Für ein städtisch-bürgerliches Publikum waren die Konversationslexika gedacht, die seit Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts der Erläuterung von Zeitungsberichten dienten und rasch zu umfassenden Informationswerken wurden. Das Universal-Lexicon des Leipziger Verlegers Johann Heinrich Zedler ist im Grunde nichts anderes als ein ins Gigantische getriebenes Konversationslexikon. Mit seinen ca. 284 000 Artikeln und 276 000 Verweisungen besetzt es mit Stichwörtern und Druckseiten einen bibliothekarischen Raum, der lange nicht übertroffen wurde: ein Mammutunternehmen

This study analyses the textbook Veckans ord 5 by Britta Redin and Görel Hydén (2003), which is used as a teaching aid in Swedish as a second language. The aim is to examine the theories of vocabulary learning and the learning strategies revealed in the content and design of the textbook and thereby examine its functionality for Swedish L2 pupils. We use content analysis as a method and apply it to selected chapters in the book connected to vocabulary learning and how pupils are expected to consolidate the words they learn. The analysis also considers whether the exercises deal with the form of words (morphology, orthography, phonology) or their content (syntax, lexical field, synonyms, hyponyms, antonyms).   The result shows that the arrangement of the textbook agrees with some common theories and vocabulary learning strategies such as repeating words, linking them to synonyms and learning words through pictures. Another finding is that the exercises highlight the form of words more than their content and meaning.

Decades of research have shed light on the nature of reading in our first language. There is substantial research about how we recognize words, the ways in which we process sentences, and the linguistic and non-linguistic factors which may affect those processes (e.g. Besner & Humphreys, 2009). This has led to more effective pedagogical techniques and methodologies in the teaching of L1 reading (Kamil et al., 2011). With the ever-increasing number of L2 English speakers in U.S. schools and universities, research in more recent has begun to investigate reading in L2. However, this field of inquiry is not nearly as robust as that of L1 reading. Much remains to be explored in terms of how L2 readers process words, sentences, and comprehend what they read (Grabe, 2012). The studies in this dissertation add to the growing body of literature detailing the processes of L2 reading and improvement in L2 reading skills. The first two studies will focus on a topic that has sparked lively discussion in the field over the last 10 years or so: the online processing of L2 morphologically complex words in visual word recognition. Article 3 discusses the effects of a pedagogical intervention and the ways in which it may influence the development of second language reading. Broadly, the studies in this dissertation will address the following research questions: (1) how do L2 readers process morphologically complex words? (2) Is there a connection between their knowledge of written morphology and their ability to use it during word recognition? (3) What is the role of L2 proficiency in these processes? (4) How does extensive reading influence the development of L2 reading skills? Many studies of L2 word processing have been conducted using offline methods. Accordingly, the studies in this dissertation seek to supplement what we know about L2 morphological processing and reading skills with the use of psycholinguistic tasks, namely, traditional masked priming, masked intervenor priming, and timed reading. Secondly, this collection of studies is among the few to explore the relationship between online processing and offline morphological awareness, thereby bridging the two fields of study. Thirdly, unlike most studies of online processing, the data from this dissertation will be discussed in terms of its implications for the teaching of L2 morphologically complex words and L2 reading skills. Thus, this dissertation may be of interest to those working in L2 psycholinguistics of word recognition and sentence processing as well as ESL practitioners.

In Chinese orthography, phonetic compounds comprise about 80% of the most frequent characters. They contain separate phonological and semantic elements, referred to as phonetic and semantic radicals respectively. A dominant type exists in which the se-mantic radical appears on the left and the phonetic radical on the right (SP characters); an opposite, minority structure also exists in which the semantic radical appears on the right and the phonetic radical on the left (PS characters). Through statistical analyses, connectionist modelling, behavioural experiments, and neuroimaging studies, this dis-sertation demonstrates that the distinct structures of these two types of characters allow us crucial insights into the relationship between brain structure and reading processes. The statistical analyses of a Chinese lexical database show that, because of the different information profiles of SP and PS characters and the imbalanced distribution between them in the lexicon, the overall information is skewed to the right. This information skew provides important opportunities to examine the interaction between foveal split-ting and the information structure of the characters. The foveal splitting hypothesis as-sumes a vertical meridian split in the foveal representation and the consequent contra-lateral projection to the two cerebral hemispheres; it has been shown to have important implications for visual word recognition. The square shape and the condensed structure of Chinese characters make them a severe test case for the split fovea claim. Through a lateralized cueing examination and a TMS study of the semantic radical combinability effect with foveally presented characters in character semantic judgements, a flexible division of labour between the hemispheres in character recognition is demonstrated, with each hemisphere responding optimally to the information in the contralateral visual hemifield. The interaction between stimulation site and radical combinability in the TMS study also provides further support for the split fovea claim, suggesting functional foveal splitting as a universal processing constraint in reading. Even if foveal splitting is true, it is still unclear about how far the effects of foveal split-ting can extend from the retina into the process of character recognition. We show that, in naming isolated, foveally presented SP and PS characters, adult male and female readers process them differently, with opposite patterns of ease and difficulty: males responded significantly faster to SP than PS characters; females showed a non-significant tendency in the opposite direction. This result is also supported by a corre-sponding ERP study showing larger N350 amplitude elicited by PS character than SP characters in the male brain, and an opposite pattern in the female brain. The split fovea claim suggests that the two halves of a centrally fixated character are initially processed in different hemispheres. The male brain typically relies more on the left hemisphere for phonological processing compared with the female brain, causing this gender difference to emerge. This interaction is also predicted by an implemented computational model, contrasting a split cognitive architecture, in which the mapping between orthography to phonology is mediated by two partially encapsulated, interconnected processing do-mains, and a non-split cognitive architecture, in which the mapping is mediated by a single, undifferentiated processing domain. Thus, the effects of foveal splitting in read-ing extend far enough to interact with the gender of the reader in a naturalistic reading task. In short, this dissertation demonstrates that foveal splitting is a universal language proc-essing phenomenon, precise enough to project the two radicals of a centrally-fixated Chinese character to different hemispheres to allow a flexible division of labour be-tween the two hemispheres to emerge, and its effects in reading extend far enough into word recognition to interact with the gender of the reader in a naturalistic reading task. The results can also be extrapolated to Chinese word and sentence processing as well as to other languages. This dissertation thus has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between brain structure and language processes.

La terminologie est une science qui étudie les termes, ces unités lexicales véhiculant un sens spécialisé dans un discours scientifique ou technique. Constituée en science dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, la terminologie est un terrain interdisciplinaire qui se nourrit des apports de la linguistique, de la logique et de l'informatique. C'est surtout grâce à cette dernière qu'elle a pu se développer considérablement. Le lexique-grammaire est une méthode de description linguistique strictement empirique d'inspiration harrissienne qui a vu le jour en France à la fin des années 1960. La description linguistique a été menée en parallèle avec la réalisation d'outils informatiques nécessaires à la formalisation et à l'exploitation de ces données, parmi lesquels il y a aussi le logiciel Unitex (Paumier, 2002). Tant le lexique-grammaire que le logiciel Unitex présentent un potentiel intéressant, largement inexploité, pour la terminologie. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d'évaluer les apports des méthodes liées au lexique-grammaire et au logiciel Unitex à une description terminologique bilingue de qualité. Après avoir défini des critères de qualité d'une description terminologique, nous menons cette évaluation sur deux corpus comparables ayant trait à la médecine thermale, en français et en italien / Terminology is the science concerned with the study of the terms, those lexical units thatpossess a specialized meaning within a scientific or technical context. Established as ascience in the first half of 20th century, terminology is an interdisciplinary field takingadvantage of contributions from linguistics, logics, and informatics. This latter in particularhas allowed significant developments in terminology. Lexicon-grammar is an empirical method of linguistic description inspired by the works of Zellig S. Harris, which has been founded by the French linguist Maurice Gross at the end of the 1960s. Linguistic description has been carried out in parallel with the development of informatics tools able to formalise and exploit linguistic data, including the software Unitex (Paumier, 2002). Both lexicon-grammar and Unitex have an interesting, largely unexploited potential for further developments in terminology. In this work, we assess the contributions brought by lexicon-grammar and Unitex to a high-profile bilingual terminological description. After defining quality criteria for such terminological description, we carry out our evaluation on two comparable corpora specific of thermal medicine, both in French and in Italian

In this work, an extensible word-alignment framework is implemented from scratch. It is based on a discriminative method that combines a wide range of lexical association measures and other features and requires a small amount of manually word-aligned data to optimize parameters of the model. The optimal alignment is found as minimum-weight edge cover, selected suboptimal alignments are used to estimate confidence of each alignment link. Feature combination is tuned in the course of many experiments with respect to the results of evaluation. The evaluation results are compared to GIZA++. The best trained model is used to word-align a large Czech-English parallel corpus and from the links of highest confidence a bilingual lexicon is extracted. Single-word translation equivalents are sorted by their significance. Lexicons of different sizes are extracted by taking top N translations. Precision of the lexicons is evaluated automatically and also manually by judging random samples.

This thesis is based on theoretical findings in the area of developmental psychology and focuses on the period of adolescence. The aim of the thesis is the description of specific features of adolescence as a developmental period typically associated with certain types of behaviour and typical language usage, mainly in the area of vocabulary. The thesis aims at linking description of intellectual development with linguistic alasysis to specify norms of communication within the youth subculture. Theoretical claims are verified by data from empirical research in the form of a survey and linguistic analyses of both audio and video recordings and samples of written communication between adolescents. The thesis accentuates the term youth subculture and puts forward that one of its main characteristics is a specific area of vocabulary which helps to strengthen peer relationships.

Le passif italien offre une variété de choix qui n‟est guère comparable à celle du français.En dehors de la forme canonique essere Vpp, il existe aussi les formes avec venire, andare, finire, rimanere, risultare, restare, stare. L‟objectif de ce travail est de comprendre le fonctionnement de essere, venire, andare, rimanere et restare, auxiliaires formateurs du passif italien, et la fonction de l‟existence d‟une telle diversité dans le cadre du Lexique-Grammaire de Maurice Gross et de la méthodologie de l‟Analyse Matricielle Définitoire (AMD) de Amr H. Ibrahim.L‟étude se développe sur 10 chapitres.La première partie présente l‟état de l‟art sur le passif italien et la description des 5 auxiliaires retenus, d‟après la description traditionnelle des linguistes et des grammairiens.Les chapitres suivants sont consacrés à la description de chaque auxiliaire et à la comparaison de leurs emplois. Le travail se conclut sur la synthèse des différentes caractéristiques des périphrases passives et sur des considérations d‟ordre aspectuo-temporel avec une tentative de systématisation.On constate que les auxiliaires sont rarement commutables et que chacun d'eux induit des restrictions d'ordre morpho-syntaxique et aspectuel différent. / Italian passive form offers a variety of choices that are hardly comparable to those of French. Apart from the canonical form essere and Past Participle, there are also the forms with venire, andare, finire, rimanere, risultare, restare, stare. The objective of this work is to understand the use of essere, venire, andare, rimanere and restare, auxiliaries of the Italian passive form, and the function of the existence of such a diversity within the framework of the Lexicon-Grammar of Maurice Gross and Amr H. Ibrahim's Methodology of Analytical Defining Matrixes (ADM).The study develops through 10 chapters.The first part introduces the state of the art on the Italian passive and the description of the chosen five auxiliaries, according to the traditional description of linguists and grammarians. The following chapters are devoted to the description of each auxiliary and the comparison of their uses.The work concludes with the synthesis of the different characteristics of passive periphrases and considerations of an aspectual-temporal order with an attempt at systematization.The aim of this work is to prove that the said auxiliaries are rarely commutable and that each of them introduces different morpho-syntactic and aspectual restrictions.

[pt] Este trabalho investiga a fusão vocabular como um processo de formação de palavras. Inicialmente, conceitua-se palavra em alguns modelos lingüísticos com o objetivo de se encontrar uma definição que inclua formações compostas de dois vocábulos para um único referente. Em seguida, são abordadas as diversas proposições acerca da composição em português, desde a visão tradicional até propostas vinculadas a teorias lingüísticas mais recentes. Posteriormente, é apresentado o cruzamento vocabular na visão de alguns estudiosos, e, a partir de suas considerações teóricas, confronta-se a composição e a fusão vocabular. A parte de análise de dados é feita com um corpus de 106 inovações lexicais, selecionadas na obra do escritor Mia Couto. Como resultado da análise, adota-se a denominação de fusão vocabular para todas as formações sobrepostas que, normalmente, são classificadas por outros estudiosos como cruzamento vocabular. Os resultados da análise revelam a grande produtividade da fusão vocabular como processo de formação de palavras em português, não apenas na modalidade oral, em que os cruzamentos vocabulares são frequentemente atestados, mas também na língua escrita literária. A análise efetuada demonstra a adequação do conceito adotado, segundo o qual a fusão vocabular é um processo sistemático de predicação expressiva de um vocábulo por outro que apresente propriedades fonológicas compatíveis para a efetuação do processo. / [en] This work investigates the process underlying lexical blend formation. At first, we examine the concept of word in some linguistic models in order to find a definition which would accommodate compounding. Next, we present an overview of morphological and lexical compounding in Portuguese, including both traditional descriptions and those related to more recent linguistic theories. Then, the notion of lexical blend is introduced, according to the definitions presented by specialists in Portuguese Word Formation, and the traditional notion of lexical blend is confronted with the concept of lexical fusion. We then proceed to the analysis of a corpus of 106 occurrences of lexical innovation, selected from the work of the writer Mia Couto. The results of the analysis support the adoption of the concept of lexical fusion for all superposed constructions which are traditionnaly viewed as standard lexical blend cases. Our results also reveal the significant productivity of lexical fusion as a wordformation process in Portuguese, both in speech, where it had already been attested, and in written literary language. The analysis shows the adequacy of the concept of lexical fusion, defined as a systematic process of expressive predication of a word by another word whose phonological properties permit the felicitous operation of the process.

[pt] O léxico de família presente em manuais de PL2E: a família que não é baseia-se nas teorias oriundas da Antropologia Social sobre a Casa e a Rua de Roberto DaMatta e do Interculturalismo, buscando analisar o tratamento dado ao léxico de família presente em manuais de PL2E. É sabido que os brasileiros dão um grande valor à família e ao ambiente familiar, caseiro, característica do ambiente da Casa, das relações ali estabelecidas e construídas. Na contramão desta vem a Rua, ambiente externo em que as relações se processam de maneira mais indireta e objetiva. Diante disso, a análise de dois manuais de ensino de português a falantes de outras línguas desenvolveu uma amostra do que é apresentado aos alunos a partir desses manuais. Verifica-se que ausência de explicações, análises e discussões acerca dos termos em questão constitui uma lacuna considerável no ensino/aprendizagem de PL2E a partir de livros didáticos. / [en] This study is based on theories derived from Social Anthropology and the concepts of both House and Street, studied by Roberto DaMatta, as well as of Interculturalism, aiming at analyzing the use of the lexical item family found in PL2E textbooks. It is known that Brazilians value their family environment and their home, which are characteristics of the concept of concept of House and the relationships established there. In contrast to this, the notion of Street can be studied, acting as an external environment where social relationships are conducted in an indirect and objective way. Having taken all the aforementioned ideas into consideration, it can be inferred that the analysis of two textbooks for teaching Portuguese to speakers of other languages provided a sample of what is presented to students based on these manuals. It can be observed that absence of the explanations, analyses and discussion of those terms led to a considerable gap in the teaching and learning of PL2E found in textbooks.