TITLE: Words of Old Church Slavonic Origin in Contemporary Russian Language AUTHOR: Jitka Peschel DEPARTMENT: Department of Russian studies and didactics SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Lilia Nazarenko, CSc. ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis researches words of Old Church Slavonic origin in contemporary Russian language. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of these words in the Russian language. The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the origin of the Old Church Slavonic language, its arrival in Russia, its influence on the Russian language, the penetration of the Old Church Slavonic words in the Russian language, as well as the development of the Russian standard language. The other two parts are dedicated to words of Old Church Slavonic origin in contemporary Russian language. The second part analyses the phonetic, morphological, semantic and stylistic aspects of these words. The third part is focused on the differences in meaning of Old Church Slavonic words having Russian equivalents and semantic processes by which words of Old Church Slavonic origin passed. The appendix includes a list of words occurring in the thesis. KEYWORDS: lexikology, loanword, Old Church Slavonic, Russian language

In the phonological integration of loanwords, the original structures of the donor language can either be adopted as innovations or adapted to the recipient language. This dissertation investigates how structural (i.e. phonetic, phonological, morpho-phonological) and non-structural (i.e. sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic) factors interact in determining which of these two integration strategies is preferred. Factors that affect the accuracy of the structure’s perception and production in the donor language as a result of its acquisition as a second language are given special consideration. The three studies in the dissertation examine how the same phonological structure from different donor languages is integrated into the same recipient language Turkish by two different types of initial borrowers: elite bilinguals in Turkey and heritage bilinguals in Sweden. The three investigated structures are word-final [l] after back vowels, long segments in word-final closed syllables, and word-initial onset clusters. The main hypothesis is that adoption will be more prevalent in heritage bilinguals than in elite bilinguals. Four necessary conditions for adoption are identified in the analysis. Firstly, the donor-language structure must have high perceptual salience. Secondly, the borrowers must have acquired the linguistic competence to produce a structure accurately. Thirdly, the borrowers must have sufficient sociolinguistic incentive to adopt a structure as an innovation. Fourthly, prosodic structures require higher incentive to be adopted than segments and clusters of segments. The main hypothesis is partially confirmed. The counterexamples involve either cases where the salience of the structure was high in the elite bilinguals’ borrowing but low in the heritage bilinguals’ borrowing, or cases where the structure’s degree of acquisition difficulty was low. Therefore, it is concluded that structural factors have the final say in the choice of integration strategy. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. </p>

Στόχος της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας είναι η περιγραφή των μορφολογικών μηχανισμών που ενεργοποιούνται από την Κρητική διάλεκτο προκειμένου να ενσωματώσει δάνειες λέξεις από γλώσσες-πηγές όπως η Τουρκική και η Ιταλική. Η περιγραφή αυτών των στρατηγικών ενσωμάτωσης συνοδεύεται από στατιστική ανάλυση 1000 δάνειων λέξεων. / The aim of this thesis is to describe the morphological mechanisms which are activated by the Cretan dialect in order to incorporate loan words from languages such as Turkish and Italian.

The diploma thesis deals with anglicisms in the contemporary German. The theoretical part concerns the linguistic aspects of the anglicisms in the phonetic, grammatical and lexicological field. The empirical part contains the corpus of anglicisms, which is created by the means of excerption of the internet magazine for young people YAEZ. It is followed by the corpus analysis of the chosen anglicisms. These results are incorporated into the didactic material at the end of the thesis. The aim of the thesis is to carry out the corpus-based analysis of the anglicisms and to discover the possible use of the anglicisms in the teaching German as a foreign language. The author applies the methods of corpus linguistic corpus DeReKo und its program COSMAS II in order to verify the lexical and grammatical features of the chosen words.

The sport of cycling is an ever expanding global phenomenon, drawing crowds in their thousands to watch the races unfold. Its community has a distinct vocabulary, with many terms borrowed from several other languages, principally French. This study investigates the presence of French loanwords in the language of English cycling commentators, and to what extent these loanwords are used in comparison to their English equivalents. It also examines extra-linguistic factors that could affect the commentator’s choice of vocabulary, mainly the location of the race. The study investigated the language of English commentators from live broadcast of 6 different races: 2 located in English speaking countries, 2 in France, and 2 countries where neither French nor English was the native language. All utterances of French loanwords and their English counterparts were noted and collected for analysis. The findings demonstrated a clear presence of French loanwords in the language of the commentators, with a varying degree of frequency. Some loanwords were preferred over their English equivalents, whilst others were not. The location did not seem to have a significant impact on the choice of vocabulary, with the exception of the only race held outside of Europe, where the commentators demonstrated a clear preference for English terminology over French loanwords. The analysis concluded that many different extra-linguistic factors may play a role in the commentator’s choice of vocabulary.

This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.

This is essentially a phonological analysis of the Dholuo loanwords derived from English and Swahili. This study examines loanword adaptation at three levels: phonemic, phonotactic and prosodic. The study analyses the strategies that the language has used in adapting the foreign phonemes to the native phoneme system. It also examines the way foreign consonant and vowel clusters are adapted to the Dholuo system and how the stress systems in the source languages are adapted to the Dholuo tonal pattern. The Dholuo principles of syllabification are also examined. On adaptation of incoming sounds into the language, the study determined that Dholuo replaces such foreign segments with native sounds which are acoustically and auditorily closest to the foreign sounds. Some foreign sounds, however, are adopted into the sound system of the language, either to fill some phonological gaps in the language or for non-linguistic factors, like the prestige value. The study found that the native speaker-hearer has knowledge of the possible phonetic sequences in his language and performs the simplest possible adaptation in the loanword to make it correspond to these well-formed sequences. This extends to the insertion or deletion of foreign segments to make a loanword conform to the syllable structure constraints of the native system. The study reveals that Dholuo employs several strategies to nativize unnatural, non-canonic syllable structures: epenthetic vowel insertion, extrasyllabic consonant or vowel deletion, devocalization of unnatural vowel sequences, addition of a final vowel, and in some cases, consonant clusters may be tolerated. At the suprasegmental level, the study reveals that stress in the source languages is generally rendered as high tone in the language, while the stressed vowel in the loanword generally determines the ATR harmony in the loanword. The study revealed that if the first syllable in the loanword is stressed, then the loanword will be rendered with +ATR in Dholuo, while an unstressed first syllable will lead to a loanword with –ATR harmony. The study concludes that the means employed by a given language for the adaptation of unnatural, non-canonic syllable shapes are, in a general sense, peculiar to that language, and have nothing to do with the internally-motivated morpheme structure or phonological rules of the target language. The study also concludes that foreign phonemes are directly mapped onto corresponding native phonetic forms, and there is very scarce evidence in the data to support the theory that loanwords are nativized at the abstract phonological level of the target language. / Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / African Languages / unrestricted

En esta tesina investigamos el empleo de préstamos en el ámbito de la moda española, basándonos en el número febrero de la revista Vogue España. Usando un método cualitativo hemos analizado los préstamos encontrados en la revista, teniendo el enfoque tanto en si se marca que una palabra es de origen extranjero, cómo se hace esto estilísticamente y en cuáles palabras, como en si hay algunos rasgos generales entre los préstamos empleados. En los resultados hemos visto que hay mucha variación en la manera de marcar que una palabra es un préstamo. También parece que muchas veces el contexto estilístico de los textos influye en el tratamiento de los préstamos, resultando en que una palabra puede aparecer varias veces marcada en diferentes maneras o no marcada de ningún modo. Además hay algunos préstamos que tienen la manera de marcar más fijada, y por lo tanto “vencen”  a esa influencia estilística. En cuanto a los rasgos generales de los préstamos, hemos visto una construcción con préstamos en la que se emplean sustantivos como adjetivos; una carencia de verbos; y que el origen de los préstamos se concentra en solo unas lenguas.

En este trabajo hemos investigado las nuevas entradas en el Diccionario de la lengua Española (DRAE) y los neologismos en el Banco de neologismos construido por el Observatori de Neologia, con el enfoque en los préstamos de estos corpus, haciendo una comparación entre ellos para averiguar las posibles diferencias y la posible influencia de una postura restrictiva de la Real Academia Española sobre estas diferencias. El resultado confirma una frecuencia menor de préstamos en el DRAE, y notamos que el francés y el latín son contribuyentes en mayor grado en el diccionario que en el Banco de neologismos, mientras la relación es la inversa para el inglés, que por otra parte constituye el idioma de origen más frecuente de los préstamos en ambos corpus. Constatamos una adaptación ortográfica de los préstamos más extensa en el diccionario, pero no vemos diferencias destacables en cuanto al dominio contextual de los préstamos.  En resumen, las diferencias son en gran medida coherentes con la supuesta actitud de la RAE en retener una unidad de la lengua española.

Deux notions formeront cette étude : les emprunts linguistiques d’abord et la traduction ensuite. Pour les aborder, nous nous intéresserons à des problèmes théoriques liés aux sémantiques lexicale et discursive afin de dégager les cadres théoriques de ces deux sujets en prenant appui sur des exemples authentiques dans les deux langues (français et arabe). On s’interrogera dans un premier temps sur le rôle exact de l’emprunt dans le mécanisme complexe du langage. Nous commencerons à poser les données du problème, tout d’abord, au niveau lexicologique où le contact se fera entre les mots et leurs équivalents morphosyntaxiques dans l’autre langue ; c’est le cas le plus simple à analyser. Ensuite, notre analyse s’élargira au niveau discursif, là, le discours sera affronté dans sa complexité. Contrairement à une idée reçue du structuralisme qui présente la langue comme un organisme statique, il s’agit d’un système changeant qui rétablit sans cesse ses équilibres internes compromis. Notre analyse va être basée sur la théorie praxématique qui voit que la réalité et la langue sont inséparables. L’emprunt est une preuve par son existence et son maintien, qu’une nouvelle réalité existe, utilise un nouvel élément pour la caractériser. A travers les problèmes de l’emprunt linguistique, on trouve donc des problèmes liés à la langue, au lexique et au discours. Puisque l’emprunt est le passage du lexique d’une aire linguistique à l’autre, il soulève également tous les problèmes fondamentaux de la traduction : ici c’est l’analyse discursive qui est directement concernée. Nous nous intéresserons donc à la problématique des contacts des langues, d’une part, au plan de l’unité minimale qu’est le mot, et d’autre part, à celui de son actualisation en discours qui est au coeur de la problématique de la production du sens. / Two notions will train this study: the linguistic loanword at first and the translation then. To approach them, we shall be interested in theoretical problems bound in semantic lexical and discursive to loosen the theoretical frames executives of these two subjects by taking support on authentic examples in both languages (French and Arabic). First of all we will wonder on the exact role of the loanword in the complex mechanism of the language. We shall begin to put the data of the problem, first of all, at the lexicological level where the contact will be made between the words and their morphosyntactic equivalents in the other language; it is the easiest case to analyze. Then, our analysis will widen at the discursive level, there, the speech will be faced in its complexity. Contrary to a generally accepted idea of the structuralism which presents the language as a static body, it is a changeable system which restores ceaselessly its damaged internal balances. Our analysis will be based on the praxématique theory which states that the reality and the language are inseparable. The loanword is a proof by its existence and its preservation that a new reality exists, since it consists in using a new element to characterize this very reality. Through the problems of the linguistic loan, we thus find problems connected to the language, to the lexicon and to the speech. Because the loan is the passage of the lexicon of a linguistic area to the other one, it also raises all the fundamental problems of the translation: here the discursive analysis is directly concerned. We shall thus be interested in the problem of the contacts of the languages, on the one hand, to the plan shot of the minimal unit which is the word, and on the other hand, to that of its updating in speech which is in the heart of the problem of the production of the sense direction.