This thesis uses an exploratory case study design to chronicle the shifts, recognition, and implementation of programs, tools and policies designed for high need federally sentenced women in Canada that were created after 1990, in accordance with or opposed to the gender specific principles outlined in the Creating Choices (1990) report. The body lens is used as an analytic tool to deconstruct eleven of the most pertinent documents regarding policy and strategy for high need women offenders that were implemented by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) personnel and the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) over the past twenty years. Coding of a wide range of documents reveals that despite appearing to be rhetorically progressive, CSC’s attempt at creating a women-centered mental health strategy uses contradictory disciplinary techniques that control and restrain the bodies of federally sentenced women in hopes of normalizing the behaviours of high need women. The policies imposed by CSC for high need women offenders fail to make any substantial changes in women’s prison reform and resulted in a different form of regulation and control. High need women offenders are imprisoned in their own bodies.

A previous study in chickens revealed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), f actin, and myosin are found on the crystalline lens. Their polygonal arrangement at the posterior surface resembles a muscle tissue, which suggests that these proteins may have a contractile role in accommodation. The ciliary muscle in chickens is skeletal in nature and, therefore, chickens were used to test the hypothesis that contractile microfilaments play a role in accommodation. Ciliary nerve-induced accommodation was measured in the presence of an MLCK inhibitor 1-(5-Iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7). Eyes of 6-day old white Leghorn chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) were enucleated in Tyrode’s saline solution while keeping the ciliary nerve intact. One eye was treated with ML-7 and the other eye was treated with vehicle only. Three concentrations of ML-7 were used: 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM. Two experiments were carried out, one including a (3×10 min) wash and one without. Focal lengths of the vehicle- and ML-7-treated eyes were measured before, during and after accommodation. Immunoblots were used to detect the amount of phosphorylated myosin with and without the inhibitor. Focal lengths for accommodation were shorter than those at rest (p<0.001). In the wash experiment, vehicle-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to ML-7-treated eyes for all three dosage groups. In the no-wash experiment, only the 1 µM group demonstrated the same trend as the wash experiment. For the 10 µM and 100 µM groups, ML-7-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to vehicle-treated eyes. Immunoblots revealed varying amounts of inhibition within pairs of eyes as well as between birds for both experiments. Results from this experiment indicate that ML-7 was not effective at determining whether contractile microfilaments found on the lens contribute to accommodation.

Social intranets have over the last few years gained momentum in popularity and are rapidly being implemented in organizations around the world. Research is mainly limited to consist of analyses of use of particular technologies, and is mostly conducted in relation to private organizations. This thesis provides an analysis of the implementation and use of a social intranet in a public organization. In February 2012, Uppsala municipality (Sweden) implemented their new social intranet Insidan for all their employees. The idea is of enhancing the everyday working context and to increase the participation throughout the organization. Wanda Orlikowski’s theory of the practice lens is applied to situate and understand the role of the intranet. The practice lens is relevant as it acknowledges human agency, context and the technological inscriptions to understand the role of technology in organizations. The findings are further elaborated in relation to Andrew McAfee’s Enterprise 2.0. Interviews with users, management and designers, as well as document analysis are used to extract data in a case study design. The results show that Insidan contains central aspects of what constitutes a social intranet. The practice of Insidan enhances user aspects of communication, collaboration and cooperation. One technological feature, the cooperation room, is especially successful. It is a space wherein user share documents and talk openly in a semi-private environment. However, other tools, like blogs, are not adapted to any significant level. Perceived benefits for personal work is relevant to adoption. Findings on insecurity towards what is appropriate to contribute as content are seen to limit active user participation in conversations. Role models for activity are called for. Users are more confident to converse in closed groups. Thus, social connections and communication are given a new arena, but it often takes place in familiarized circles of people (e.g. project groups, office colleagues). This thesis provides knowledge and insights into an exciting and growing field of research. It also provides important insights from an implementation in a public organization – a context not extensively investigated.

A previous study in chickens revealed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), f actin, and myosin are found on the crystalline lens. Their polygonal arrangement at the posterior surface resembles a muscle tissue, which suggests that these proteins may have a contractile role in accommodation. The ciliary muscle in chickens is skeletal in nature and, therefore, chickens were used to test the hypothesis that contractile microfilaments play a role in accommodation. Ciliary nerve-induced accommodation was measured in the presence of an MLCK inhibitor 1-(5-Iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7). Eyes of 6-day old white Leghorn chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) were enucleated in Tyrode’s saline solution while keeping the ciliary nerve intact. One eye was treated with ML-7 and the other eye was treated with vehicle only. Three concentrations of ML-7 were used: 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM. Two experiments were carried out, one including a (3×10 min) wash and one without. Focal lengths of the vehicle- and ML-7-treated eyes were measured before, during and after accommodation. Immunoblots were used to detect the amount of phosphorylated myosin with and without the inhibitor. Focal lengths for accommodation were shorter than those at rest (p<0.001). In the wash experiment, vehicle-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to ML-7-treated eyes for all three dosage groups. In the no-wash experiment, only the 1 µM group demonstrated the same trend as the wash experiment. For the 10 µM and 100 µM groups, ML-7-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to vehicle-treated eyes. Immunoblots revealed varying amounts of inhibition within pairs of eyes as well as between birds for both experiments. Results from this experiment indicate that ML-7 was not effective at determining whether contractile microfilaments found on the lens contribute to accommodation.

Hydraulic fracturing is an important and abundant process in both industrial applications and natural environments. The current work is the first systematic quantitative study of the effect of interaction in and between complex hydraulic fractures at different spatial scales. A mathematical model, based on the boundary collocation method, has been developed. The model has been employed for a typical field case, a highly segmented vein. This vein is well-mapped, and therefore, represents a well constrained example. The computed apertures are compared to the measured apertures. By using the simplest constitutive model, based on an ideal elastic material, and including the effect of interaction between the segments, it was possible to obtain an excellent match at all considered scales. It was also shown that the concept of effective fracture, as currently accepted in the literature, is not always applicable and may lead to unbounded inaccuracy. Unfortunately, in most cases, very little (if any) directly measured data on fracture and material properties is available. An important example of such a weakly constrained case, involving hydraulic fracturing, is diking beneath the seafloor at mid-oceanic ridges. In this study, it is shown that the commonly accepted scenario of a dike propagating from the center of the pressurized magma chamber to the ocean floor is not consistent with conventional fracture mechanics due to the fact that the chamber has the shape of a thin lens. Even at such a large scale (i.e., a kilometer or more), the mechanical principles of elastic interaction appear to be applicable. Since diking is likely to generate a region of high permeability near its margin, in addition to heat, the ongoing hydrothermal activity becomes localized. Our modeling suggests the probable positions of the propagating dikes. Consequently, comparing the observed locations of hydrothermal sites with respect to that of the magma chamber could be useful for constraining the mechanisms of magma lens evolution.

Mechanical grinding process is the most popular way to fabricate the fiber micro lenses, although there are some other methods, such as chemical etching, laser machining and focused ion beam micro-cutting. Mechanical grinding has its uniqueness in grinding Conical-Wedge-Shaped Fiber Endface, fiber endface with polygon-cone-shape, and fiber endface with double-variable curvatures. The double-variable curvatures fiber endface polisher, designed and manufactured by Mechanism Design Lab of NSYSU, is employed in this study. The normal force of the fiber endface is derived firstly and then the experimental parameters and data are substituted into the material removal rate (M.R.R.) formula to obtain M.R.R. and the Preston¡¦s constant K. The process parameters of the feed rate and polishing time on the fabrication of the fiber endface are analyzed. The polisher is calibrated and adjusted to improve the precision of the optical-fiber endface. A fiber endface with double-variable curvature is successfully fabricated in a single grinding process by properly controlling the fiber rotation angle, inclining angle, and the distant between the endface and the grinding film simultaneously. The grinding process developed in this study can be applied for fabricating optical fiber lenses in fiber optics communication as well as different types of micro probes, and micro spectroscopefors in other applications.

In recent years, New Media such as internet not only impacted old media but also widely used by citizenship. For example, Thousands of internet users set up a voluntary "Morakot Typhoon disaster network center" raised supplies and reported the latest disaster in remote mountainous areas in 2009. January 2011 People in Egypt also used a network of new media to raise citizen to demonstrate their anger of government, they finally attracted international attention. These phenomena have demonstrated new media's power and influence. ¡@¡@This study explores the factors and cognitive attitudes of citizens when they through a network use new media to participate in public affairs. The factors were chosen from literatures and corresponded to PAM (integrated public affair management framework). Five decision-making variables (cues) of this study are "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", "self-ability", "anonymous degree ", and "the issue of topic". Questionnaire was based on Social Judgment Theory, SJT. Both physical survey questionnaires and internet questionnaires were disseminated to new media users. Total questionnaires are 152 and valid questionnaires are 88. Through statistical software policy PC to understand the subject's decision-making for these five variables in the cognitive approach. The results are as follows: 1. In the average weights, the most important cue for all groups is "anonymous degree" followed by "self-ability", "selfish - altruism", "support from peer", and "the issue of topic". 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitude toward the three cues: "selfish - altruism", "self-ability" and "anonymous degree". All groups have U-curve attitude toward the cue:"support from peer". All groups have positive attitude and U-curve attitude toward the cue:"the issue of topic".

In this thesis, we analyze the simplest optical imaging system: a ball lens. The traditional method of using a geometric optics analysis on an optical system only gives the roughest qualitative solution due to the lack of consideration of wave properties. Therefore, for accurate quantitative results, we need to analyze said system with a complete wave theory approach. The reason that we chose a ball lens as the focus of this research is due to its spherical symmetry properties which allows us to rigorously investigate it with different analytic methods. We will apply geometric optics, Fourier optics, scalar wave optics, and electromagnetic optics methods to compute the point spread functions (PSF) of a ball lens under the assumption that the point source is isotropic. We will follow up by predicting the spot sizes that correspond to each mean. First, with geometric optics (GO), we apply the analytic ray tracing method to correlate the origins of light rays passing through the ball lens to their respective positions on the receptive end. We can then evaluate the energy distribution function by gathering the density of rays on image plane. Second, in the theory of Fourier optics (FO), to obtain the analytic formula of the point spread function, the integral kernel can be approximated as the Fresnel integral kernel by means of paraxial approximation. Compared to GO, the results from FO are superior due to the inclusion of wave characteristics. Furthermore, we consider scalar wave optics by directly solving the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation which the scalar light field should satisfy. However, the light field is not assigned to an exact physical meaning in the theory of scalar wave optics, so we reasonably require boundary conditions where the light field function and its first derivative are continuous everywhere on the surface of ball lens. Finally, in the theory of electromagnetic optics (EMO), we consider the polarization of the point source, and the two kinds of Hertz vectors and , both of which satisfy inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, and are derived from Maxwell¡¦s equations in spherical structures. In contrast with the scalar wave optics, the two Hertz vectors are defined concretely thus allowing us to assign exact boundary conditions on the interface. Then the fields corresponding to and are averaged as the final point spread function.

This dissertation consists of two topics. One is a "Multi-pass Fiber Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor (SPR)" and the other is a "Nano-metallic Surface Plasmon Lens." Since both topics involved surface plasmon, the title of this dissertation is named "Surface plasmon coupled sensor and nanolens." For a multi-pass fiber optic SPR sensor, a fiber optic 4-pass SPR sensor coupled with a field-assist capability for detecting an extremely low concentration of charged particles is first demonstrated. The multipass feature increases the sensitivity by a factor equal to the number of passes. The field-assist feature forces charged particles/molecules to the SPR surface, increasing the sensitivity by an additional factor of about 100. Overall, the sensitivity exceeds the one-pass SPR device by a factor of about 400. A 10 pM concentration of 47 nm diameter polystyrene (PS) latex beads and 1 ?M concentration of salt dissolved in DI water were detected within a few seconds by the combined system. The equivalent index resolution for atomic size corresponding to ionized chlorine in salt is 10-8. This technique offers the potential for sensitive and fast detection of biomolecules in a solution. Secondly, a 44-pass fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor coupled with a field-assist capability for measurement of refractive index change due to positive and negative ions is shown. The field-assist feature forces ions to the SPR surface, causing the SPR signal response to change which reflects a decrease or increase in refractive index depending on whether positive or negative ions are being attracted to the surface. This technique offers the potential for the sensitive detection of cations and anions in a solution. For a nano-metallic surface plasmon lens, we analyze the transmission of a normally incident plane wave through an Ag/dielectric layered concentric ring structure using finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis. The dependency of the transmission efficiency on the refractive index in slit is studied. The numerical analysis indicates that the focusing beyond diffraction limit is found even at the extended focal length comparable to the distance of 7" from the exit plane using a circularly polarized coherent plane wave, ?=405 nm. Especially, compared to an Ag-only structure, the Ag/ LiNbO3 structure amplifies the transmission power by a factor of 6. Therefore, this Ag/dielectric layered lens has the potential for significantly higher resolution imaging and optical data storage.

Conflict Management in Pluralistic Societies: Aspect of Judgment Analysis. Abstract Interpersonal Conflict in pluralistic societies has been analyzed into¡§Fact Conflict¡¨(mutual interference in beliefs) and¡§Value Conflict¡¨ (mutual interference in preferences ), The interpersonal conflict can be caused by purely cognitive factors, that¡¦s to say, the fact conflict and value conflict can be treated together under the general rubric of¡§Cognitive Conflict¡¨. The growing of locally environmental disputes concerning large scale publicdecision-makings, such as the cases of constructions of Fifth Naphtha Cracking Plant,Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, and Meinung Dam etc., have raised enormous socialcost in recent years. One of the main causes of above mentioned disputes is cognitiveconflict. Among various efforts against problem of cognitive conflict, The Social JudgmentTheory, SJT, and the Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, CCP, have been confirmed to beone of the effective approaches to settle the problem of cognitive conflict. Social Judgment Theory is a descriptive and normative approach to judgment and decision making developed by Kenneth Hammond (1965,1975,1996) on the basis of Lens Model. Social Judgment Theory has been applied to the analysis of multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal conflict, interpersonal learning, and social policy decisions. It has also produced the policy decision aid. Moreover, Social Judgment Theory emphasizes that the¡§Judgment¡¨is generally more effective (reaches a higher achievement level), and more efficient(reaches a given achievement level more quickly) by utilizing of cognitive feedback while making decision. Cognitive Conflict Paradigm is to provide a scenario to uncover information concerning cognitive conflict. It¡¦s an experimental laboratory method that involves two stages: (1)Training stage in which two subjects are trained in such a way that each learns to think differently about a common set of problems, and(2)Conflict stage in which the two subjects are brought together and attempt to arrive at a joint decisions concerning the problems. Through Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, the investigator can observe two persons offering conflicting answers, efforts to cope with differences and arrive at a joint decision, in fact, observe the effect of the experience on their cognitive change and the efforts to solve subsequent problems. In this study, a series of simulated decision making task about Meinung Dam construction and the Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm have been employed and tested by way of a laboratory quasi-experiment. The research fingings of this study include: 1. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 2. Single cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of individual decision quality. 3. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the improvement of joint decision quality. 4. Dual cognitive feedback is more effective than outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 5. Single cognitive feedback is as insignificant as outcome feedback in regard to the elimination of cognitive conflict. 6. The most constructive result obtained in this study was that we had presented a conceptual framework, research paradigm, and conflict management procedure generated from the application of Social Judgment Theory & Cognitive Conflict Paradigm to analyze and solve the conflict problems in pluralistic societies. These framework, paradigm, and procedure should be useful to subsequent cognitive conflict researchers and practical public decision making. Keywords¡GPluralistic Societies, Judgment Analysis ,Lens Model, Social Judgment Theory, Cognitive Conflict Paradigm, Outcome Feedback, Cognitive Feedback.