The UNFCCC initiated mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an important policy instrument for combating climate change, using payments to create economic incentives for developing countries to preserve their forests. However, there is a need for closer scrutiny of whether the mechanism is able to generate its intended outputs and outcomes. The study assessed REDD+ productivity performance in collaborative governance using an instrumental case study of a Collaborative Governance Regime (CGR), the CarBi project in Vietnam. The assessment was based on Emerson and Nabatchi’s productivity performance matrix encompassing three units of analysis - the Participant Organisations, the CGR and the Target Goals. The study was conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) using in-depth interviews, complemented with official documents. The findings showed that progress was made in achieving target goals such as forest restoration and enhanced biodiversity, but that REDD+ was not adapted to suit the CGR’s need for stable payments and was not financially feasible to implement in a conservation focused project. Instead, outputs and outcomes were sustained as a result of the transition to the national Payment for Forest Ecosystem Services (PFES). However, the REDD+ safeguards, supporting the inclusion of local communities and indigenous peoples, were lost in the transition and PFES reliance on funding from hydropower dams posed both environmental and social challenges to CGR sustainability.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-13T19:28:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Joaquim Armando Dlima Viana.pdf: 2574418 bytes, checksum: 7610761268f0da802ec623a435305b08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Joaquim Armando Dlima Viana.pdf: 2574418 bytes, checksum: 7610761268f0da802ec623a435305b08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-16 / Biodiversity in Southern African countries plays an important role in rural communities. The components of biodiversity provide over 70% of the animal protein consumed by rural communities, source for traditional medicine, wild basic foodstuffs and building materials. Thus, southern African countries have implemented conservation programs to safeguard the interests of local populations. Mozambique also followed this process. Since its independence in 1975, Mozambique has been making efforts to protect its flora and fauna. However, day after day the statistics point out a degradation and loss of biodiversity throughout the country. Poaching and logging that feed Asian markets, increasing demand for wood fuel by local people, shifting cultivation, forest fires, lack of plans for land management, all associated with the population growth are pointed out as the main villains for the biodiversity crisis in Mozambique. Several national researchers as well, as international organizations concerned with the conservation, criticize the government's policies and strategies. It is with this problem, that the purpose of this study was to analyze the actions of conservation of biological diversity in Niassa National Reserve and its impact on the people living near the National Reserve. The results show that the main achievements in the political arena were the membership and subscription to international agreements and treaties, such as the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement in SADC, among others. Ratification of these agreements pressured the government to design a series of laws, policies, strategies and programs aimed mostly the conservation and management of biodiversity and its main target the social and economic well-being of the local community. The Land Law (1999), Environmental Law (1999) and Law of Forests and Wildlife (1999) regulate, among other things, the relationship of interaction between the state, the private sector and local communities for management purposes and conservation of natural resources. However, due to a historical-political context, the government still holds local communities apart which is an unfavorable situation for biodiversity management. This distance between the government and local communities contributes to that poachers, illegal loggers, and other explorers not formalized, get the protection of the local communities as partners to achieve their intentions. If the purpose of the implementation of the programs was to alleviate poverty and improve biodiversity conservation, so the results show that to some extent, both failed and need a deep reflection to continue. / A biodiversidade nos pa?ses da ?frica Austral desempenha um papel importante na vida das comunidades rurais. Os componentes da biodiversidade fornecem mais de 70% da prote?na animal consumida pelas comunidades rurais, medicamentos para medicina tradicional, alimentos de base silvestre e material de constru??o. ? nesse contexto que pa?ses da ?frica Austral tem implementado programas de conserva??o com vista a salvaguardar os interesses das popula??es locais. Mo?ambique n?o ficou de fora nesse processo. Desde a sua independ?ncia em 1975 que o pa?s vem envidando esfor?os no sentido de proteger a flora e a fauna. Por?m, dia ap?s dia as estat?sticas apontam para uma degrada??o e redu??o da biodiversidade por todo o territ?rio nacional. A ca?a furtiva e a explora??o madeireira que alimentam os mercados asi?ticos, a crescente procura de combust?vel lenhoso pelas popula??es locais, a agricultura itinerante, as queimadas florestais, falta de planos de uso e aproveitamento da terra, tudo isso associado com a explos?o demogr?fica, s?o apontados como sendo os principais vil?es para a crise da biodiversidade em Mo?ambique. As pol?ticas e estrat?gias do poder p?blico s?o alvo de cr?ticas por diversos pesquisadores nacionais bem como por organiza??es internacionais ligadas ? conserva??o. ? com essa problem?tica que a proposta desse trabalho foi a de analisar as a??es de conserva??o da diversidade biol?gica na Reserva Nacional do Niassa e seus impactos sobre a popula??o residente no entorno. Os resultados mostram que os principais feitos na arena pol?tica foram a ades?o e subscri??o a Acordos/Tratados internacionais e regionais, como por exemplo, a Conven??o Africana sobre a Conserva??o da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais, Uni?o Internacional para a Conserva??o da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (IUCN), Conven??o sobre o Com?rcio Internacional das Esp?cies da Fauna e Flora Silvestres Amea?adas de Extin??o (CITES), A Conven??o sobre a Diversidade Biol?gica (CDB), Protocolo Relativo ? Conserva??o da Fauna e Aplica??o da Lei na SADC, entre outros. A ratifica??o desses acordos pressionou o poder p?blico a desenhar uma s?rie de leis, pol?ticas, estrat?gias e programas visando na sua maioria a conserva??o e gest?o da biodiversidade tendo como principal alvo o bem-estar social e econ?mico das comunidades locais. A lei de terras (1999), a lei do ambiente (1999) e lei de florestas e fauna bravia (1999) regulam, entre outros aspectos, a rela??o de intera??o entre o Estado, o setor privado e as comunidades locais para fins de gest?o e conserva??o dos recursos naturais. Por?m, devido a um todo contexto hist?rico-pol?tico, o Estado ainda se mant?m distanciado das comunidades, o que concorre para a marginaliza??o das comunidades locais nesse processo. Essa marginaliza??o contribui em certa medida para que ca?adores furtivos, madeireiros ilegais, e demais exploradores n?o formalizados, se fa?am valer do amparo da popula??o local como parceiras para conseguir lograr os seus intentos. Se o objetivo da implementa??o dos programas foi de aliviar a pobreza e melhorar na conserva??o da biodiversidade, ent?o os resultados mostram que, em certa medida, ambos fracassaram e carecem de uma reflex?o profunda para a sua continuidade.

La riforma del Titolo V della parte II Cost. ha aperto nuove prospettive per la tutela degli interessi religiosi dei fedeli nelle comunità locali, che trovano adeguata rappresentanza nelle Diocesi, Province e Regioni Ecclesiastiche. / The reform of Title V of Part II Const. He opened up new prospects for the protection of the interests of religious believers in local communities, which find adequate representation in the Diocese, Ecclesiastical Provinces and Regions.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių panaudojimo galimybės Šilutės rajone, įtraukiant savivaldybę, verslo struktūras bei vietos bendruomenes. Atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių naudojimas yra vienas iš prioritetų įgyvendinant darnios plėtros idėjas. Lietuva yra įsipareigojusi Europos Sąjungai didinti atsinaujinančios energijos panaudojimo procentą galutiniame energijos suvartojime ir mažinti iškastinio kuro naudojimą bei šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų išmetimą į atmosferą. Darbe išnagrinėtos įvairios Europos Sąjungos direktyvos, Lietuvos atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių panaudojimo strategijos, Šilutės rajono strateginiai plėtros planai. Analizuojant dokumentus buvo atskleisti atsinaujinančios energijos plėtros tikslai Lietuvoje ir Šilutės rajone bei galimybės juos pasiekti. Šilutės rajone perspektyviausios atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių rūšys – vėjo energetika ir biokuro deginimas. Rajone jau veikia trys vėjo jėgainių parkai, tačiau dėl konfliktų tarp jų veikimo zonoje gyvenančių gyventojų ir verslininkų, reikalinga savivaldybės atstovų pagalba ginti abiejų grupių interesus ir slopinti nesutarimus. Vėjo energetikos plėtrai reikalinga teisinė bazė nustatanti tikslius atstumus tarp vėjo jėgainių ir gyvenamųjų namų. / Bachelor‘s Thesis exemines the usage possibilities of renewable energy sources in Šilutė district, involving the municipality, business structures and local communities. The usage of renewable energy sources is one of the priorities in implementing the sustainable development ideas. Lithuania is committed to the European Union to increase the percentage of renewable energy use in final energy consumption and reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Thesis examined the various European Union directives, Lithuanian strategies of renewable energy sources usage and strategic development plans of Šilutė district. By analysing the documents renewable energy development targets in Lithuania and in Šilutė district were revealed with the possibilities to achieve them. The most promising types of renewable energy in Šilutė district are wind power and burning of biofuel. The district already operates three wind farms, but due to conflicts between the residents living in wind turbine operation area and entrepreneurs, there is a need of support from representatives of municipality to defend the interests of both groups and suppress their disagreements. Wind energy development requires a legal framework which determines the exact distances between wind turbines and residential homes.

This thesis sets out to explore the reasons why individuals and communities affected by development operations are generally unable to influence and control the content of development interventions, and also how this disadvantaged position could potentially be ameliorated. The aim is to identify systematic and conceptual shortcomings at the governance level – that is, the issues that are valid on their own account and do not rely on the ideological stance about sustainable development. Accordingly, the thesis suggests four principles of accountability that, if implemented, would ensure a more balanced governance of development projects. It then explores whether and how decision-making in the context of World Bank financing currently adheres to these principles, both in terms of substantive standards of accountability and the procedural mechanisms that are put in place to uphold these standards. The analysis goes beyond the classic emphasis on the World Bank’s founding treaties, or enforcement of operational policies through the Inspection Panel. Instead, the thesis introduces the distinction between general (public international and domestic law), specialized (operational policies) and project-specific (agreements) rules, which, it is argued, are all directly relevant in the context of individual interventions. The notion of ‘project law’ is suggested as a helpful theoretical construct that enables such an analysis across traditional categories of sources. On the whole, ‘project law’ emphasizes the problematic link between different rules at the project level and points towards some fundamental difficulties of ensuring accountability for development transactions. The key argument of the thesis is that affected persons should be explicitly recognised under ‘project law’ and that such status could be useful in devising a system of accountability at the project level. It is also suggested that the governance of development interventions would benefit from better defined and more stringent public law rules and procedures, since these would clarify the limits of contractual freedom within ‘project law’. As a result of such greater certainty, it would be easier to hold decision-makers to account. Under the current system of World Bank financing, such improvements would be contingent primarily on the will of those who hold decision-making power, and their consent to be subjected to a more stringent accountability regime. In other words, whilst the legal tools may exist, there is also a need for the political will to use them.

Megaprojects are commonly known as large-scale projects which costs at least 1 billion USD. Megaprojects are implemented internationally, they impact millions of people, and take many years to be completed. Generally, megaprojects are infrastructural projects and they, for instance, can contribute to the country’s development, boost some infrastructural sectors, connect different regions by construction of roads, provide the opportunity for new businesses.Due to their scale and scope, megaprojects involve both primary and secondary stakeholders which have different interests, and therefore, different perception of success. Hence, project manager should identify each stakeholder and consider their interests from the very beginning of the project.As a case study for the current research it was decided to explore the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), which is a part of One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative by China. SREB road has a very significant meaning than the previous historic Silk Way, and it will connect Asia with Europe. The old trade Silk way will be updated till huge international infrastructural megaproject. This research focuses on Kazakhstan, which one of the key actors in that project, and which is world 9th biggest country.The main purpose of the current research is to increase the understanding about how secondary stakeholders perceive the success of megaprojects. We limited the research by stakeholders in local communities, so we can explore that topic more comprehensively. In order to find the answer on research question, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted. It was decided to follow the Business-Government-Society (BGS) model (Steiner & Steiner, 1980) and focus on stakeholders from three different sectors (business, government, society). Furthermore, through analysis of secondary data we got more holistic picture about research area.The research findings show that depending on communities’ sector the success perception differs. Furthermore, it was concluded from the findings that different local communities have different techniques and tools to evaluate the success, and therefore some of them perceive and estimate success in qualitative way, but others in quantitative way. In addition, the research showed that it is important to consider local communities’ interests during the project planning phase because it influences the projects’ success.The theoretical contribution of the current research is realized during the analysis of empirical findings and during the review of existing literature. The practical implication of the work is to provide the guidance on local community management in megaprojects and on how these communities perceive the success of projects.

Megaprojects are commonly known as large-scale projects which costs at least 1 billion USD. Megaprojects are implemented internationally, they impact millions of people, and take many years to be completed. Generally, megaprojects are infrastructural projects and they, for instance, can contribute to the country’s development, boost some infrastructural sectors, connect different regions by construction of roads, provide the opportunity for new businesses.Due to their scale and scope, megaprojects involve both primary and secondary stakeholders which have different interests, and therefore, different perception of success. Hence, project manager should identify each stakeholder and consider their interests from the very beginning of the project.As a case study for the current research it was decided to explore the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), which is a part of One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative by China. SREB road has a very significant meaning than the previous historic Silk Way, and it will connect Asia with Europe. The old trade Silk way will be updated till huge international infrastructural megaproject. This research focuses on Kazakhstan, which one of the key actors in that project, and which is world 9th biggest country.The main purpose of the current research is to increase the understanding about how secondary stakeholders perceive the success of megaprojects. We limited the research by stakeholders in local communities, so we can explore that topic more comprehensively. In order to find the answer on research question, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted. It was decided to follow the Business-Government-Society (BGS) model (Steiner & Steiner, 1980) and focus on stakeholders from three different sectors (business, government, society). Furthermore, through analysis of secondary data we got more holistic picture about research area.The research findings show that depending on communities’ sector the success perception differs. Furthermore, it was concluded from the findings that different local communities have different techniques and tools to evaluate the success, and therefore some of them perceive and estimate success in qualitative way, but others in quantitative way. In addition, the research showed that it is important to consider local communities’ interests during the project planning phase because it influences the projects’ success.The theoretical contribution of the current research is realized during the analysis of empirical findings and during the review of existing literature. The practical implication of the work is to provide the guidance on local community management in megaprojects and on how these communities perceive the success of projects.

Les produits forestiers non ligneux constituent l’une des richesses des écosystèmes forestiers du Bassin du Congo. A ce titre, nombre de chercheurs y ont vu un gage de lutte contre la pauvreté parce que capables de relancer la croissance à travers les revenus, l’alimentation et la santé dont ces produits sont tributaires. La crise économique des années 1980 qui a durement frappé la plupart des pays de la région, a également contribué à renforcer cette confiance dans le rôle économique des PFNL. Avec la crise, l’agriculture ne pouvait plus être la seule référence lorsqu’il s’agissait d’assurer les revenus des ménages. En fait, les chocs économiques successifs des années 1980 s’étant traduits par la baisse du pouvoir d’achat des ménages face aux effets conjugués de la chute brutale des produits de base tels le cacao, le café et la banane d’une part et la dévaluation du franc CFA en 1994 d’autre part, les populations se sont ruées sur des sources de revenus alternatives. L’exploitation plus intensive des PFNL s’inscrit dans cette dynamique. Au plan environnemental, de nombreux auteurs ont affirmé que, contrairement au bois, l’exploitation des PFNL aurait pour effet de retarder la conversion des forêts tropicales, grâce à son impact faible et surtout la volonté des populations à les conserver en connaissance de cause. Aussi, plus de deux décennies après, il y a lieu de se demander si ce mouvement des populations vers les PFNL a produits tous les effets escomptés. En d’autres termes, les PFNL ont-ils comblé les attentes des populations par rapport à la lutte contre la pauvreté et la création d’emplois en Afrique centrale ? L’objectif général de cette étude consiste à évaluer la contribution effective des PFNL à l’économie des ménages et l’impact de leur gestion sur l’environnement, en se limitant au Bassin du Congo et en insistant sur les expériences conduites dans la région au cours des 2-3 dernières décennies. / The involvement of rural people in forest management is determinant in sustainable management of forests. These people are relying on forest products, especially Non timber forest products they have been collecting for centuries. A good understanding of the valuing conditions of these products is essential in the Congo Basin. The implication of the private sector in adding value to NTFP is another challenge that will be analyzed in my thesis. By giving more attention to NTFP we create the conditions of equity in forest management. Overall the work attached to this thesis is important for sustainable forest management in Cameroon. Many articles, books and book chapters were published on the issue and number of presentations has been given during international conferences related to forests.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the ways multinational companies implement CSR initiatives adapted to the social needs of local communities in African countries. The paper will highlight local communities’ social needs and the appropriateness of CSR initiatives to respond to them, performed by multinational companies, using Epiroc AB as a case study. Methodology - This research was conducted using a qualitative research approach, applying a case study strategy, and empirically inquiring, seeking new insights for a deeper understanding of phenomena. The authors carried out three formal semi-structured interviews, two conducted to relevant CSR employees, and one from a community member. The authors also used secondary data by reviewing published documents containing information on local communities’ social needs in Africa. Findings – Most demanding areas of CSR to be considered by the MCN are related to poverty alleviation (food, health, and shelter) but, to avoid dependency, these need to be coupled with a capacity-building (education/training) and/or access to infrastructure (drinkable water, electricity, communications). The MNC uses specific mechanisms to assess LCSN, called systematic assessments and on-sight assessments. MNCs tend to adopt locallydriven, globally-driven, or trend-driven CSR initiatives in its subsidiary African countries to build a long term business sustainability and create a balance amongst stakeholders in the host country. Originality – An assessment of local communities' social needs and adaptability by Multinational Companies venturing into the African Market is introduced and developed by the authors. Paper type – Qualitative/Exploratory paper.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of sustainability storytelling in ecotourism organizations in Cambodia and Trinidad and Tobago. These two countries were specifically selected for a cross-case analysis due to their shared characteristics as developing economies. Ecotourism becomes a significant natural resource in driving the economic growth for both countries. A total of ten ecotourism organizations were chosen to participate in this study. The research analyzes three emerging themes. These themes include storytelling for sustainability, contextual factors in sustainability storytelling (media and setting), and perceived impact of sustainability storytelling in each representing country. Furthermore, the research conducts a comparative analysis of these three emerging themes in these both countries. The findings show that ecotourism leaders in both Cambodia and Trinidad and Tobago employ storytelling techniques as a tool to communicate their sustainability narratives, organizations’ missions, and ecotourism initiatives. Stories developed by these leaders are deeply rooted in personal experiences as founders and co-founders of the participating ecotourism organizations. However, a notable difference is the integration of aspirational elements in the storytelling approach. In Trinidad and Tobago, ecotourism leaders utilize various aspirational elements in the stories such as superhero characters, live-action drama, mascot characters, slogans and taglines, comic books, and graphic novels. On the other hand, Cambodian ecotourism leaders have not incorporated such elements due to challenges such as a lack of understanding in storytelling among internal employees, limited human and financial resources, and a lower level of awareness among community-based ecotourism members. In addition, the findings illustrate that storytelling has raised awareness, empowered the communities, and advocated for sustainable responsible tourism. Although positive impact resulting from storytelling is observed, these ecotourism organizations currently do not have appropriate measurement systems to assess actual impact and changes.