Abstract: For more than 250 years, the Canadian province of Quebec could be considered a territory of intensive "language contact" situations (Hoffer, 2002; Winford, 2003) between French and English. One of the outcomes of this situation is the flow of lexical units that pass especially from English to French (that is, loanwords). Against this sociolinguistic background, we observe a paradox that inspired the present study. On the one hand, English loanwords are widely reported to represent an "invasive species" (Peritz, 2018) in Quebec French. On the other hand, these lexical units are uncommon, as the relevant literature has shown through examples drawn from French oral speech (Poplack, 2017) or the francophone press (Planchon, 2019). In fact, these studies have demonstrated that English loanwords account for less than 1% of francophone communication of up to a few hundreds of millions of words. To identify a possible explanation for the abovementioned contradiction, we verify our hypothesis about the dependence of loanword frequency on both the context of loanword usage and the type of loanword that these items belong to in the Quebec francophone press. To this end, we pose the following research questions: 1. Are there any differences in the integration of English loanwords selected from the authoritative online reference source, the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), into various Quebec francophone print media context types as they are observed in a francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir"? 2. Does the type of borrowing to which an English loanword belongs (as it is indicated in the studied reference source) influence the integration of this unit into the contexts of "Le Devoir"? We choose a Quebec francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir," as our study material; it represents a corpus of 66,402,141 words drawn from 1,556 issues published between 2017 and 2020. Our reference pool is a list of examples of five types of English loanwords (i.e., "integral," "syntactic," and "idiomatic") described in the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) of the Office québécois de la langue française. To the best of our knowledge, this doctoral study is the first to produce a deep qualitative assessment of the contextual usage of five types of English loanwords (24 lexical units) in the Quebec press over the past quarter of a century and the first ever to analyze idiomatic English loanwords in this respect. Quantitative, contextual, and discourse analysis methods allow us to confirm our hypothesis. Indeed, contexts related to the context types "Culture," "Miscellaneous Topics," and "Opinions and Letters" are the most likely to feature English loanwords. Our multidimensional approach reveals important and recurrent usage patterns that are characteristic of the studied loanword types (for example, the idiomatic loanword "appliquer mur à mur" in the recurrent contexts of discussions on educational policies or the hybrid item "énergisante" in "boisson énergisante" as a negatively perceived term in the recurrent contexts of healthy habit recommendations). -- Résumé: Depuis plus de deux cent cinquante ans, la province canadienne du Québec peut être considérée comme un territoire de situations de "contact linguistique" intensif (Hoffer, 2002 ; Winford, 2003) entre le français et l'anglais. L'une des conséquences de ces situations est le flux inévitable d'unités lexicales passant notamment de l'anglais au français (les emprunts). Dans ce contexte sociolinguistique, nous observons un paradoxe qui a inspiré la présente étude. D'une part, les emprunts à l'anglais sont largement signalés comme ceux représentant une "espèce invasive" (Peritz, 2018) dans le français québécois, et pourtant, d'autre part, ces unités lexicales ne sont pas abondantes, comme la littérature pertinente le prouve de manière irréfutable par les exemples du discours oral français (Poplack, 2017), ou de la presse francophone (Planchon, 2019). En fait, comme l'ont démontré les études mentionnées, la part des emprunts à l'anglais représente moins de 1 % de la communication francophone, qui compte jusqu'à quelques centaines de millions de mots. À la recherche d'une explication possible de la contradiction mentionnée, nous cherchons, dans le cadre de notre étude et en nous référant à l'exemple de la presse francophone québécoise, à vérifier l'hypothèse de la dépendance de la fréquence des emprunts à la fois au contexte d'utilisation de ces items et au type d'emprunt auquel ces items appartiennent. Les questions de recherche que nous posons sont donc les suivantes : 1) Existe-t-il des différences dans l'intégration des emprunts à l'anglais, sélectionnés dans la source de référence en ligne faisant autorité, la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), dans divers types de contextes de la presse écrite francophone québécoise, tels qu'ils sont observés dans un journal francophone, "Le Devoir" ? 2) Le type d'emprunt auquel appartient une unité lexicale (tel qu'il est indiqué dans la source de référence étudiée) a-t-il une influence sur l'intégration de cette unité dans les contextes du "Devoir" ? Nous choisissons un journal francophone québécois, "Le Devoir," comme matériel d'étude (corpus de 66 402 141 mots provenant de 1 556 numéros du journal publiés entre 2017 et 2020). Notre liste de référence est la liste pertinente des représentants des cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (à savoir, "intégral," "hybride," "morphologique," "syntaxique," "idiomatique") telle que décrite dans la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) de l'Office québécois de la langue française. À notre connaissance, cette étude doctorale est la première du genre au cours du dernier quart de siècle à aborder l'évaluation qualitative approfondie de l'usage contextuel de cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (24 unités lexicales) dans la presse québécoise, les emprunts idiomatiques étant analysés à cet égard pour la toute première fois. Les méthodes d'analyse quantitative, contextuelle et discursive nous aident à confirmer notre hypothèse. En effet, les contextes liés à la "Culture," aux "Sujets divers" et aux "Opinions et lettres" s'avèrent être ceux qui accueillent le plus les emprunts à l'anglais. Notre approche multidimensionnelle des emprunts révèle des modèles d'utilisation influents et récurrents qui sont caractéristiques des types d'emprunts étudiés, par exemple : l'emprunt idiomatique "appliquer mur à mur" dans les contextes récurrents de discussions sur les politiques éducatives ou celui hybride "énergisante" dans "boisson énergisante" en tant que terme perçu négativement dans les contextes récurrents de recommandations d'habitudes saines."

С древнейших времен язык, как важнейшее и непосредственное средство человеческого общения, имеет взаимодополняющую связь с человеческой социальной цивилизации и развитием культуры. Как один из компонентов словарной системы, заимствованные слова являются незаменимым элементом любого языка. Когда разные языки соприкасаются друг с другом, наиболее вероятно заимствование иностранных языков, поэтому взаимное проникновение между языками неизбежно. Актуальность темы работы обусловлена тем, что экономическая глобализация сблизила связи между странами, и феномен взаимных заимствований возник нескончаемым. Следовательно, невозможно понять язык без понимания заимствованных слов. Анализ заимствованных слов способствует дружескому общению между различными культурами и языками. Объект исследования – заимствованные слова в русском и китайском языках. Предмет исследования – Способы перевода заимствованных слов в русском и китайском языках. Цель исследования – проанализировать сходства и различия между русскими и китайскими заимствованными словами с разных сторон с точки зрения «сопоставительного исследования». / The relevance of the topic of the work is due to the fact that since ancient times, language, as the most important and direct means of human communication, has a complementary relationship with human social civilization and the development of culture. As one of the components of the vocabulary system, borrowed words are an indispensable element of any language. When different languages come into contact with each other, borrowing of foreign languages is most likely, so mutual penetration between languages is inevitable. The object of the study is borrowed words in Russian and Chinese languages. The subject of the study is ways of translation of borrowed words in Russian and Chinese languages. The aim of the study is to try to analyze the similarities and differences between Russian and Chinese borrowed words from different sides from the point of view of "comparative study".

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

<p>Where does a language come from? Every language has its own history and during the course of that history, it might change, evolve or even die. Why do languages borrow from each other? Borrowing seems to be true for every language that has contact with another, even for major cultural languages such as Greek. Every case though is unique in itself. From which languages can a language borrow? Speakers of a certain language borrow from the people that they come in contact with, face-to-face or otherwise. How do languages incorporate those borrowings?</p><p>Lexical borrowings are responsible for as much as ninety percent of the Albanian vocabulary and due to globalization, this percentage is about to grow even more. With a great history of three thousand years behind it and being neighbor to the two great civilizations of the then known world, Ancient Greece and Rome, Albanian has borrowed more words than any other European language.Lexical borrowings are tightly connected to the history and culture of this nation. Depending on the presence of which foreign power ruled in the Albanian territories at which time, these borrowings have had as a primary source either Greek (Ancient, Middle or New), Latin or Turkish with a few minor interferences from Gothic and Slavic languages.Every language has its own reasons for borrowing from another language. There are two main reasons: prestige and need. Albanian is not an exception. Albanian has borrowed from Greek and Latin both on the basis of need and on the basis of prestige.</p><p>The primary objective for this master thesis is the identification of the vast numbers of lexical borrowings in the Albanian language, which languages they primarily come from, why the Albanian language has borrowed so many words during the course of its history and how those borrowings are incorporated in the Albanian language.</p>

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

A presente dissertação objetiva analisar o fenômeno conhecido como empréstimo linguístico. Para tanto, adotei como referencial teórico a Teoria da Variação em Terminologia, proposta por Faulstich (1999). Foi analisado um léxico especializado, mais precisamente o do Comércio Exterior. O corpus, composto de 37 termos descritores e 195 ocorrências, foi formado por termos extraídos de um site governamental (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). Os resultados da análise mostraram que o tipo de empréstimo mais produtivo encontrado no corpus é o híbrido, seguido do empréstimo que, depois de adaptado, se recompõe e gera uma Unidade Terminológica Complexa (UTC), híbrida ou vernacular, e do empréstimo que mantém a forma tal qual no inglês. Também tiveram recorrência importante no corpus empréstimos que geram um decalque no Português do Brasil (PB) e, a título de reforço, mantêm o termo em inglês, como um aposto explicativo. Em menor número, estão: a) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma de origem, mas apresentam evidências de registro de que ainda são estrangeiros; b) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma do inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às convenções ortográficas do PB; c) os empréstimos que mantêm a forma tal qual no inglês e geram uma forma adaptada às regras morfofonêmicas do PB; e d) empréstimos que abandonam a forma de origem em favor de um decalque no PB. De forma geral, esta pesquisa visou a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dos estudos socioterminológicos e fornecer auxílio prático aos operadores do léxico do Comércio Exterior com base na análise dos empréstimos linguísticos oriundos da língua inglesa e de seu estatuto variante. / This thesis presents an analysis of linguistic borrowing. Applying the theory of variation in terminology proposed by Faulstich (1999), it focuses on a specialized lexicon in foreign trade. The corpus consisted of 37 lexical items, with 195 occurrences, sourced from a Brazilian governmental site (http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Legislacao/LegisAssunto/ComExt.htm). The analytical results showed that the most common form of loanword in the corpus was hybrid, followed by loanwords that undergo adaptation and then are restructured to form a hybrid or vernacular Complex Terminological Unit. An important number of occurrences also involved calques into Brazilian Portuguese (BP) with the original English following in parentheses as way of explanation. Other, less frequent variations included: a) loanwords consisting of the original English along with an indication that they are still foreign words; b) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the conventions of BP orthography; c) loanwords that maintain the original English while producing a form adapted to the morphophonemic rules of BP; and d) loanwords that wholly replace the original English with a BP calque. Based on an analysis of linguistic borrowings from English and their variations, this research is intended both as a contribution towards the development of socioterminological studies and as a practical aid for users of the foreign trade lexicon.

本論文探討法語借詞進入國語音韻系統時所採取的音韻調整策略，並從優選理論和語料庫的角度來分析借詞現象，主軸為法語子音和鼻母音的調整模式。 本研究建置一個法語借詞語料庫，並統計音段保留、替代、或刪除的趨向。研究發現，音段保留與調整為主要的轉譯策略，唯有韻尾子音[ʁ]傾向於刪除。數據分析顯示法語借詞中的語言變異(variation)極為普遍，此現象說明國語中的法語借詞尚未完全詞彙化 (lexicalization)，而是仍在持續進行。因此本論文採用ROE模型 (rank-ordering model of EVAL, Coetzee 2006)來解釋法語借詞轉譯的變異現象。 法語音段的調整現象和變異情形可訴諸於制約的排序與互動。根據ROE模型，制約係以中界線(cut-off line)加以區隔，違反中界線以上的候選值會直接淘汰，而僅違反中界線以下的候選值皆可成為優選值。本研究發現，中界線以上的制約包含結構制約、信實制約、以及聯合制約(conjoined constraint);中界線以下的制約則多為信實制約。音韻表徵(phonological features)如[labial]與[nasal]在轉譯的過程中必須保留，而是否違反[voice]與[spread glottis]等表徵僅會造成語言變異。 制約的交錯排序、互動，以及中界線的位置對於法語借詞的現象提出了解釋。借詞音韻並非自成一個系統，而是反映了借入語和普遍語法皆存在的制約。 / This thesis investigates the phonological adaptations of French loanwords in Mandarin. The focus is on the loanword adjustment of French consonants and nasal vowels. A loanword corpus is established. Based on the statistical analysis, the adaptation pattern of each foreign segment is provided. The thesis observes that preservation and adaptation are the major strategies in loanword adaptation. The only exception is [ʁ] in the coda position, which has segment deletion as the major substitute. Variant substitutes are common in French loanwords, which suggest that the loanword adaptation of French is an ongoing process in Mandarin. Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004) is the major framework in this thesis. To account for variations, Coetzee’s (2006) rank-ordering model of EVAL (ROE) is also used for analysis. A critical cut-off line divides the constraints into two parts: constraints above the cut-off line, and constraints below the cut-off line. Violations of the former are fatal, while violations of the latter lead to variations. The fatal constraints place restrictions on illicit segments, segment combinations, and prosodic preferences. These crucial constraints include markedness constraints, faithfulness constraints, or even the conjunction of the two. Constraints below the cut-off line are mostly IDENT constraints. Violations of IDENT features such as [voice] and [spread glottis] bring only variations. This is contrary to the violations of IDENT [nasal] and IDENT [labial], which result in ill-formedness. Based on the constraint ranking and the position of the cut-off line, the thesis shows that loanword phonology does not form an idiosyncratic grammar. Instead, it includes the constraints that are latent in L1 and reflects universal grammar.

本篇論文從語料庫及優選理論，分析台語中的日語借字，探討兩個語言之間的音韻調整現象。 本研究建立一個日語借字語料庫，以數據資料佐證音段替代的趨向，釐清音段替代的主要性和次要性。統計發現，單一日語音段，雖然可能被不同的台語音段取代，但由於比例差距的懸殊，日語和台語音段的對應情形，大多可視為一對一的關係。至於一對二的對應情形，則可歸因於台語音韻限制，或是對於借字和來源字之間音徵保留的要求。 基於語料庫的數據，本篇從優選理論分析日語和台語間的音韻調整現象。音段替代方面，主要歸因於IDENT[feature]，MAX，以及結構性制約(markedness constraint)之間的排序部署。另外，文中提出四個並存音韻，藉由調整MAX和IDENT[MR]之間，以及SHARE[back]和IDENT[anterior]之間的排序，解釋日語借字中的自由變異(free variation)現象。最後，受到IDENT[μ]和*[μμμ]的控制，相鄰兩個音節不會合併為一個，如果合併後發生音拍(mora)數量刪減或增加，或是產生一個含有二個音拍以上的音節。 / This thesis investigates the phonological adjustment of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese. A corpus is established, and the statistics are provided to observe the substitute tendency of each of the Japanese sources. The use of the statistics properly explains whether a corresponding Taiwanese segment is either a regular substitute or merely an exception. Most of the Japanese segments are in one-to-one mapping when they are borrowed into Taiwanese. Some Japanese segments are in one-to-two mapping, due to either Taiwanese phonotatics or feature preservation between the sources and the loans, such as the phenomenon of reconfiguration. Besides, two adjacent syllables will combine to one, if the vowels are syllabified as a VG sequence after combination; in that event, the second syllable does not end with a nasal coda. Moreover, a glottal stop will insert to a word-final position if the penultimate syllable in a loanword ends with a vowel or a non-sonorant consonant. This analysis, based on the corpus, is conducted under the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004). For segmental substitutions, a set of IDENT[feature] is adopted to require the identity of certain features. The markedness constraints, regarding the segmental and place markedness and the Taiwanese phonotatics, are employed. High ranking of markedness constraints are responsible for adjustment of segments. Besides, re-rankings of SHARE[back] and IDENT[anterior] and MAX and IDENT[MR], are suggested. They are responsible for the substitutes that are in free variation. As for the contraction of syllables, it allows the loans and the sources to have the same numbers of moras. However, contraction is suspended, to prevent a syllable to have three or more moras.

本篇論文旨在從優選理論(Optimality Theory)來探討日語中的英語外來語。所研究的問題有四個，包括英語詞彙日語化過程中的語音代換(segmental substitutions)與音韻調整(phonological modifications)的現象，英語輔音韻尾促音化(consonant gemination)的現象，以及外來語截短(loanword truncation)現象的研究。在語音代換方面，基於過去以對比分析(Contrastive Analysis)的研究只重視英日語間音與音的對應，然共通語法(Universal Grammar)為當代語言學研究的主要目標，因此本文以優選理論這一針對共通語法所提出的當代音韻學理論中的制約(constraints)排行與違反的概念來重新分析。在本文中，語音代換主要是起因於共通語法下的音段標顯性制約(segmental markedness constraints)、極大性制約(MAX-IO)、及特徵一致性制約(IDENT[F] constraints)在日語語法中排行的結果。在音韻調整方面，日語主要是以元音添加(vowel epenthesis)來處理英語韻尾輔音及輔音群。過去的分析將元音添加視為是一種規則(rules)運作的結果，然這種分析仍需要制約的概念。有鑑於此，本文純以制約的排行與違反來分析這個現象。在本文中，音韻調整及元音添加主要是起因於共通語法下的一組音節結構完好性制約(syllable wel-formedness constraints)與極大性、依循性制約(DEP-IO)在日語中排行的結果所致。在英語韻尾輔音促音化方面，由於許多過去的研究將此一現象歸因於是模仿英語原字，特別是其閉音節結構的結果。根據此一看法，本文主張此一現象乃是起因於與韻尾輔音相關的音拍一致性制約(IDENT[m])因模仿英語原字這一目的而獲得優先被滿足權。也就是當其排行高於反孳生輔音制約(anti-gemination constraints)時，就會導致促音化的現象。在外來語的截短現象方面，過去學者的分析引發不少的問題，如Suzuki(1995)根據優選理論所提出的分析卻與Ito(1990)的統計結果相矛盾等。有鑑於此，本文作者亦進行外來語截短詞包括長度、音節類型、截短方向及重音等的統計。根據這一統計結果，本文將截短現象分成「最小截短」與「非最小截短」。兩者各由其相關的制約排行所控制。此外，本文並指出日語外來語的「最小截短」能驗證emergence of the unmarked (McCarthy and Prince 1994, 1995b, 1997)這一主張。 / This thesis aims to study English loanwords in Japanese within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993ab). It deals with four issues: the segmental substitutions and phonological modifications in loanword nativization, consonant gemination, and loanword truncation. The segmental substitutions are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG segmental markedness constraints, together with the higher ranked MAX-IO. The choices of substitute sounds are mainly determined by the rankings of lDENT[F] constraints in Japanese. The phonological modifications are attributed mainly to the Japanese-specific ranking of the UG syllable well-formedness constraints. In addition, vowel epenthesis as a way of modification is prompted by the dominance of MAX-10 over DEP-IO. As for consonant gemination, it is not motivated by any native requirements in Japanese, and thus results from a conscious effort to imitate English source forms by having lDENT[μ] acquire a priority to be respected. That is, when it dominates the anti-gemination constraints, consonant gemination takes place. Finally, on the basis of the statistical results, the present study distinguishes two kinds of truncation: the minimal and non-minimal truncations. In the minimal truncation, FTBIN and NONFIN(σ) are responsible for the accented LL and HL output patterns while in the non-minimal truncation WDBIN and MAX-BT lead to the unaccented four-mora outputs as well as LLL outputs.

Mgr. Kateřina Voleková Česká lexikografie 15. století Czech Lexicography of the 15th Century Abstract The thesis deals with Czech medieval lexicography. Based on research into rich manuscript material totalling over 350 items, it describes the development of Czech lexicography from Czech glosses in foreign-language texts and first Latin-Czech glossaries to the flourishing Czech lexicography of the 15th century covering both Latin-Czech, Czech-Latin and multilingual lexicographical works and also infrequently attested Czech monolingual dictionaries. The high number of lexicographical works is divided according to formal and content criteria. With respect to form and macrostructure we discern Czech glosses in Latin and Latin-German glossaries, a bilingual glossaries with Czech as one of the languages, alphabetaries and nomenclators and glossaries lacking an ordering criterion. With respect to the content we distinguish large dictionaries covering as many lexical items as possible on one hand and short glossaries covering only a narrowly delimited part of vocabulary on the other hand. The lexicographical works are supplied with a short description which is in case of short and yet unedited works complemented by an edition using transcription. The thesis also contains description of selected phenomena of...