As mudanças climáticas impõem um conjunto de desafios à sociedade contemporânea. Nesse sentido, esta dissertação trata das mudanças climáticas a partir da abordagem dos governos locais e, mais especificamente, da experiência da cidade de São Paulo. A política climática permitiu que o município paulistano exercesse um protagonismo no cenário nacional e regional, além de uma inserção internacional. A cidade promulgou em junho de 2009, antes do estado de São Paulo e da União, a lei que criou e institucionalizou sua política de mudança do clima. O recorte cronológico considerou os mandatos dos prefeitos Marta Suplicy (PT), de 2001 a 2004; José Serra (PSDB), de 2005 a 2006; Gilberto Kassab (PFL/DEM/PSD), de 2006 a 2012; e Fernando Haddad (PT), de 2013 a 2016. Esse período foi analisado a partir do referencial teórico da sociologia política, considerando especificamente a figura do mediador de políticas públicas e os instrumentos da ação pública. Em termos metodológicos foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática, pesquisas em legislações e periódicos da época e a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado em entrevistas com atores-chave. O questionamento central foi: o que permitiu que a cidade de São Paulo exercesse um protagonismo no campo das políticas públicas em mudanças climáticas no Brasil? A busca pela resposta a essa pergunta indicou que um conjunto de instrumentos da ação pública local começou a ser implementado pelo menos desde 2003 e, a partir do momento em que os valores das mudanças climáticas passaram a representar a principal referência das ações da Secretaria do Verde e Meio Ambiente (SVMA), uma série de ações intersetoriais ganharam força. Eduardo Jorge exerceu uma liderança importante nesse processo, sendo o Secretário de Meio Ambiente mais longevo. Entretanto, quando um novo governo assumiu o poder em São Paulo a partir de 2013, a política climática perdeu força e sofreu retrocessos. / The climate change imposes a set of challenges to the contemporary society. This dissertation considers the climate change from the local governments approach and, more specifically, the São Paulos city experience. The climate policy allowed the city to play a leading role at the national regional scenario, besides an international insertion. The city has promulgated in June 2009 the law that created and institutionalized its climate change policy, before the State of São Paulo and the Union. The period analyzed considered the mandates of mayors Marta Suplicy (PT) from 2001 to 2004, José Serra (PSDB) in 2005 and Gilberto Kassab (PFL/DEM/PSD) from 2006 to 2012, and Fernando Haddad (PT) from 2013 to 2016. This period was analyzed from the theoretical reference of the political sociology perspective, considering specifically the figure of the public policies mediator and public action instruments. The methodology adopted was based on non-systematic bibliographic review, researches in legislation and journals, and the application of semi structured questionnaire on interviews with key actors. What allowed the city of São Paulo to play a leading role in the field of public policies on climate change in Brazil? The quest for the answer to this question indicated that a set of local public action instruments have been in place since at least 2003 and, as climate change values have come to represent the main reference of SVMA actions, a series of intersetorial actions gained strength. Eduardo Jorge has an important leadership in this process, being the environmental secretary during the longer analyzed period. However, when the new São Paulos government takes place from 2013, climate change policy loses strength and has setbacks.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar se a cooperação internacional descentralizada via redes de articulação institucional de cidades traz impactos nas políticas locais de direitos humanos. Para isso, foi realizado estudo de caso específico sobre a relação da rede Cidades e Governos Locais Unidos (CGLU) - e sua Comissão de Inclusão Social, Democracia Participativa e Direitos Humanos (CISDPDH) - com a Prefeitura de São Paulo (PMSP) - e sua Secretaria Municipal de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania (SMDHC) -, durante a gestão do Prefeito Fernando Haddad (2013-2016). O estudo foi elaborado tanto por meio da revisão bibliográfica sobre ação internacional de governos locais, cooperação descentralizada, redes de cidades e direitos humanos nas cidades, como pela análise de relatórios e documentos da CGLU e da PMSP e entrevistas com atores-chave. Verificou-se, então, que a CGLU não tem como foco de sua atuação a cooperação descentralizada em si, mas o advocacy pela incidência dos governos locais na arena internacional. Esse perfil é então refletido nas atividades de sua Comissão de Direitos Humanos, que ficam centradas também ao advocacy, sobretudo, de agendas ligadas ao direito à cidade. Assim, não são evidentes os efeitos concretos e diretos que a participação na CGLU pode trazer de fato às políticas públicas de suas cidades-membro. No que diz respeito à Prefeitura de São Paulo, verificou-se que, a partir da retomada de adesão à CGLU esperava-se seu protagonismo político na rede, o que não ocorreu. Como a CGLU mostrou ser uma rede essencialmente política, a baixa atuação de uma cidade-membro neste aspecto, como foi a de São Paulo, acabou por limitar ainda mais os próprios benefícios que a PMSP poderia apreender de sua participação na rede, reduzindo-se também as possibilidades de haver algum impacto significativo em sua política pública municipal de direitos humanos. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze whether decentralized international cooperation through networks of institutional articulation of cities has impacts on local human rights policies. For that, a specific case study was carried out on the relationship between the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) network - and its Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights (CISDPDH) - and São Paulo City Hall (PMSP) - and its Municipal Secretariat for Human Rights and Citizenship (SMDHC) -, during the administration of Mayor Fernando Haddad (2013-2016). The research was developed through the bibliographic review on international action of local governments, decentralized cooperation, city networks and human rights in the cities; as well as through the analysis of UCLG\'s and PMSP\'s reports and documents and also interviews with key actors. It was then verified that UCLG does not focus its action on decentralized cooperation itself, but on advocacy for the incidence of local governments in the international arena. This profile is then reflected in the activities of its Human Rights Committee, which are also focused on the advocacy, mainly of agendas related to the right to the city. Thus, the concrete and direct effects that participation in UCLG can actually bring to the public policies of its member cities are not evident. With regard to São Paulo City Hall, it was verified that, since the resumption of its adhesion to UCLG, it was expected its political protagonism in the network, which did not actually occurred. As UCLG proved to be, in essence, a political network, the low performance of a member city in this respect, such as it was São Paulo\'s, ended up limiting even more the benefits that PMSP could have from its participation in the network, also reducing the possibilities of having some significant impact on its municipal public policy of human rights.

Disertacijoje analizuojami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos tobulinimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Pirmame disertacijos skyriuje nagrinėjami decentralizacijos teoriniai-metodologiniai aspektai: decentralizacijos turinio analizės problemos ir decentralizacijos privalumai bei trūkumai. Aptariama subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta viešojo valdymo sistemoje, analizuojamos teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos sampratos, teritorinių savivaldybių ir kitų viešojo valdymo subjektų kompetencijos atskyrimas, teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos apibūdinimas, nagrinėjami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos nustatymo teoriniai aspektai. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta šalies viešojo valdymo sistemoje, išryškinamos teritorinio valdymo reformų kryptys 1995-2008 m. rugpjūtį, nagrinėjama Lietuvos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencija ir sąveika 1995-2008 m. rugpjūčio laikotarpiu. Trečiame skyriuje pagrįsta disertacinio projekto metu atlikto empirinio tyrimo metodologija. Pristatomi ir apibendrinami Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir vietos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos tyrimo rezultatai. Atlikto empirinio tyrimo pagrindu pateikiamos alternatyvios Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos modelio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Theoretical and practical aspects of sub-national government structure and territorial municipalities‘ competence are developed in a dissertation. The first chapter of the thesis examines the theoretical-methodological aspects of decentralization: problems of decentralization contents analysis as well as shortcomings and advantages of decentralization. It discusses the sub-national government structure and its place within the public governance system; analyzes the conceptions of territorial municipalities’ competence, division of competence of territorial municipalities and other subjects of public government as well as description of competence of territorial municipalities; examines theoretical aspects of establishing the sub-national government structure and the competence of territorial municipalities. The second chapter analyses the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and its place within the country’s public governance system, highlights the directions of territorial government reforms made in 1995- August 2008, examines the competence of Lithuanian municipalities and county governors’ institutions during the period of 1995-August 2008. The third chapter substantiates the methodology of empirical research, carried out in the course of thesis project. Research results of the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and of the competence of local municipalities and county governors’ institutions are presented and summarized. Based on the conducted... [to full text]

Tax Law attempts to regulate the majority of possible circumstances, in order to achieve an effective taxing on what requires be taxed. Being the acquisition of recreational boats an increasingly frequent phenomenon, it’s necessary to apply the Tax to Recreational Boats and to understand this tax in the light of the Peruvian legislation. On this occasion, the author analyzes the current situation of the imposition to these movable goods, through the interpretation and even questioning of its legal basis: the Law of Municipal Taxation and the regulation of the Tax to Recreational Boats. / El Derecho Tributario intenta regular la mayoría de circunstancias posibles para gravar efectivamente aquello que requiera imposición. Siendo la adquisición de embarcaciones de recreo un fenómeno cada vez más frecuente, surge la necesidad de aplicar el Impuestoa las Embarcaciones de Recreo y de entender esta carga a la luz de la normativa peruana. En esta oportunidad, el autor analiza la situación actual de la imposición a estos bienes muebles, a través de la interpretación de su base legal: La Ley de Tributación Municipal yel Reglamento del Impuesto a las Embarcaciones de Recreo.

En América Latina, diversos partidos y organizaciones políticas de izquierda han experimentado, especialmente en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, procesos de adaptación exitosos a sus respec- tivos sistemas sociopolíticos. La adaptación se constituye como una característica indispensable para asegurar la supervivencia política frente a contextos en constante transformación, los cuales presentan diversos desafíos a las estructuras partidarias de la región. No obstante, una experiencia fallida de adaptación se ejemplifica en el caso de la Izquierda Unida peruana de la década de 1980. Para entender la caída de Izquierda Unida, este trabajo construye sobre la extensa literatura referida a la izquierda en el Perú, aproximándose al caso de estudio a partir de la exploración de variables relacionadas al sindicalismo y a los gobiernos locales. Asimismo, con el objetivo de relacionar procesos políticos en paralelo, se presenta una comparación con el Partido de Trabajadores brasileño.

This thesis deals with the property tax revenue in local governments, the progress of revenues from this tax in the Czech Republic, the evaluation of the current state and comparison with selected European countries. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of present progress, current state and outlined potential perspectives of the property tax revenues of municipalities in the Czech Republic. The partial objective of this thesis is comparing the current state with the progress of the EU countries and using of this comparison to suggest possible trends of local government revenue.

En este estudio se analizó la eficiencia del gasto local en 1686 municipalidades del país para elaño 2003, mediante la interpretación de las actividades públicas locales como un proceso de producción que transforma inputs en outputs (Bradford et al. 1969 y Fisher 1996). Se establecieron para ello diversas fronteras de producción, construidas a partir de los mejores resultados dentro de grupos de municipalidades y luego se estimó la eficiencia relativa como la distancia a dichas fronteras. Se utilizaron cinco metodologías para la estimación de las fronteras de producción: (i) 3 no paramétricas (Free Disposal Hull, FDH, y Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA-CRS yDEA-VRS) y (ii) dos paramétricas (una determinística y otra estocástica), las cuales se estimaron a través de las diez categorías de municipalidades (cuatro provinciales y seis distritales) definidas mediante una metodología de conglomerados. Finalmente, a partir del empleo de modelos de regresión de tipo TOBIT, se analizaron los determinantes fiscales, socioeconómicos y demográficos de los niveles de eficiencia encontrados. Los resultados obtenidos son diversos y varían según la categoría del municipio analizado; a pesar que fue posible identificar algunas buenas prácticas municipales, los resultados a nivel nacional son preocupantes puesto que indican que se podría alcanzar la misma provisión de bienes y servicios municipales con 57,6% menos recursos. Entre los principales determinantes de este gasto ineficiente se encontraron las transferencias de los recursos del FONCOMUN y del canon, sobre todo a nivel distrital, mientras que uno de los factores que permitió una provisión más eficiente de los servicios públicos locales fue la participación ciudadana, aproximada por la presencia de los Consejos de Coordinación Local. En el marco de la promulgación del Decreto Supremo 068-2006-PCM, en octubre de 2006, por el cual se establece la culminación de las transferencias de competencias y funciones inicialmente programadas para el período 2006-2010, hacia fines del año 2007, los resultados obtenidos resaltan la necesidad de concentrar mayores esfuerzos para mejorar la eficiencia del gasto a nivel local.---In this study we analyzed the efficiency of the spending of 1686 Peruvian municipalities for the year 2003 through the evaluation to the municipal public activities as a process of production which transforms inputs in outputs (Bradford et al. 1969 and Fisher 1996). In doing so, we established several «best-practice» production frontiers in order to estimate the extent of municipal spending that seems to be wasted relative to that frontier. Five methodologies for the production frontier estimations were used (i) three non parametric: (i) Free Disposal Hull (FDH) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA-CRS and DEA-VRS) and (ii) two parametric: one deterministic and the other stochastic, which were estimated through ten categories of municipalities (four groups of provincial and six of district municipalities) defined through a cluster methodology. Finally, using TOBIT regression models, we analyzed the fiscal, socioeconomics and demographic determinants of the efficiency levels. We found different levels of efficiency and although we identified some good practices, the result at the national level is matter of concern because the same results could have been obtained with 57.6% less resources. Among the main determinants of this inefficiency spending the FONCOMUN and canon transfers were found, mainly at the district municipal level. One of the factors that allowed for a more efficient provision of local services was the civil participation, represented in the study by the Local Coordination Council. The results of the study show that there is a need to make more efforts to improve the local government spending. Even more so, after the promulgation of the Supreme Decree 068-2006-PCM in October 2006, by virtue of which the culmination of the competences and function transfers process, initially programmed for 2006-2010, brought forward to the end of 2007.

The objective of this thesis was to investigate factors that influence local government implementation. The study is a comparative case study between two local governments in Sweden; Hässleholm and Landskrona. Primarily the thesis aimed to look at the conditions faced by those implementing a new government directive aimed at supporting women who face violence, and their children who bear witness, by focusing on three key aspects for successful implementation: Implementers level of understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. Material in the form of documents and 14 interviews with key actors in the two authorities constitute the empirical foundation of the analysis. According to the results, are the two local governments pretty equal in achieving their projectgoal but the local government of Hässleholm had better policy-making, policy-design and policy process. This difference in outcome between the two authorities could not fully be explained by the three investigated dimensions since the difference between the two authorities were rather limited in this respect: both authorities scored quite high on implementers understanding, knowledge and will to implement decisions. This does not say that understanding, knowledge and will are not important factors, rather it shows that also other factors can affect the outcome.

The use of performance information is the backbone of performance management. Performance information use refers to the willingness of public managers or other relevant stakeholders to incorporate quantitative or qualitative data in their decision-making. Both routine and nonroutine performance information is considered essential in managers’ decision making. Understanding the organizational factors that motivate public managers to use performance information is an important topic in the literature and practice of performance management. Although the number of studies on information use is growing, little is known about the impact of Organizational Social Capital (OSC). OSC is composed of the sub-dimensions of social interaction, trust, and shared goals. The main argument of this study is that OSC fosters performance information use in public administrations. It is expected that departments with high levels of organizational social capital are more likely to use both routine and nonroutine performance information. To test the hypothesized effect, department heads, middle managers, and other individuals with a supervisory role from 513 Florida County Government departments were surveyed. Furthermore, interviews, focus groups, and analysis of secondary data were performed to provide the context and the narrative surrounding the hypothesized effect. Analysis of the survey data reveals evidence in support of the hypothesized effects. Furthermore, the comparative case study analysis shows the existence of substantial differences in the history, background, organizational culture, and management between the two counties. The main findings show how reorganization processes as well as a lack of leadership may have detrimental effects to organizational social capital. Organizational social capital could be considered a relevant predictor of performance information use and thus deserves further attention from both researchers and practitioners.

The strategic conception of the communication is an approach in constant evolution, which according to the kind of organization acquires particular aspects. This research describes the communication management of 49 local governments in the Province of Lima and Callao in Peru, analyzed from the strategic communication perspective, starting with the analysis of the documents that establish their institutional policy and the appreciations from direct sources. The context is studied taking into account that these organizations, being public institutions, are subject to specific conditions, which define the communicative dimension supported by setting goals and objectives oriented to encourage good relationships with the diverse audience and with the vision of ensuring the transparency and the access to the information by all the citizens; in this context the organizational policies and guidelines, as well as the performance and responsibilities of the persons in charge of managing the communication areas, play a fundamental role, therefore considering the communication management from strategy requires a distinguishing approach which makes sure that the process develops efficiently. This study brings conclusions that help to understand the current situation and also to recognise opportunities of improvement in this specific scenario.