Desenvolvemos uma estratégia natural e acessível aos estudantes do Ensino Médio para o cálculo de áreas planas sem as ferramentas mais avançadas do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. / We developed a natural strategy, achievable by high school students, for the computation of area of limited regions of the cartesian plane, without making use of more advanced resources of Differential and Integral Calculus.

Submitted by Gustavo Quindere Saraiva (gqs007@gmail.com) on 2013-08-08T22:45:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Gustavo.pdf: 1205214 bytes, checksum: e7415a09177c3999bf4b562101926770 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-08-19T17:59:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Gustavo.pdf: 1205214 bytes, checksum: e7415a09177c3999bf4b562101926770 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-08-22T13:13:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Gustavo.pdf: 1205214 bytes, checksum: e7415a09177c3999bf4b562101926770 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T13:13:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Gustavo.pdf: 1205214 bytes, checksum: e7415a09177c3999bf4b562101926770 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-20 / This work consists on a survey of some papers from the literature of general equilibrium with default costs. We focus on the study of Kehoe and Levine (1993) and Alvarez and Jermann (2000) models. We also describe some adaptations of Al- varez and Jermann’s model, such as the models developed by Hellwig and Lorenzoni (2009) and Azariadis and Kaas (2008), and we compare them with Huggett’s (1993) model, where the market is exogenously incomplete. Finally, we point out one flaw present in Krueger and Perry’s (2010) algorithm to compute stationary equilibria from economies such as Alvarez and Jermann. / Neste trabalho fazemos um resumo de alguns artigos que tratam de equilíbrio geral dinâmico com custos de default. Focamos no estudo dos modelos de Kehoe e Levine (1993) e de Alvarez e Jermann (2000). Também descrevemos algumas adaptações do modelo de Alvarez e Jermann, como os trabalhos de Hellwig e Lorenzoni (2009) e de Azariadis e Kaas (2008), e comparamos os resultados desses modelos com os de Huggett (1993), no qual os mercados são exogenamente incompletos. Finalmente, expomos uma falha no algoritmo computacional sugerido por Krueger e Perry (2010) para se computar os equilíbrios estacionários de economias como as de Alvarez e Jermann (2000).

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über ökonomisch und ökologisch orientierte Messansätze des nachhaltigen Wohlstands. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei dem Bruttoindlandsprodukt (BIP) und dem Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare gewidmet. Die Debatte um die Folgeschäden von Wachstumsprozessen hat gezeigt, dass das BIP ein unzulänglicher Wohlstandsindikator ist, der systematisch verzerrte Informationen über die Nachhaltigkeit der Wohlstandsentwicklung liefert. Trotzdem sind bisher keine auf ökologische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit ausgerichteten Indikatorensysteme implementiert, um das BIP als zentralen Wohlstandsindikator zu ersetzen. Die Diskussion in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft und ökologisch orientierte Debatten scheinen sich eher auseinander entwickelt zu haben.

Avant même son adhésion à l’OMC, la Chine disposait déjà en matière de propriété intellectuelle d'un arsenal juridique très complet sous de fortes influences extérieures, en particulier américaines. La Chine a instauré le système complet et efficace de propriété intellectuelle en moins de trente ans, elle a capacité de, au moins théoriquement, remplir ses engagements internationaux de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La Chine semble maintenant l'un des pays où la protection de la propriété intellectuelle est du niveau mondial le plus avancé. Dans ce cas là, on peut néanmoins s’interroger, si on constate que la Chine a déjà rempli ses engagements internationaux en cette matière, pourquoi les Etats-Unis ont déposé deux plaintes relatives au régime chinois de propriété intellectuelle auprès de l’OMC en avril 2007 ? Pourquoi la Chine a une fois de plus été inscrit en 2007 par les Etats-Unis sur la « liste 301» ? Et pourquoi la Chine est toujours considérée comme un pays roi de la contrefaçon aux yeux des occidentaux ?Les pays développés peuvent arriver à imposer une législation aux pays en développement, ils ne peuvent cependant pas imposer sa mise en œuvre. Comme le dit le fameux proverbe, « Tu peux amener un cheval au bord de la rivière, tu ne peux néanmoins pas le faire boire ». La raison nous semble évidente en espèce : l’élaboration d’une loi suppose une action des autorités étatiques, qui pourrait être faite comme un choix diplomatique sous des contraintes ; l’application de la loi dans une société dépend des éléments juridique, économique, culturel, moral, etc., qui ne peut pas être obtenue sous l’effet d’une contraintes de quelque sorte que ce soit. Cela nous invite à réfléchir sur l’applicabilité du mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC à la mise en œuvre de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans les pays en développement met en lumière des problèmes systémiques dont le traitement nécessite une approche globale. Même si la Chine n’est qu’un exemple des pays en développement, à cause de sa taille, c’est toujours la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine qui attire le plus l’attention au niveau mondial. En Chine, comme dans tous les pays en développement, le décalage entre la législation nationale en matière de propriété intellectuelle et sa mise en œuvre ne peut diminuer qu’au fur et à mesure de l’évolution de la société dans les aspects concernant l’Etat de droit, la mentalité des habitants à l’égard des droits de propriété intellectuelle, le rôle de la propriété intellectuelle dans le développement de la société, etc. / Even before its entry into the WTO, China had already had a complete set of legal means in the field of intellectual property under the great external influences, especially from the United States., China has established an integrated and valid system of intellectual property in no more than three decades, therefore, she is capable of, at least theoretically, fulfilling her international commitments to the TRIPS Agreement. Nowadays, China seems to become one of the countries which have the world's highest level of intellectual property protection. Given the circumstances, if it is perceived that China has already fulfilled its international obligations under TRIPS Agreement, we still wonder why the United States appealed twice to WTO concerning China’s intellectual property system in 2007 ? Why was China listed in the "The 301 Clause" again in 2007 by the United States? And why has China been considered a manufacturer of counterfeits in westerners’ eyes?Developed countries can compel developing countries to make laws, but they can not ensure the implementation of laws. As the famous proverb goes, "You can lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make it drink." The reason seems quite obvious: legislation is an action of a country, which may be made as a diplomatic choice under certain pressure; while the application of the law, whose effect is unlikely to be achieved under any kind of external pressure, is dependant on various factors such as jurisdiction, economy, culture, ethics etc. This enables us to reflect on the validity of the WTO mechanism of dispute settlement in the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. The protection of intellectual property rights in developing countries concerning some systematic problems requires a comprehensive cognition. Although China is an example of developing countries due to her size, the protection of intellectual property rights in China has always attracted various attentions worldwide. In China, as in all the other developing countries, the disparity between the legislation and implementation on intellectual property can only be reduced with the gradual social development in aspects of the establishment of a country under the rule of law, the ideological recognition of intellectual property rights by the public, the role of intellectual property in the process of social development, etc.

The current paper had as objective to establish confidence limits in relation to the physical and physiological quality, aiming the quality control of the analysis of seeds of forest species. To that, there were used results of the analysis of seeds of forest species, from 1997 until 2007, raised from the archives of the Analysis Laboratory of Seeds of Agricultural Research State Foundation - FEPAGRO - located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The limits of reliability were constructed from an analysis of data normality and the use of evaluation criteria for Garcia (1989), Lucio (1997) and Pseudo-sigma (Costa et al., 2002). The confidence limits were effective in the establishment of a minimum acceptable value so that a plot of seeds can be commercialized, proposing that the germination values (%) inside the confidence limits very low (VL) or low (L) must be discarded, because they don´t present acceptable germination contents. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer limites de confiabilidade, em relação à qualidade, física e fisiológica das sementes, visando ao controle de qualidade das análises de sementes de espécies florestais. Para tanto, foram utilizados resultados de análises de sementes de espécies florestais, a partir do ano de 1997 até 2007, levantados dos arquivos do Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária FEPAGRO localizado em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Os limites de confiabilidade foram construídos a partir de uma análise de normalidade dos dados e da utilização dos critérios de avaliação de Garcia (1989), Lúcio (1997) e Pseudo-sigma (Costa et al., 2002). Os limites de confiança mostraram-se eficientes no estabelecimento do valor mínimo aceitável para que um lote de sementes seja comercializado, propondo que valores de germinação (%) dentro dos limites de confiabilidade muito baixos (MB) ou baixos (B) devem ser descartados, pois não apresentam índices germinativos aceitáveis.

The master thesis deals with reclamation of brown coal quarries from different perspectives. It focuses on the various options of reclamation of quarries. It evaluates the economic benefits and costs, integration into the way of rehabilitation needs and the future use of this reclamation. It defines a way how to optimise the use of devastated land. This thesis is focused on the reclamation of region Most specifically on the brown coal quarry called Ležáky - Most. It considers if hydrologic variant of reclamation for the quarry is the best. It describes other possibilities of reclamation that have been considered. The master thesis introduces the reasons for the selection of the hydrologic reclamation. It reviews the complexity of the hydrologic reclamation of the quarry Ležáky -- Most, its effect on the environment, social sphere and the further societal use. The main objective is to analyze the total effectiveness of quarry Ležáky - Most, if the mining was profitable taking into account all its costs and revenues.

Este trabalho tem por meta focalizar a adaptação necessária na metodologia de planejamento atual, norteada segundo uma ótica determinística e conservadora, afim de permitir a elaboração de Programas de Obras de Transmissão/Subtransmissão, condicionados por limitações de teto no montante de investimento a curto e médio prazos. Para tanto, como tema central, busca-se desenvolver uma base conceitual e metodológica, para permitir uma exploração maximizada das possibilidades de carregamento de equipamentos e instalações do sistema de transmissão, contemplando a especificação das ferramentas computacionais necessárias para dar consequência prática à proposta. Considerando o potencial de análise proporcionado por métodos e técnicas de natureza probabilística, aplicados ao planejamento de Sistemas Elétricos, a espinha dorsal da evolução metodológica delineada no texto repousa sobre a avaliação de confiabilidade global e quantificação de riscos operativos. O texto foi estruturado em 8 capítulos onde, a partir de um capítulo introdutório, enfoca-se sequencialmente os temas: * Conceitos e Metodologias para Maximização do Carregamento de Transformadores de Potência. * Conceitos e Metodologias para Maximização do Carregamento de Linhas aéreas de Transmissão. * Impacto das Restrições Financeiras no planejamento e possibilidade de atuação a nível técnico para administrar o conflito entre qualidade de serviço e recursos limitados. * Conceitos e Metodologias para relaxação dos Critérios limitantes para o carregamento máximo de componentes do sistema, em ambiente de severas restrições financeiras, no horizonte de curto prazo. * Resultados obtidos em aplicações concretas a situações do Setor Elétrico, visando caracterizar o alcance do ferramental preconizado nos capítulos anteriores. * Critérios e Procedimentos para Padronização de Subestações e Linhas de Transmissão , coerentes com os conceitos de maximização de carregamento introduzidos nos dois primeiros capítulos. Ao final do texto, incluiu-se um capítulo de \"Conclusões\", com o objetivo de sumarizar os aspectos mais relevantes abordados no texto, assim como indicar linhas de ação e novos desenvolvimentos, necessários para permitir a efetivação prática da metodologia proposta. / An important problem posed to power system planners in developing countries is now becoming commonplace, even in developed countries, and concerns on how to fit an expansion plan into a tight budget, with the least reduction in reliability levels. This problem is known as power system planning under financial constraints and a series of methods is now available to deal with it. So, this work addresses the necessary adjustments in order to permit the Transmission / Sub-transmission Expansion Program establishment when there are investments constraints in a medium/short term range. The main emphasis is on the development of a methodological and conceptual framework, aiming at a maximizes exploration of the loading capability of transformers and transmission lines of the power network. In this context, a new methodological framework for transmission system planning in a financial constrained environment is presented. The proposed approach combines transmission projects priority evaluation and ranking as well as criteria flexibilization, being particularly suitable for short-term planning. The problem to be faced is to operate the system after a project postponement, while the service quality is kept so adequate as it is possible. One of the main issues to be focused is the transmission system uprating since a maximized equipment utilization can contribute to avoid a more significant restriction to the costumers. Therefore, a detailed description of the models for transmission lines and transformers loading limits assessment is presented, with emphasis on the main concepts and the application of probabilistic tools to circumvent the inherent conservatism of deterministic methods. A summary of the contents is presented in what follows: * Concepts and Methodology for Transformers loading maximization. * Concepts and Methodology for Transmission Lines loading maximization. * Financial Restrictions impacts on Expansion Planning Process and the possibilities to manager the conflict between service quality and investment constraints. * Concepts and Methodologies to the relaxation of Criteria that limits the loading capability of transmission lines, aiming at short term Planning under severe financial restrictions, * Obtained results in concrete applications of the proposed methodology and computational tools to Brazilian Electric Power System. * Methods and Criteria to standardization of Substations and Transmission Lines, according the main issues formerly introduced. * Conclusion and Future Research.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons essentiellement à trois sujets : les inégalités fonctionnelles à contenu probabiliste, les limites hydrodynamiques pour les systèmes de spins continus en interaction et la discrétisation des équations différentielles stochastiques. Ce document, outre l'introduction, comporte trois parties. La première s'intéresse aux inégalités fonctionnelles, et notamment aux inégalités de Sobolev logarithmiques, pour les mesures canoniques, ainsi qu'aux limites hydrodynamiques pour les systèmes des spins continus. La convergence vers la limite hydrodynamique pour plusieurs variantes du modèle de Ginzburg--Landau équipé de la dynamique de Kawasaki y est obtenue, avec notamment des bornes quantitatives en le nombre de spins. On y étudie également la convergence de l'entropie microscopique vers l'entropie hydrodynamique. La deuxième partie étudie les liens entre flots gradients dans les espaces de mesures de probabilités et grandes déviations pour les suites de lois de solutions d'équations différentielles stochastiques. On y obtient l'équivalence entre le principe de grandes déviations et la Gamma-Convergence d'une suite de fonctionnelles apparaissant dans la formulation en flots gradients du flot de marginales des lois des solutions des équations différentielles stochastiques. Comme application de ce principe, on obtient les grandes déviations par rapport à la limite hydrodynamique pour deux variantes du modèle de Ginzburg--Landau. La troisième partie concerne la discrétisation des équations différentielles stochastiques. On y prouve une inégalité transport-Entropie pour la loi du schéma d'Euler explicite. Cette inégalité implique des bornes sur les intervalles de confiance pour l'estimation de quantités de la forme $\mathbb{E}[f(X_T)]$. On y étudie également l'erreur de discrétisation pour l'évaluation des coefficients de transport avec l'algorithme MALA (qui est une combinaison du schéma d'Euler explicite et de l'algorithme de Metropolis--Hastings). / In this thesis, we are mainly interested in three topics : functional inequalities and their probabilistic aspects, hydrodynamic limits for interacting continuous spin systems and discretizations of stochastic differential equations. This document, in addition to a general introduction (written in French), contains three parts. The first part deals with functional inequalities, especially logarithmic Sobolev inequalities, for canonical ensembles, and with hydrodynamic limits for continuous spin systems. We prove convergence to the hydrodynamic limit for several variants of the Ginzburg--Landau model endowed with Kawasaki dynamics, with quantitative bounds in the number of spins. We also study convergence of the microscopic entropy to its hydrodynamic counterpart. In the second part, we study links between gradient flows in spaces of probability measures and large deviations for sequences of laws of solutions to stochastic differential equations. We show that the large deviations principle is equivalent to the Gamma--Convergence of a sequence of functionals that appear in the gradient flow formulation of the flow of marginals of the laws of the diffusion processes. As an application of this principle, we obtain large deviations from the hydrodynamic limit for two variants of the Ginzburg-Landau model. The third part deals with the discretization of stochastic differential equations. We prove a transport-Entropy inequality for the law of the explicit Euler scheme. This inequality implies bounds on the confidence intervals for quantities of the form $\mathbb{E}[f(X_T)]$. We also study the discretization error for the evaluation of transport coefficients with the Metropolis-Adjusted Langevin algorithm (which is a combination of the explicit Euler scheme and the Metropolis algorithm).

Theses (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptions of senior managers on the upper limits policy for the remuneration of senior managers at Polokwane Municipality. In 2014 the Minister responsible for Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs in South Africa published a notice on the implementation of upper limits for the remuneration of senior managers across all municipalities in South Africa. The notice signified a new paradigm in the local government remuneration practice in the local government sphere. Local government remuneration in South Africa was characterised by lack of uniformity and negative public perceptions on the huge salaries that senior managers in local government earned. There are substantial variations in municipal salary structures and benefits, municipal managers’ salaries vary between R155 424 and R1, 3 million per year (National Treasury Local Government Budgets and Expenditure Review, 2001/02 – 2007/08). The South African media published stories articles on senior local government managers who earns more than the president of the republic. The public scrutiny on the remuneration in local government was compared to the standard of service delivery in their areas, and often there was no relationship between the remuneration of the senior managers and the performance of their municipalities. The implementation of the upper limits policy in 2014 meant that for the first time in the democratic South Africa, the remuneration of senior managers in local government was regulated. This meant a shift from a practice of senior manager’s negotiated remuneration to nationally regulated remuneration. The implementation of the Upper Limits policy had the potential of de-stabilising the local government sector in terms of senior manager’s recruitment, retention and availability of skills due to the low remuneration that the policy has introduced. v The research was conducted at Polokwane Municipality and the study sampled all senior managers of Polokwane Municipality. The researcher opted for a qualitative research approach and utilised semi-structured interview schedule to gather data. The research findings indicate that all senior managers (7) of Polokwane Municipality perceived the upper limits policy negatively and they were not in support of its implementation. The research indicated that the reasons for the negative perception was that the Upper Limits Policy was not properly introduced at Polokwane Municipality. The researcher recommends that Polokwane Municipality needs to formally introduce the Upper Limits Policy to senior managers. This needs to be done through conducting workshops on the policy.

Contentious issues of necessary defence in judicial practise Abstract This thesis is focused on the analysis of contentious issues of the criminal law institute of necessary defense within the relevant cases of judicial practise. Its purpose is to summarize the concept of the institute of necessary defense in the Czech legal system, to find out the circumstances that courts usually take into account in their decision-making and to answer other questions that are inextricably linked to the institute of necessary defense. The content of the diploma thesis is divided into chapters and subchapters. The first two chapters briefly deal with the development and function of circumstances precluding wrongfulness within the system of criminal law, the purpose of the necessary defense as one of them and its relation to necessity. The content of these chapters is mainly undisputed knowledge about these institutes. The final part of the second chapter draws on the relation between necessary defense and necessity and deals in more detail with the issue of subsidiarity, taking into account the decision-making of courts. The third chapter deals with the core of the institute of necessary defense and its necessary requirements and provides a full insight into the issue of conflict initiation and the associated...