Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T14:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariangela Vinciguerra - 2013.pdf: 7424591 bytes, checksum: b856b73a9350bccff6c7a21a88b5cd7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T14:33:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariangela Vinciguerra - 2013.pdf: 7424591 bytes, checksum: b856b73a9350bccff6c7a21a88b5cd7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-20T14:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariangela Vinciguerra - 2013.pdf: 7424591 bytes, checksum: b856b73a9350bccff6c7a21a88b5cd7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The construction industry has caused negative impacts to the environment and at the same time plays an important role in the economy and social development. Uses natural resources, puts pollutants in the environment indiscriminately, changing the landscape, the environment and the health. At the same time, generates growth, quality of life and income for the country. The problems caused by construction are consequences of resistance to change and technological backwardness compared to other industries. The objective of this research is to contribute to minimizing the generation of waste from construction, through sustainability in the construction industry, addressing the recommendations of the international body of LEED certification, using as an example its application on construction work of reform and adequacy of Maracanã Stadium for the 2014 FIFA world Cup, enabling the reduction of natural resource consumption, minimizing waste generation and reuse of waste in the work itself. The methodology for analyzing the effects of the implementation of LEED in the work prioritized the issue of waste in construction. Losses and their causes were verified and established proposals for its minimization, considering the contributions of green certifications, more specifically, the LEED. There was a survey and analysis of the construction site, verification of the application of LEED in the work of Maracanã and actions implemented to reduce waste generation based on LEED criteria related to analyzing the generation of waste that were applied in the work. To achieve the research objectives was necessary, at first, make a review of the literature and know the theoretical and methodological bases of waste generation, discussing the processes that generate construction waste, with a focus on presenting guidelines that minimize the production solid construction waste at construction sites. In a second stage, was elaborated case study of the work of reform and adaptation of the Maracana Stadium in order to verify in practice the causes of waste materials in construction and present strategies for change. The research was conducted by analyzing the design and execution of the work under consideration, confronted the data collected in the field research with data provided by the Consortium and with technical data identified in the literature review. Seeking to contribute for the development of the sector, was presented the prospect of the practices at construction of Maracanã and made a critical analysis of the initiatives implemented in this work. The analysis of the layout of the construction site of the Maracanã showed that prerequisites for the smooth functioning of the activities present in it were contemplated. The proximity of the activities and related equipment facilitated the flow and course of work, avoiding losses for transportation and time. Tools were used in the verification of the actions proposed by the LEED and implemented in construction site in seeking to present their contributions and see the flaws in the process. Through them was possible to obtain material losses and their causes and propose strategies for solving such problems. In the work was identified significant material losses related to concrete and steel coming from the demolition of the stands and coverage. It was possible to achieve the LEED target of 75% diverted from landfill, where part was reused in the work itself and the remainder was destined to certified and specialized companies at reuse these materials. Following the LEED procedures implanted at the construction site to meet the criteria focused on waste, actions such as storage of material near the workplace, wheel wash facility, stalls for collect waste, training, in order to avoid the generation of waste and reduce the environmental impact caused by them were present in the work of the Maracanã. Was realized a LEED perspective at the stages at the work, where in May 2013 the end result was achieved. The work of reform and adequacy of the Maracanã Stadium for the FIFA World Cup 2014 reached Silver certification, totaling 53 points. It is concluded that all involved in the construction play an important role in the search for sustainability. Is needed to think and work together with the project all areas of the building. Environmental education and training of staff are crucial to the progress of the build process towards sustainability. The actions implemented in the work based on LEED certification assist in the process of sustainability. However, these should be developed in conjunction with the design stage, being conceived from the start of the process, thus providing a reduction of losses of materials in the construction sites and the sustainability of the enterprise. Sustainability should be applied as a means to a better relation between the work with the society, environment, without disregarding the economic factor that drives this whole chain. For this, the agents of the construction should work systemically and highlight the importance of environmental education for the development of sustainable construction. / A Indústria da Construção causa impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e ao mesmo tempo apresenta papel importante na economia e no desenvolvimento social. Utiliza recursos naturais, deposita poluentes no meio ambiente de forma indiscriminada, alterando a paisagem, o ambiente e a saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, gera crescimento, qualidade de vida e renda para o país. Os problemas causados pela construção civil são consequências da resistência a mudanças e ao atraso tecnológico em relação aos demais segmentos industriais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para a minimização da geração de resíduos da construção civil, por meio da sustentabilidade na indústria da construção, abordando as recomendações do organismo internacional de certificação LEED. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta o estudo de caso do canteiro de obra de reforma e adequação do Estádio Maracanã para a Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014, onde foi possível a redução de consumo de recursos naturais, a minimização da geração de resíduos e a reutilização dos resíduos na própria obra. A metodologia de análise dos efeitos da implantação do LEED na obra priorizou a questão da geração de resíduos na construção civil. Foram verificadas as perdas e suas causas e estabelecidas propostas para sua minimização, considerando as contribuições das certificações de edifícios sustentáveis, mais especificamente, o LEED. Fez-se a caracterização e análise do layout do canteiro, a verificação da aplicação do LEED na obra do Maracanã e o levantamento de ações implantadas para reduzir a geração de resíduos com base nos critérios LEED relacionados com a geração de resíduos analisando os que foram aplicados na obra. Para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa foi necessário, em um primeiro momento, fazer uma revisão da literatura específica e conhecer as bases teóricas sobre a geração de resíduos, discutir os processos geradores de resíduos na construção civil, com propósito de apresentar diretrizes que minimizem a produção de resíduos sólidos da construção civil nos canteiros de obras. Em um segundo momento, partiu-se para a elaboração do estudo de caso na obra de reforma e adequação do Estádio Maracanã com o objetivo de checar na prática as causas dos desperdícios de materiais no canteiro e apresentar estratégias visando mudanças. A pesquisa foi realizada através da análise de projetos e execução da referida obra, confrontando os dados levantados na pesquisa de campo com dados fornecidos pelo Consórcio e com dados técnicos levantados na revisão bibliográfica. Buscando contribuir para o desenvolvimento do setor, foi apresentado o panorama das práticas adotadas no canteiro de obra do Maracanã e feita uma análise crítica das ações implantadas nessa obra. A análise do layout do canteiro de obra do Maracanã mostrou que pré-requisitos para o bom funcionamento das atividades nele presentes foram contemplados. A proximidade das atividades e dos equipamentos afins facilitou o fluxo e o andamento da obra, evitando perdas por transporte e tempo. Foram utilizadas ferramentas na verificação das ações propostas pelo LEED e implantadas no canteiro buscando apresentar suas contribuições e verificar as falhas no processo. Por meio dessas ferramentas foi possível levantar as perdas de materiais e suas causas e propor estratégias para solucionar tais problemas. Na obra foram identificadas produções expressivas de resíduos, principalmente com relação ao concreto e aço advindos da demolição das arquibancadas e cobertura. Conseguiu-se atingir a meta LEED de 75% dos resíduos desviados do aterro sanitário, onde parte foi reutilizada na própria obra e o restante foi destinado a empresas certificadas e especializadas em reutilizar esses materiais. Seguindo os procedimentos LEED implantados no canteiro para atendimento dos critérios referente a resíduos, ações como estocagem de material próximo ao local de trabalho, instalação de lava rodas, baias para recolhimento do material residual, treinamentos, a fim de evitar a geração de resíduos e reduzir o impacto ambiental causado por eles fizeram-se presentes na obra do Maracanã. Foram analisados panoramas LEED de períodos da obra, onde, em maio de 2013, chegou-se ao resultado final. A obra de reforma e adequação do Estádio Maracanã para a Copa do Mundo FIFA 2014 atingiu a certificação Silver, somando 53 pontos. Conclui-se que todos os envolvidos na construção apresentam papel importante na busca pela sustentabilidade. É preciso pensar e trabalhar o empreendimento em conjunto com todas as áreas de atuação da construção. A educação ambiental e capacitação de funcionários são de crucial importância para o andamento do processo de construir no caminho da sustentabilidade. As ações aplicadas na obra com base na certificação LEED auxiliam no processo da sustentabilidade. No entanto, estas devem ser desenvolvidas em conjunto com a etapa de projeto, sendo pensada desde o início do processo, proporcionando, assim, com maior eficiência e facilidade, a redução de perdas de materiais no canteiro de obra e a sustentabilidade do empreendimento. A sustentabilidade deve ser aplicada como um meio para atingir uma melhor relação da obra com a sociedade e o meio ambiente, sem desconsiderar o fator econômico que movimenta toda essa cadeia. Para isso, os agentes da construção devem trabalhar de forma sistêmica.

Ce manuscrit décrit l’élaboration d’un réseau dense et ordonné de nanoparticules épitaxiées sur couche mince d’oxyde (Al₂O₃) préparée sur un cristal de Ni₃Al (111). Des nanoparticules de Pd, et des nanoparticules à cœur de palladium et coquille d’or, ont été réalisées avec une distribution de taille étroite, grâce au fait que les centres de nucléation sont régulièrement espacés. La couche mince d’oxyde, puis le réseau de nanoparticules, sont étudiés par microscopie STM en fonction des paramètres d’oxydation du substrat et de dépôt de Pd, en particulier les températures d’oxydation et recuit, et le flux d’atomes de palladium. Au-delà de 1 ML de Pd et 1 ML d’or, le réseau devient progressivement désordonné.En plus de la microscopie STM, la faible distribution de taille permet d’étudier les nanoparticules par des mesures spectroscopiques d’ensemble : la spectroscopie vibrationnelle par génération de fréquence somme (SFG) est utilisée pour caractériser la distribution des sites d’adsorption en fonction de la taille et de la nature chimique des nanoparticules ; la spectroscopie de réflectance différentielle (DRS) est utilisée pour caractériser les propriétés plasmoniques. La SFG permet de discriminer les sites de facettes et d’arêtes ; ceci permet de montrer que les nanoparticules croissent rapidement en hauteur. Sur les particules cœur-coquille, la SFG permet d’observer la ségrégation d’atomes de Pd à travers la coquille d’or, les sites de Pd et d’or se distinguant par la fréquence de CO. CO s’adsorbe sélectivement sur les atomes de Pd à pression modérée (inférieure à 10-3 mbar), puis également sur les atomes d’or aux pressions élevées (1 mbar). De plus, à haute pression CO induit la ségrégation, réversible thermiquement, d’un grand nombre d’atomes de Pd.La DRS permet d’observer l’apparition d’une résonance plasmon pour une coquille plus large que 3 ML d’or. La résonance est d’autant plus intense que le cœur de Pd est petit, et la coquille épaisse. Mais ne devient vraiment intense qu’au voisinage de la coalescence des NPs.Ces expériences ouvrent la voie à des expériences plus fines, notamment pour sonder plus précisément les propriétés en fonction de la taille, ou l’adsorption de CO en présence d’oxygène. Elles ouvrent aussi la voie à l’étude ultérieure de l’adsorption de molécules organiques sur le réseau de nanoparticules. L’adsorption de molécules en pont sera recherchée. Le transfert d’électron dans le réseau hybride ainsi constitué sera étudié, des expériences pompe-sonde où des électrons seront excités dans les nanoparticules. La SFG permettra de sonder l’état transitoire des molécules sous l’effet du transfert de charge. / This manuscript describes the development of a dense and ordered network of epitaxially grown nanoparticles on an oxide thin-film (Al₂O₃) prepared on a Ni₃Al (111) crystal. Pd nanoparticles, and nanoparticles with palladium core and gold shell, were made with a narrow size distribution, thanks to the fact that the nucleation centers are regularly spaced. The thin oxide layer and then the nanoparticle network are studied by STM microscopy according to the substrate oxidation and Pd deposition parameters, in particular the oxidation and annealing temperatures, and the flow of palladium atoms. Beyond 1 ML of Pd and 1 ML of gold, the network becomes progressively disordered.In addition to STM microscopy, the small size distribution makes it possible to study the nanoparticles by means of overall spectroscopic measurements: the sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is used to characterize the distribution of the adsorption sites according to the size and chemical nature of the nanoparticles; differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is used to characterize plasmonic properties. SFG discriminates between facet and edge sites, allowing to show that the nanoparticles grow rapidly in height. On core-shell particles, SFG allows to observe the segregation of Pd atoms across the gold shell, with Pd and gold sites distinguished by CO frequency. CO is selectively adsorbed on Pd atoms at moderate pressure (less than 10-3 mbar), then also on Au atoms at high pressures (1 mbar). Moreover, at high pressure CO induces the thermally reversible segregation of a large number of Pd atoms.The DRS makes it possible to observe the appearance of a plasmon resonance for a shell wider than 3 ML of gold. The resonance is more intense as the core of Pd is small, and the shell thick. But only becomes really intense in the vicinity of the coalescence of NPs.These experiments pave the way for finer experiments, in particular to probe more precisely the properties as a function of size, or the adsorption of CO in the presence of oxygen. They also open the way for the subsequent study of the adsorption of organic molecules on the nanoparticle network. The adsorption of molecules in bridge between nanoparticles will be sought. The electron transfer in the hybrid network thus formed will be studied using pump-probe experiments where electrons will be excited in the nanoparticles. SFG will probe the transient state of molecules under the effect of charge transfer.

This paper presents an analysis of data supplied by the US Green Buildings Council on the credits achieved by 117 LEED-certified commercial and institutional buildings. The paper quantifies several relationships, among others it explores the correlation between building energy performance, water consumption and the overall amount of points the projects has achieved. The paper also attempts to identify which credits are not usually selected by type of project, ownership, certification level and climate zone.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the growth of environmentally sustainable commercial building practices as a voluntary, market-based standard called Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), created by the US Green Building Council. I address how environmental ideals became institutionalized and integrated into the design and construction of commercial buildings through the growth of this standard. My goal is to discuss the site at which an ideal becomes a part of organizational practice and to discuss mechanisms by which social movement ideals become institutionalized without the state as a coercive force.First, I look at the historical context in which the environmental movement and the green building movement emerged to see understand adoption of voluntary market-based standards. The USGBC was able to bring together three disparate forms: environmental ideals, the creation of a voluntary standard and a market-based profit focus. I examine how the decentralized environmental movement, the rise of "third wave" environmentalism and corporate strategic environmentalism and a lack of political opportunity made this new form a useful strategy for the movement. Then I examine the importance of the LEED AP accreditation program as a mechanism for integrating green practices into professional work by socializing them through three frames, the LEED system, integrated design and high efficiency buildings. I introduce a new model called hybrid professionalization to explain the integration of social movement ideals across an industry and with a variety of professional groups. Finally, I turn to the demand side of the field to examine the role of organizational consumers and their strategies to rationalize green building to stakeholders. I discuss various ways that green buildings allowed organizations to display and enact their greenness.

Research from multiple domains has provided insights into how neighborhood design can be improved to have a more favorable effect on physical activity, a concept known as walkability. The relevant research findings/hypotheses have been integrated into a Walkability Framework, which organizes the design elements into nine walkability categories. The purpose of this study was to test whether this conceptual framework can be used as a model to measure the interactions between the built environment and physical activity. We explored correlations between the walkability categories and physical activity reported through a survey of residents of Tucson, Arizona (n=486). The results include significant correlations between the walkability categories and physical activity as well as between the walkability categories and the two motivations for walking (recreation and transportation). To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports links between walkability and walking for recreation. Additionally, the use of the Walkability Framework allowed us to identify the walkability categories most strongly correlated with the two motivations for walking. The results of this study support the use of the Walkability Framework as a model to measure the built environment in relation to its ability to promote physical activity. (C) 2017 The Authors.

Les méthodes d'évaluation du développement durable dans le cadre bâti visent entre autres le bâtiment, ses composantes et le quartier. Elles évaluent ces systèmes au regard de principes environnementaux et du développement durable et permettent aux concepteurs, aménageurs et autres acteurs d'intervenir de manière durable dans le cadre bâti. Ce document explore les méthodes d'évaluation du développement durable et en particulier celles qui visent les bâtiments, dont la popularité croissante se traduit par leur influence considérable sur le bâtiment durable et le milieu de la construction. Il vise à améliorer l'évaluation du bâtiment durable en explorant sa mécanique, en extrayant ses axes constitutifs et en présentant ses pistes d'évolution.

In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei komplementäre Beugungsverfahren verwendet, um die geometrische Struktur von organischen Adsorbaten (NTCDA und verschiedenen Metall-Pcs) auf Ag(111) zu untersuchen: um die lateralen Strukturparameter zu messen wurde hochauflösende Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (SPALEED) verwendet. Die vertikalen Abstände der einzelnen atomaren Spezies von der Silberoberfläche wurden mit der Methode der Absorption in stehenden Röntgenwellenfeldern (XSW) bestimmt. Aus den Arbeiten von Kilian et al. [43, 42] ist bekannt, daß die relaxierte und komprimierte Monolage NTCDA/Ag(111) einen Ordnungs-Unordnungs-Phasenübergang beim Abkühlen besitzt. Dazu sollten zu Beginn dieser Arbeit stabile Parameter mithilfe von Kühlversuchen unter Beobachtung im LEED gefunden werden, um diesen Phasenübergang zu reproduzieren. Dies ist nicht gelungen. Es wurden aber die vertikalen Abstände der Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffatome der relaxierten Monolage zum Substrat mithilfe von XSW bestimmt. Diese bestätigen die Messungen von Stanzel et al. [88, 87], die aufgrund des geringen Abstandes auf Chemisorption schließen lassen. Darüberhinaus wurde die Methode von Stanzel et al. verfeinert, das Photoelektronensignal (O1s) und das Auger-Signal (OKLL) kohärent zu interpretieren. Dabei wurden sowohl die nichtdipolaren Parameter der Photoemission (O1s) als auch der Anteil der durch Sekundärelektronen induzierten Augerzerfälle (OKLL) berücksichtigt und iterativ angepasst. Im Fall von NTCDA ist es möglich, anhand der Peakstruktur der O1s-Photoelektronen die Anhydridsauerstoffe von den Carbonylsauerstoffen zu trennen. Diese wurden bei XSW als getrennte Detektionskanäle verwendet und zeigen für die relaxierte Monolagenstruktur von NTCDA/Ag(111) - ähnlich wie schon von Hauschild et al. für PTCDA/Ag(111) [29, 30] gemessen - daß die Carbonylsauerstoffe in den Ecken des NTCDA-Moleküls um ca. 0:10 näher am Substrat liegen als die Anhydridsauerstoffe in der Brückenposition. Solch detaillierten Messungen sind notwendig, um für die Vielzahl von verschiedenen theoretischen ab-initio Methoden und Näherungsrechnungen ein Maß für deren Genauigkeit bereitzustellen. Bei den relativ großen Einheitszellenund der deshalb hohen Anzahl von Elektronen im organischen Molekül und den darunterliegenden Silberatomen haben diese Methoden noch Schwierigkeiten in endlicher Zeit akkurate Ergebnisse zu liefern. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der geometrischen Struktur von Metall-Phthalocyaninen auf Ag(111). Das Phasendiagramm der Submonolagenstrukturen von SnPc/Ag(111) besteht im wesentlichen aus drei Bereichen in Abhängigkeit der Bedeckung und der Temepratur: Bei Raumtemperatur liegt bei niedrigen Bedeckungen unterhalb von ca. 0.9ML eine gasförmige Phase vor. Zwischen 0.9ML und 1 ML treten inkommensurable Strukturen auf, deren geometrische Parameter mit der Bedeckung variieren. Bei beiden Phasen nimmt der intermolekulare Abstand kontinuierlich mit der Bedeckung ab. Zumindest bei den inkommensurablen Phasen ist das ein klarer Beweis für eine Repulsion zwischen den Molekülen. Bei tiefen Temperaturen (<45°C) gibt es in einem mittleren Bedeckungsbereich (0.5ML - 0.92ML) eine kommensurable Überstruktur mit zwei Molekülen pro Einheitszelle. Es ist sogar möglich, von der inkommensurablen Phase (0.9ML...0.92ML) durch Temperaturabsenkung zu dieser etwas dichter gepackten kommensurablen Phase zu gelangen - die Repulsion lässt sich also nur mit Hilfe einer Temperaturänderung in eine Attraktion zwischen den Molekülen umschalten. Aufgrund der Abstände der verschiedenen Spezies zum Silbersubstrat konnte die Orientierung der Moleküle zum Substrat in den verschiedenen Phasen gemessen werden. Sie deuten auf eine chemisorptive Anbindung der Moleküle. Interessanterweise liegen die Moleküle in der Monolage alle mit dem Sn-Atom zum Substrat, während das Sn-Atom in der kommensurablen Tieftemperaturphase alternierend zum Substrat hinund wegzeigt. Diese Messungen erlauben eine Begründung der Attraktion und Repulsion zwischen den Molekülen auf Basis eines Donations-Rückdonationsmodells der Bindung der Moleküle an das Substrat. Sie werden mit den Ergebnissen von CuPc/Ag(111) von Ingo Kröger verglichen [46]. Schließlich werden noch erste Messungen an TiOPc vorgestellt. Die Datenlage bei TiOPc ist noch weniger dicht, es zeigt aber ein ähnliches Verhalten. Der augenfälligste Unterschied zu SnPc ist wohl die stabile Bi-Lage im Fall des TiOPc/Ag(111), die sich nicht durch Tempern vollständig ablösen lässt - im Gegensatz zu SnPc/Ag(111). Diese ersten geometrischen Messungen stimulierten neben weiteren SPALEED und XSW Messungen [46, 85] eine Reihe weiterer Untersuchungen in der Gruppe wie UPS, Austrittsarbeitsänderungen und detaillierte XPS-Messungen an den Rumpfelektronen, die das Donations-Rückdonationsmodell und die Orientierung der Moleküle bestätigen [108, 71]. / In order to study the geometry of organic Adsorbates (NTCDA and different Metal-Pcs) on Ag(111) two complementary methods were used: the lateral structural parameters were explored via high resolution low energy electron diffraction (SPALEED), the vertical distances of the different atomic species to the substrate were measured with the method of absorption profiles in x-ray standing waves (XSW). NTCDA/Ag(111) forms a relaxed and a compressed monolayer structure and shows an order-disorder phase transition upon cooling [43, 42]. In the beginning of this work the aim was to and stable parameters for this phase transition upon cooling with LEED, which was not succesful. In addition, the vertical distances of the carbon and oxygen atoms of the relaxed monolayer to the substrate was determined with XSW. These measurements confirmed the results of Stanzel et al. [88,87] which indicates a chemisorption because of the relatively small bonding lenghts. His method of using both, the photoelectron signal (O1s) and Auger signal (OKLL) for a coherent interpretation of the distances was refined. Therefore, the non-dipolar parameters of the photoemission (O1s) and the portion of secondary electron induced Auger (OKLL) were taken into account and iteratively adjusted. In the case of NTCDA/Ag(111) the O1s-peak structure allows to distinguish between anhydride and carbonyl oxygen signals. These signals have been used as independant absorption channels in the XSW-experiment and show that the carbonyl oxygens in the edge of the molecule are about 0.1Å closer to the substrate than the anhydride oxygen in the bridge position - a result similar to PTCDA/Ag(111) measured by Hauschild et al. [29, 30]. The big variaty of theoretical ab-initio calculations and approximations need such detailed input in order to evaluate the quality of these calculations. The relatively big unit-cells and therefore the high number of electrons in the organic molecules and the underlying silver atoms is a big hurdle to get accurate theoretical results in limited timeframes. The main part of this work is dedicated to the geometrical structure of different metal phthalocyanines on Ag(111). The phase diagram of the submonolayer structures of SnPc/Ag(111) shows three different parts as a function of coverage and temperature: at room temperature at lower coverages (<0.9ML) a gaseous phase appears. Between 0.9ML and 1ML incommensurate structures appear, which change their geometric parameters continously with coverage. In both phases the intermolecular distances decrease continously with coverage. At least for the incommensurate phases, this clearly proofs intermolecular repulsion. At low temperatures (<45°C) in a medium coverage region (0.5ML - 0.92ML) a commensurate structure with two molecules per unit cell occurs. It is even possible to change from the incommensurate phase (0.9ML...0.92ML) to the slightly denser packed commensurate phase via cooling: The intermolecular repulsion changes to attraction only via a temperature change. With the distance of the different species in the molecule the orientation of the molecule to the substrate could be determined for the different phases. The distances themselves indicate a chemisorption of the molecules to the Ag(111) surface. Interestingly, the molecules in the monolayer are all in &#132;Sn-down&#147;-configuration, whereas the molecules in the commensurate phase alternate in &#132;Sn-up&#147;- and &#132;Sn-down&#147;-configuration. These measurements allow an interpretation of the attraction and repulsion in between the molecules on a donation/back donation model of the chemisorption of the molecule to the substrate. These measurements are compared to the results on CuPc/Ag(111) of Ingo Kröger [46]. At last, first measurments on TiOPc/Ag(111) are presented. The data collection in the phase diagram is much less dense than in the case of SnPc. However, a similar behavior is already seen. The most prominent difference between SnPc and TiOPc is the stable bi-layer in the case of TiOPc, which cannot be removed via annealing - in contrast to the case of SnPc/Ag(111). These first geometric measurements stimulated other expermiment in our group on these systems like UPS, core-level XPS and determination of the work function which all are in favor of this donation/backdonation model and the different configurations of the molecules in the phase diagram [108, 71]. Also SPALEED and XSW measurements have been continued [46, 85].

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-01T18:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KarinelleGomesCosta.pdf: 2338094 bytes, checksum: 9d44d9d6184fa92d04951f6089aa809f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarinelleGomesCosta.pdf: 2338094 bytes, checksum: 9d44d9d6184fa92d04951f6089aa809f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / The growing interest and awareness of the issue of sustainability within companies led to the creation of an environmental certification of buildings with its own methodology within the mining sector. The increased interest gave rise a new situation, characterized in analyzing the representativeness of this front methodology to an international methodology. Certifications or Green Seals are tools used to aver if sustainable buildings have acceptable performance levels through energy efficiency, reducing the use of natural resources and generation of pollution, confirming good management of the environment built. The present study was aimed to promote comparative analysis of methodologies and requirements applied for SELO VERDE, own methodology implemented in a mining company and LEED certification, seeking opportunities for improvement and adaptation possibilities to support for environmental certification of sustainable buildings. The methodology used was divided into classification stages of certification systems defined to work, comparative analysis between selected environmental certification systems and discussing about inadequacies and proposition of alternatives for adaptation of such evaluative criteria for the context of the buildings found in the mining company. From the comparative analysis and marking of the evaluation items, it can be said that the tools and credits studied demonstrated to be applied for the buildings located within the company even if improvements are necessary for some items. This consolidated by PROPOSED SELO VERDE. / O crescente interesse e conscientização com relação à sustentabilidade dentro das empresas motivou a criação da certificação ambiental de edificações com metodologia própria dentro do setor de mineração. A potencialização desse interesse ensejou uma nova situação, caracterizada em avaliar a representatividade desta metodologia frente à uma metodologia internacional. As certificações ou selos verdes são as ferramentas utilizadas para comprovar se os edifícios sustentáveis possuem índices de desempenho aceitáveis por meio da eficiência energética, redução do uso dos recursos naturais e geração de poluição, confirmando uma boa gestão do ambiente construído. O objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa de metodologias e requisitos empregados no SELO VERDE e a certificação LEED, buscando mapear oportunidades de melhoria e possibilidades de adaptação para o embasamento de uma certificação ambiental sustentável de edificações. A metodologia empregada foi dividida nas etapas de classificação dos sistemas de certificação definidos para o trabalho, análises comparativas entre os sistemas de certificação ambiental selecionados e discussão das inadequações com proposição das alternativas para adaptação de tais critérios avaliativos para o contexto das edificações encontradas na empresa de mineração. A partir da análise comparativa, pode-se afirmar que as ferramentas e créditos estudados demonstraram-se aplicáveis às edificações situadas dentro da empresa, mesmo com necessidade de melhorias em alguns itens. Estes consolidados pelo SELO VERDE PROPOSTO.

While in recent years Cal Poly has moved in the direction of sustainable building, my research indicates that where other CSU’s have succeeded, Cal Poly has been challenged in developing the type of green buildings that would truly make new construction projects more sustainable. The most commonly cited barriers are cost and lack of funding. The outcome however (as evidenced by other CSU’s) is not just driven by the state’s capital outlay process that has historically supported new construction on CSU campuses. It is determined by the priorities, perceptions and values that have influenced Cal Poly’s decision makers and driven campus practices. The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of and solution for the barriers to green buildings on the Cal Poly campus that can be used as a model for other universities. Using a qualitative analysis supported by interviews, case studies, literature and policy review, and industry reports, I identify and examine the elements of the funding paradigm beyond the traditional funding mechanisms for capital projects within the CSU to propose a solution for Cal Poly. This includes exposing the perceptions about the cost of green construction (and LEED™ certification) and identifying cost reduction strategies; addressing the university’s leadership, values and organization around sustainability priorities, including the need to approach building projects more holistically; examining the university’s ability to capitalize on alternative resources; and, finally, presenting a theory on the marketability of green construction, including use of LEED™ as a fundraising tool. If adopted, I posit that Cal Poly can (and should) transform the funding paradigm to adopt a sustainability paradigm in support of higher performing, green buildings.