mercado. Tendo como objetivo a manuten??o de posi??es competitivas.