This thesis presents a critique of counterhegemony, arguing that imperatives of unity and coherence in social movement theory and practice tend to limit potentials for transformation. I use the 'new social movement theory' of Alberto Melucci and Alain Touraine in order to foreground the problem of intelligibility. Laclau and Mouffe’s conception of articulation is used to develop the problem of intelligibility, and helps to avoid reification. However, I argue that their concept of counterhegemony presents a blackmail where social movements either represent themselves in universal terms, or are cast as merely fragmented and particular. The Deleuzo-Guattarian concepts molarization and molecularization are used to argue that social movements that appear fragmented or vague may in fact be transformative in unexpected ways. The final chapter focuses on a recent guerilla garden at the University of Victoria, and I argue that it is significant in its capacity to foreground problems and suspend commonsense habits, without presenting a coherent and unified programme.

This study has attempted to analyse the economic base of an urban Chinese community in Victoria, British Columbia, from its earliest beginnings in 1853 until 1947. Two groupings, merchants and service occupations have been delineated and described through time using the results of both field-work and document research. The problem was to determine the nature and extent of the economic enterprises included within these groupings, their relationship to the social context of cultural contact in which they functioned and the resultant effect of this con-text in terms of economic adaptation, diversification and overall change. From the data it was apparent that both merchant and service activities went through a period of development, expand¬ing in the number of both businesses and personnel involved during a period of increasing social stress between the Chinese community and the host society. This also coincided with intense organizational and associational activity within the Chinese community. Diversification is apparent in both types of activity during this period as merchant and service personnel seek to maximize gain in their separate market areas. Adaptation is manifested as merchants manipulated assets and invested in economic enterprises relying on the host community as clientele. This is primarily manifested through large investment in in-tensive agricultural activity, through purchase of land and the establishment of greenhouses. The variables effecting this change reflect the preferable socio-economic position of the merchant. The service occupations, on the other hand, had expanded in proportion to the demand for various goods and services within the host community. They provided a situation of contact, minimal capital investment and lower incomes. When the merchants diversified their interest to incorporate the same market area, they became reliant on the host community as clientele but faced competition from the same in a situation where they had no established mechanisms for contact. By 1947 there were relatively few Chinese remaining in the traditional merchant activity and minimal numbers of service businesses. The exceptions were the development of localized retail and wholesale produce redistribution outlets and restaurants, which provided economic enterprises for numerous Chinese families. Some were those related to segments of the traditional merchant group who had moved into intensive agriculture, and others consisted of those involved in the higher income activities of the service group. Notably the Exclusion Act and changing aspects of main-land China effectively necessitated the readjustment of the clientele on which the Chinese merchant had depended. Similarily, those employed in service occupations had no in-coming personnel to replenish their numbers and relatively little chance for adaptation with a lower socio-economic position and a declining demand for their goods and services. In conclusion the social environment of the overseas Chinese community in Victoria forced varying degrees of economic adaptation and diversification, manifested by utilization of the host community's economic system as the only means of subsistence, in the very area from which the host society had sought relentlessly to remove the presence of Chinese economic activity.

This study focuses on a girl-centered, anti-racist, feminist PAR program with Indigenous and racialized girls in Victoria, a smaller, predominantly white city in British Columbia, Canada. As a partnership among antidote: Multiracial and Indigenous Girls and Women’s Network, and an interdisciplinary team of academic researchers who are also members of antidote, this project defies typical insider-outsider dynamics. In this thesis, I intend to speak back to mainstream Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) literature, contesting the notion that this methodology provides an easy escape from the research engine and underlying colonial formations. Practices of YPAR are continuously (re)colonized, producing new forms of colonialism and imperialism. Our process can be described as an ongoing rhythm of disruptions and recolonizations that are not simple opposites, but are mutually reliant and constitutive within neocolonial formations. In other words, our practice involved creatively disrupting new forms of colonialism and imperialism as they emerged, while recognizing that our responses were not outside of these formations. I seek to make our roles as researchers visible, rather than hidden by hegemonic equalizing claims of PAR, and will explore some of the ways that white noise infiltrated our ongoing efforts of decolonizing YPAR practices. / Graduate

Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii is an iconic freshwater angling species that has suffered declines in abundance and is now listed as a nationally vulnerable species. Despite recognition of the need for biological knowledge to provide future management directions, little is known of its ecology. This thesis examines that ecology to provide new knowledge and recommendations for improved conservation management. (For complete abstract open document)

The World Health Organization and the United Nations state that people normally access water through their place of residence. However, in North America people regularly need access to water services, such as toilets, fountains, or bathing facilities, when not in a private residence. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the current situation of access to water for personal uses for people outside a place of residence as an emergent research topic. To accomplish this, I conducted a literature review and a thematic analysis of nine key-informant interviews with stakeholders in Victoria. Findings from the research reveal that access to water for personal uses is limited in Victoria when outside a place of residence. Furthermore, the consequences and implications of this limitation directly and indirectly influence both individuals and the broader community. Finally, policy recommendations, action responses, and future research directions inform possible responses to address this issue.

Die Queen Victoria Gedenkhospitaal van Stellenbosch, wat sedert 1904 die Stellenbosse gemeenskap bedien het, het as gevolg van 'n groeien~e inwonergetal geleidelik 'n gebrek aan ruimte ondervind. Daarom is daar gedurende die 1930's pogings aangewend vir die oprigting van 'n groter hospitaal. Hierdie pogings is uiteindelik met sukses bekroon en in 1944 het die Stellenbosch Hospitaal sy deure geopen. Spoedig na die opening van die hospitaal is verskeie probleme, soos byvoorbeeld 'n tekort aan beddens en 'n behoefte aan meer moderne mediese toerusting, ondervind. Die Hospitaalraad het deur voortdurende verto~ tot die Kaapse Provinsiale Administrasie en met die finansi~le steun van die Stellenbosse gemeenskap daarin geslaag om belangrike moderne algemene en mediese toerusting aan te koop. Die Stellenbosch Hospitaal, in samewerking met die Cloetesville Gemeenskaps Gesondheidsentrum, wat onder die beheer van die hospitaal staan, se belangrikste doelwit was, en is, om die beste moontlike diens aan die gemeenskap te lewer. Daarom het die Hospitaalraad met verloop van tyd 'n omvattende gemeenskaps gesondheidsprogram ontwikkel. Sedert die dae van die Queen Victoria Gedenkhospitaal het die Stellenbosse gemeenskap 'n aktiewe rol in die lewering van noodsaaklike hospitaaldienste gespee!. As gevolg van die betrokkenheid en die finansi~le bydraes van die gemeenskap kon die Hospitaalraad noodsaaklike uitbreidings, soos 'n kraamsaal en 'n verpleegsterstehuis finansier. Omdat die gemeenskap besef het dat dit nie net die staat se verantwoordelikheid was om gesondheidsdienste te lewer nie, is die Aksie Stellenbosch Hospitaal, die gemeenskapsarm van die hospitaal, in 1988 gestig. Hierdie Aksie Stellenbosch Hospitaal speel dus in 'n tydperk waar staatsfondse beperk is, 'n belangrike rol om die Stellenbosch Hospitaal doeltreffend te laat funksioneer en om steeds hoe standaarde met betrekking tot gesondheidsorg te handhaaf.

Representations of the Gypsies and their lifestyle were widespread in British culture in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This thesis analyzes the varying literary and artistic responses to the Gypsy figure in the period circa 1780-1870. Addressing not only well-known works by William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Walter Scott, John Clare, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold and George Eliot, but also lesser-known or neglected works by Gilbert White, Hannah More, George Crabbe and Samuel Rogers, unpublished archival material from Princess Victoria's journals, and a range of articles from the periodical press, this thesis examines how the figure of the Gypsy was used to explore differing conceptions of the landscape, identity and freedom, as well as the authoritative discourses of law, religion and science. The influence of William Cowper's Gypsy episode in Book One of The Task is shown to be profound, and its effect on ensuing literary representations of the Gypsy is an example of my interpretation of Wim Willem's term ‘paper Gypsies': the idea that literary Gypsies are often textual (re)constructions of other writers' work, creating a shared literary, cultural and artistic heritage. A focus on the picturesque and the Gypsies' role within that genre is a strong theme throughout this thesis. The ambiguity of picturesque Gypsy representations challenges the authority of the leisured viewer, provoking complex responses that either seek to contain the Gypsy's disruptive potential or demonstrate the figure's refusal to be controlled. An examination of texts alongside contemporary paintings and sketches of Gypsies by Princess Victoria, George Morland, Thomas Gainsborough, J. M. W. Turner, John Constable and John Everett Millais, elucidates the significance of the Gypsies as ambiguous ciphers in both literature and art.

Nurses are already exposed to plenty of stressors while at work, one of which being the unavoidable nature of rotating shift work scheduling which can have profound physiological effects carrying heightened long-term health risks. Working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new stressors while further exacerbating the effects of pre-existing ones in this already understudied group of essential workers. The purpose of this research was to examine physiological markers of stress and health in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nine subjects (mean age 32.11 ± 7.25 years) from two hospitals in the Greater Victoria region collected data over an eight-day shift roster consisting of two 12-hour day shifts, two 12-hour night shifts, and four days off in two separate collection periods; remote data collection was used to adhere to COVID-19 safety guidelines. Salimetrics ELISA kits were used to conduct analyses for salivary cortisol, melatonin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) content. Frequency domain heart rate variability (HRV) was collected with a Polar H10 Chest Strap and Polar Ignite Activity Tracker. A salivary sample and 5-minute HRV recording were obtained upon waking or shortly thereafter on each day; a second saliva sample was obtained after work for the four working days. The Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) was completed at the end of the last night shift in each period. There were no significant differences between IL-6 concentrations across the eight days within each period; the same was observed for cortisol. Additionally, no difference was apparent between the morning and evening salivary cortisol concentrations, thus demonstrating a blunting of the diurnal release pattern. Evening salivary cortisol concentrations remained elevated near the level of morning samples and were consistently above reference values for the population age group. Morning salivary melatonin concentrations significantly differed by day (F(5, 25) = 6.626, p < 0.001) but not period; melatonin concentrations were lowest following night shifts, showing a suppression in release due to participants being exposed to light at night with shift work. No statistically significant differences were apparent between any frequency domain HRV parameters in either Period 1 or Period 2. Perceived occupational stress was heightened in comparison to previously published pre-pandemic research using the ENSS. The results of this research reveal alterations to the circadian nature of cortisol and melatonin alongside elevated perceived occupational stress; these physiological and psychological effects can compound the risk for adverse health outcomes. While it is difficult to discern the root cause of these responses, it nevertheless reveals insight into the effects of nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic and raises concern for potentially related disease risk. / Graduate

[EN] Joan de Borja i Castro (1533-1606) was one of the culturally and politically active members of the Iberian nobility in the second half of the sixteenth century. The son of Saint Francis of Borgia, he was Philip II's Ambassador in Portugal and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as Empress Maria's mayordomo mayor. Music occupied a central role in Borja's life. This thesis studies his musical activities, notably his patronage of specific works, and identifies the international networks in which he participated. The collection of music books and instruments inventoried after his death lies at the heart of this study and, complemented with new research in Spanish archives, reveals an unusually detailed profile of a major music patron of the sixteenth century. / [ES] Joan de Borja y Castro (1533-1606) fue un de los miembros cultural y políticamente más destacados entre la nobleza hispánica en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Hijo de San Francisco de Borja, fue embajador de Felipe II en Portugal y Alemania y mayordomo mayor de la emperatriz María. La música estuvo presente durante toda su vida. Esta tesis estudia las actividades musicales de Borja, el patrocinio de obras y las redes clientelares internacionales donde figura como una persona clave en el mundo ibérico de su tiempo. La colección de libros de música e instrumentos, inventariada a su muerte, permite profundizar en esta investigación y mostrar un perfil de un mecenas poco habitual en las postrimerías del siglo XVI. / [CAT] Joan de Borja i Castro (1533-1606) va ser un dels membres culturalment i política més destacats entre la noblesa hispànica a la segona meitat del segle XVI. Fill de sant Francesc de Borja, va ser ambaixador de Felip II a Portugal i a Alemanya y majordom major de l'emperadriu Maria. La música va estar present durant tota la seua vida. Aquesta tesi estudia les activitats musicals de Borja, els patrocinis d'obres i les xarxes clientelars internacionals on figura com una persona clau al món ibèric del seu temps. La col·lecció de llibres de música i instruments, inventariada a la seua mort, permeten aprofundir en aquesta investigació i mostrar el perfil d'un mecenes musical poc habitual a les darreries del segle XVI. / Escrivà Llorca, F. (2015). ERUDITIO, PIETAS ET HONOR: JOAN DE BORJA I LA MÚSICA DEL SEU TEMPS (1533 - 1606) [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/51022 / TESIS

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