A adubação verde no Brasil, apesar de ser comumente conhecida pelos seus benefícios, ainda é pouco utilizada no sistema de rotação de cultura na cana-de-açúcar. Dentre os fatores que ainda implicam na decisão de utilizar a tecnologia da adubação verde, esta o desconhecimento dos efeitos dos herbicidas residuais utilizados na cultura da cana, sobre as plantas utilizadas como adubação verde e a cultura da soja. Assim, esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar: resíduos de herbicidas em solos arenoso e argiloso; efeitos dos resíduos sobre a biomassa fresca de Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca e Mucuna pruriens; efeitos dos resíduos dos herbicidas na fototoxicidade e produção de grãos da cultura de soja cv. NA 5909 RG. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas pertencentes a Usina São Martinho S/A, nos municípios de Iracemápolis/SP e Itirapina/SP, com os herbicidas amicarbazone, hexazinona, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron, onde foram aplicadas cinco doses de cada herbicida em pré-emergência, aos 82 dias anteriores a semeadura das espécies. As doses utilizadas foram: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D e testemunha sem aplicação; sendo D a dose recomendada de amicarbazone (1.050 g ha-1), ou de hexazinona (225 g ha-1), ou de tebuthiuron (1.200 g ha-1), ou de sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). Todas as amostras foram enviadas e analisadas em laboratório, onde foi determinado os resíduos de cada herbicida em (μg Kg-1 solo). Os resíduos do herbicida amicarbazone detectados foram inferiores proporcionalmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo arenoso. A maioria das espécies de adubos verdes estudadas, não apresentaram redução de biomassa onde foram aplicadas as doses comerciais de amicarbazone, hexazinona e sulfentrazone. O resíduo do herbicida tebuthiuron detectado no solo, foi superior proporcialmente, aos outros herbicidas testados, principalmente em solo argiloso. O herbicida tebuthiuron ocasionou a redução de biomassa para maioria das espécies a partir dos tratamento com a dose comercial. As espécies C. cajan e C. ensoformis foram as plantas mais tolerantes a maioria dos herbicidas testados. Para a maioria dos herbicidas testados, as espécies C. spectabilis e C. ocholeruca foram as espécies com maiores índices de redução, sendo a C. ochroleuca a espécie mais sensível. Na cultura da soja, o herbicida sulfentrazone não ocasionou redução, os herbicidas amicarbazone e hexazinona causaram redução de produtividade apenas nos tratamentos com maiores concentrações. O tebuthiuron foi o herbicida mais agressivo, causando reduções de produtividade principalmente com as maiores concentrações analisadas. / Green manure in Brazil, despite being commonly known for its benefits, is still little used in the crop rotation system in sugarcane. Among the factors even care in the decision to use the technology of green manure, is the lack of knowledge on the residual effects herbicides used during the crop, on the plants used as green manure and the soybean crop. Thus, this research was conducted with the propose of evaluating: herbicide residues in sandy and clayey soils; effects of residues on the fresh biomass weight of Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca and Mucuna pruriens; residual effects on phototoxicity and grain yield of soybean crop cv. NA 5909 RG. The experiments were developed in areas of Sao Martinho S / A Plant, around Iracemapolis/SP and Itirapina/SP, using the herbicides amicarbazone, hexazinone, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron, and applied five doses of each herbicide were applied in pre-emergence, at 82 days before planting of the species. The doses used were: 1/4D, 1/2D, 3/4D, D, 2D and a witness without application; with D being the recommended dose of amicarbazone (1,050 g ha-1), or hexazinone (225 g ha-1), or tebuthiuron (1,200 g ha-1), or sulfentrazone (750 g ha-1). All samples were sent and analyzed in laboratory, evaluating the residues of each herbicide were determined in (μg kg-1 soil). The residues of the amicarbazone herbicide detected, were proportionally lower than the other herbicides tested, mainly in sandy soil. Most of the green manure species, did not show any biomass reduction when applied commercial doses of amicarbazone, hexazinone and sulfentrazone were applied. The residual effects of tebuthiuron detected in the soil was higher proportionally, to the other herbicides tested, mainly in clayey soil. The herbicide tebuthiuron caused the reduction of biomass for most species from the commercial dose treatment. The species C. cajan and C. ensoformis were tolerant plants for most herbicides tested. For most of the tested herbicides, C. spectabilis and C. ocholeruca were the species with the highest reduction rates, C. ochroleuca being the most sensitive species. In the soybean crop, the herbicide sulfentrazone did not cause reduction, the herbicides amicarbazone and hexazinone caused a reduction of productivity only in the treatments with higher concentrations. Tebuthiuron was the most aggressive herbicide, causing productivity reductions mainly with the highest concentrations analyzed.

O planejamento da produção é uma atividade que avalia decisões para um melhor uso dos recursos disponíveis, visando satisfazer aos objetivos produtivos da empresa ao longo de um horizonte de planejamento. Este trabalho enfoca o problema de dimensionamento de lotes com restrições de capacidade (PDLC), que é uma das tarefas centrais envolvidas no planejamento da produção. O PDLC visa determinar o tamanho dos lotes a serem produzidos em períodos de tempo de um horizonte de planejamento. Os PDLC estudados neste trabalho contemplam duas características importantes: a presença de múltiplos itens e a existência de tempos de preparação para as máquinas. Além disso, são consideradas restrições de capacidade e situações onde o atraso para atender a demanda é permitido (backlogging). Alguns dos modelos estudados permitem que a preparação do ambiente de produção para um dado item possa ser mantida de um período para o seguinte, o que propiciaria a economia de até uma preparação a cada período. Esta característica é chamada de preservação de preparação (carry-over). Também existem situações onde a preparação de uma máquina começa em um período e termina no período seguinte. Na literatura, esta característica é chamada de set-up crossover. Este trabalho tem três metas centrais: a) avaliar diferentes configurações do software comercial ILOG CPLEX 11 para a solução dos PDLC estudados; b) estudar a influência na solução dos PDLC quando se acrescenta a possibilidade de atraso na demanda, de preservação de preparação e de set-up crossover; c) aplicar local branching para resolver os problemas estudados. Para resolver as instâncias propostas, foram utilizados o software comercial ILOG CPLEX 11 e um programa em C++ que foi desenvolvido neste trabalho. Foram utilizados exemplos encontrados na literatura para avaliar as propostas, e bons resultados foram obtidos / The production planning is an activity that evaluates the decision for a better use of the available resources, in order to satisfy the productive objectives of the company over a planning horizon. This work focuses on the capacitated lot-sizing problem (CLSP), which is one of the central tasks involved in production planning. The CLSP means to determine the size of the lots to be produced in time periods of a planning horizon. The CLSP studied in this work contemplate two complicating characteristics: the presence of multiple items and the existence of set-up times for the machines. Besides that, capacity constraints and situations where backlog of the demand is allowed are also considered (backlogging). Some of the studied models allow the set-up of the production environment for a given item to be carried over to the next period, which could result in economy of a set-up in each period (carry-over). There are situations where the set-up of a machine starts in one period and crosses over to the next period (set-up crossover). This work has three main goals: a) evaluate different configurations of the commercial software ILOG CPLEX 11 to solve the different kinds of CLSP studied; b) study the influence of the solution of the CLSP when you consider the possibility of backlogging, set-up carry-over and set-up crossover; c) apply local branching to solve the studied problems. To solve the proposed instances, we used the commercial solver ILOG CPLEX 11 and the program in C++ developed in this work. The examples used to test both programs are found in the literature, and good results were obtained

The purpose of this research was to study the attitudes of police officers about handgun carry permit holders. Police officers from local police departments in Tennessee and Virginia were surveyed with a 30-question questionnaire. The questionnaire used the independent variables of sex (gender), age, marital status, and education to study officers’ opinions on the subject of handgun carry permit holders. The survey items asked police officers their attitudes about issues including carry permits in certain situations, training of the permit holder, and federal law. The research found that a majority of officers support handgun carry permit holders and that officers are not threatened by handgun carry permit holders.

<p>In comparison to other basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication,division is far more complex and expensive. Many division algorithms, except for lookup tables, rely on recursion with usually complex operations in the loop. Even if the cost in terms of area and computational complexity sometimes can be made low, the latency is usually high anyway, due to the number of iterations required. Therefore, in order to find a faster method and a method that provides better precision, a non-recursive polynomial-based algorithm was developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering at Linköping University. </p><p>After having performed high-level modelling in Matlab, promising results were achieved for up to 32 bits of accuracy. However, since the cost model did not take in account other factors that are important when implementing in hardware, the question remained whether the division algorithm was also competitive in practice or not. Therefore, in order to investigate that, this thesis work was initiated. </p><p>This report describes the hardware implementation, the optimization and the evaluation of this division algorithm, regarding latency and hardware cost for numbers with different precisions. In addition to this algorithm, the common Newton-Raphson algorithm has also been implemented, to serve as a reference.</p>

In this thesis two versions of a single filter frequency masking narrow-band high-speed recursive digital filter structure, proposed in [1], have been implemented and evaluated considering the maximal clock frequency, the maximal sample frequency and the power consumption. The structures were compared to a conventional filter structure, that was also implemented. The aim was to see if the proposed structure had some benefits when implemented and synthesized, not only in theory. For the synthesis standard cells from AMS csx 0.35 mm CMOS technology were used.

In comparison to other basic arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication,division is far more complex and expensive. Many division algorithms, except for lookup tables, rely on recursion with usually complex operations in the loop. Even if the cost in terms of area and computational complexity sometimes can be made low, the latency is usually high anyway, due to the number of iterations required. Therefore, in order to find a faster method and a method that provides better precision, a non-recursive polynomial-based algorithm was developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering at Linköping University. After having performed high-level modelling in Matlab, promising results were achieved for up to 32 bits of accuracy. However, since the cost model did not take in account other factors that are important when implementing in hardware, the question remained whether the division algorithm was also competitive in practice or not. Therefore, in order to investigate that, this thesis work was initiated. This report describes the hardware implementation, the optimization and the evaluation of this division algorithm, regarding latency and hardware cost for numbers with different precisions. In addition to this algorithm, the common Newton-Raphson algorithm has also been implemented, to serve as a reference.

<p>This dissertation is a collection of papers with the unifying objective being to better understand crash risk in foreign exchange markets. I investigate how exposure to the risk of currency crashes is able to provide a unified rationalization of the returns of various sorted currency portfolios.</p><p>In the first chapter, I identify an aggregate global currency skewness risk factor, which I denote SKEW. Currency portfolios that have higher average excess returns covary more positively with this risk factor. They suffer losses in times when high interest rate investment currencies have a greater tendency to depreciate sharply as a group relative to low interest rate funding currencies. Consequently, they earn higher average excess returns as reward for exposure to this risk. I create three sets of sorted currency portfolios reflecting three distinct sources of variation in average excess currency returns. The first set sorts currencies based on interest rate differentials. The second set sorts currencies based on currency momentum. The third set sorts currencies based on currency undervaluedness relative to purchasing power power parity (PPP) implied exchange rates. I find that differences in exposure to the global currency skewness risk factor can explain the systematic variation in average excess currency returns within all three groups of portfolios much better than existing foreign exchange risk factors in the literature.</p><p>In the second chapter, I build on the first chapter by studying the extent to which currency crash risk is predictable or unpredictable and whether the pricing power of aggregate currency skewness, uncovered in the first chapter, is due to unpredictable or predictable crash risk. Focusing on currency crash risk proxied using realized currency skewness at both the individual currency level and at the aggregate level using the SKEW risk factor introduced in the first chapter, I investigate whether either form of crash risk is predictable using only past information about crash risk. In particular, I use past information on both individual currency level and aggregate level measures based on both lagged realized currency skewness and lagged option implied risk neutral skewness. I find evidence that there is not much predictability at the individual country level or at the aggregate level over the full sample period considered. However, there is some evidence of predictability at the aggregate level since 1999, and especially so when option implied risk neutral skewness measures are used. Additionally, I use the predictions of SKEW and conduct asset pricing similar to that in chapter 1 using predicted and unpredicted SKEW to see whether its pricing power comes from predictable or unpredictable components. I find evidence that it is unpredictable currency crash risk that is very important, as the asset pricing results are largely identical when either SKEW or SKEW forecast errors are used. and whether the pricing power of</p> / Dissertation

A seal is a component used in a turbomachine to reduce internal leakage of the working fluid and to increase the machine's efficiency. The stability of a turbomachine partially depends upon the rotodynamic coefficients of the seal. The integral control volume based rotodynamic coefficient prediction programs are no more accurate than the accuracy of the leakage mass flow rate estimation. Thus an accurate prediction of the mass flow rate through seals is extremely important, especially for rotodynamic analysis of turbomachinery. For labyrinth seals, which are widely used, the energy dissipation is achieved by a series of constrictions and cavities. When the fluid flows through the constriction (under each tooth), a part of the pressure head is converted into kinetic energy, which is dissipated through small scale turbulence-viscosity interaction in the cavity that follows. Therefore, a leakage flow rate prediction equation can be developed by comparing the seal to a series of orifices and cavities. Using this analogy, the mass flow rate is modeled as a function of the flow coefficient under each tooth and the carry over coefficient, which accounts for the turbulent dissipation of kinetic energy in a cavity. This work, based upon FLUENT CFD simulations, initially studies the influence of flow parameters, in addition to geometry, on the carry over coefficient of a cavity, developing a better model for the same. It is found that the Reynolds number and clearance to pitch ratios have a major influence and tooth width has a secondary influence on the carry over coefficient and models for the same were developed for a generic rectangular tooth on stator labyrinth seal. The discharge coefficient of the labyrinth seal tooth (with the preceding cavity) was found to be a function of the discharge coefficient of a single tooth (with no preceding cavity) and the carry over coefficient. The discharge coefficient of a single tooth is established as a function of the Reynolds number and width to clearance ratio of the tooth and a model for the same is developed. It is also verified that this model describes the discharge coefficient of the first tooth in the labyrinth seal. By comparing the coefficients of discharge of compressible flow to that of incompressible flow at the same Reynolds number, the expansion factor was found to depend only upon the pressure ratio and ratio of specific heats. A model for the same was developed. Thus using the developed models, it is possible to compute the leakage mass flow rate as well as the axial distribution of cavity pressure across the seal for known inlet and exit pressures. The model is validated against prior experimental data.

This thesis includes two topics. One is a low-power high-speed 8-bit pipelining CLA design using dual threshold voltage (dual- Vth) domino logic. The other is a low-cost digital I/Q separator for DVB-T receivers. A high speed and low power 8-bit CLA using dual- Vth domino logic blocks arranged in a PLA-like style with pipelining is presented. According to parallely precharge and sequentially evaluate in a cascaded set of domino logic blocks, transistors in the precharge part and the evaluation part of dual- Vth domino logic are, respectively, replaced by high Vth transistors to reduce subthreshold leakage current through OFF transistors, and low Vth transistors. Moreover, an nMOS transistor is inserted in the precharge phase of the output inverter such that the two-phase dual- Vth domino logic can be properly applied in a pipeline structure. Consequently, the proposed design keeps the advantage of high speed while attaining the effect of low power dissipation. A low-cost digital I/Q separator is presented in the second part of this thesis. Using digital I/Q separator in place of the traditional analog I/Q separator guarantees the design conquer gain and phase mismatch problems between the I and Q channels. The proposed design can berealized by inverters and shifters such that the goal of low cost can be achieved.

<p>In this thesis two versions of a single filter frequency masking narrow-band high-speed recursive digital filter structure, proposed in [1], have been implemented and evaluated considering the maximal clock frequency, the maximal sample frequency and the power consumption. The structures were compared to a conventional filter structure, that was also implemented. The aim was to see if the proposed structure had some benefits when implemented and synthesized, not only in theory. For the synthesis standard cells from AMS csx 0.35 mm CMOS technology were used.</p>