This thesis focuses on the logical design of binary adders. It covers topics extending from cardinal numbers to carry skip optimization. The conventional adder designs are described in detail, including: carry completion, ripple carry, carry select, carry skip, conditional sum, and carry lookahead. We show that the method of parallel prefix analysis can be used to unify the conventional adder designs under one parameterized model. The parallel prefix model also produces other useful configurations, and can be used with carry operator variations that are associative. Parallel prefix adder parameters include group sizes, tree shape, and device sizes. We also introduce a general algorithm for group size optimization. Code for this algorithm is available on the World Wide Web. Finally, the thesis shows the derivation for some carry operator variations including those originally given by Majerski and Ling. / text

Cryptosystems are used to provide security in communications and data transmissions. Stream ciphers are private key systems that are often used to transform large volumn data. In order to have security, key streams used in stream ciphers must be fully analyzed so that they do not contain specific patterns, statistical infomation and structures with which attackers are able to quickly recover the entire key streams and then break down the systems. Based on different schemes to generate sequences and different ways to represent them, there are a variety of stream cipher analyses. The most important one is the linear analysis based on linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) which have been extensively studied since the 1960's. Every sequence over a finite field has a well defined linear complexity. If a sequence has small linear complexity, it can be efficiently recoverd by Berlekamp-Messay algorithm. Therefore, key streams must have large linear complexities. A lot of work have been done to generate and analyze sequences that have large linear complexities. In the early 1990's, Klapper and Goresky discovered feedback with carry shift registers over Z/(p) (p-FCSRS), p is prime. Based on p-FCSRs, they developed a stream cipher analysis that has similar properties to linear analysis. For instance, every sequence over Z/(p) has a well defined p-adic complexity and key streams of small p-adic complexity are not secure for use in stream ciphers. This disstation focuses on stream cipher analysis based on feedback with carry shift registers. The first objective is to develop a stream cipher analysis based on feedback with carry shift registers over Z/(N) (N-FCSRs), N is any integer greater than 1, not necessary prime. The core of the analysis is a new rational approximation algorithm that can be used to efficiently compute rational representations of eventually periodic N-adic sequences. This algorithm is different from that used in $p$-adic sequence analysis which was given by Klapper and Goresky. Their algorithm is a modification of De Weger's rational approximation algorithm. The second objective is to generalize feedback with carry shift register architecture to more general algebraic settings which are called algebraic feedback shift registers (AFSRs). By using algebraic operations and structures on certain rings, we are able to not only construct feedback with carry shift registers, but also develop rational approximation algorithms which create new analyses of stream ciphers. The cryptographic implication of the current work is that any sequences used in stream ciphers must have large N-adic complexities and large AFSR-based complexities as well as large linear complexities.

This master's thesis deals with online marketing tools of the chosen company Makro Cash & Carry ČR. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the current online marketing tools, to point out the weak points and to propose recommendations leading to more effective internet marketing. The theoretical part focuses on online marketing as itself, from search engine optimisation to PPC advertising systems. Importance is also placed on new trends in online marketing, such as social networking and other forms of sales promotion. Final chapter is dedicated to measurability of results from analytical tools for tracking campaigns. The practical part analyses the online marketing tools of the chosen company and submit recommendations from it.

Submitted by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2008-11-17T14:47:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 055204043-Tatiana_Vasques.pdf: 423855 bytes, checksum: e6dc73948b1e0404798d3018bb4b4e82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Antoanne Pontes(antoanne.pontes@fgv.br) on 2008-11-18T11:44:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 055204043-Tatiana_Vasques.pdf: 423855 bytes, checksum: e6dc73948b1e0404798d3018bb4b4e82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2008-11-18T11:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 055204043-Tatiana_Vasques.pdf: 423855 bytes, checksum: e6dc73948b1e0404798d3018bb4b4e82 (MD5) / Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se algumas situações específicas do Brasil podem contribuir para que as empresas apresentem índices de liquidez ainda maiores, tais como a possibilidade de captação de recursos de baixo custo e aplicação à taxas mais altas e a existência de fatores que resultam na discrepância entre lucro e geração de caixa das companhias. Foram examinadas as proxies para estas situações através de um estudo em painel com 288 empresas não financeiras de capital aberto no período de 1997 a 2006 com a inclusão de outras variáveis que explicam as variações no nível de liquidez relacionadas aos motivos de precaução, transação, especulação e assimetria de informação. Os principais resultados sugerem que o nível de liquidez nas firmas brasileiras é maior nas empresas que possuem algum tipo de benefício fiscal e/ou conseguem financiamentos a custos reduzidos, medido pela acessibilidade a outros mercados para captação de recursos (dummy ADR).

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 pauloscapriglioneturma2004.pdf.jpg: 17878 bytes, checksum: 62db78580852e1aec5f9e9adadca7649 (MD5) pauloscapriglioneturma2004.pdf: 567121 bytes, checksum: 360501d099349894175f3ef6c09f1942 (MD5) pauloscapriglioneturma2004.pdf.txt: 202500 bytes, checksum: 7057b29047d6373cc8414ebeab14aa6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-23T00:00:00Z / De todas as anomalias documentadas na literatura de finanças internacionais, a sistemática violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros, ou como é mais conhecida – viés nas taxas futuras câmbio - é sem dúvida um assunto no campo de finanças internacionais que chamou muita atenção e gerou inúmeros estudos nos últimos 30 anos. A questão tratada neste trabalho é se estratégias designadas a explorar a violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros são lucrativas o suficiente de forma a torná-las uma nova classe de ativos entre os investidores no mercado de câmbio, principalmente os especuladores. Segundo um relatório do Bank for International Settlements (BIS) de 2004, o mercado de moedas tornou-se uma nova classe de ativos por duas razões: violação sistemática da Paridade Descoberta de Juros e alterações macroeconômicas que geraram movimentos de valorização ou desvalorização de longa duração. Apresentamos primeiramente uma revisão da extensa literatura que trata da violação da Paridade Descoberta de Juros e posteriormente um estudo sobre tal violação para uma série de moedas escolhidas conforme sua relevância no volume de negociações médias diárias no mercado de câmbio internacional. Observamos que a violação, assim como já evidenciada em outros estudos, realmente existiu tanto para países desenvolvidos como para países em desenvolvimento. A parte final do trabalho mostrou que as operações destinadas a explorar tal violação não são lucrativas quando analisadas do ponto de vista de uma única moeda. Apesar disso, quando se utilizam modelos de otimização de carteiras, percebem-se não somente retornos comparáveis a outras classes de ativos comumente utilizadas pelos especuladores, mas também com uma relação risco retorno sensivelmente maior. Concluiu-se então que carteiras ótimas de moedas designadas a explorar a violação da hipótese de mercado eficiente são lucrativas, e tal prática pode realmente explicar o aumento nas negociações diárias de diversas moedas nos últimos anos.

This thesis improves our understanding of asset prices and returns as it documents a regime shift risk premium in currencies, corrects the estimation bias in the term premium of bond yields, and shows the impact of ambiguity aversion towards parameter uncertainty on equities. The thesis consists of three essays. The first essay "The Yen Risk Premiums: A Story of Regime Shifts in Bond Markets" documents a new monetary mechanism, namely the shift of monetary policies, to account for the forward premium puzzle in the USD-JPY currency pair. The shift of monetary policy regimes is modelled by a regime switching dynamic term structure model where the risk of regime shifts is priced. Our model estimation characterises two policy regimes in the Japanese bond market---a conventional monetary policy regime and an unconventional policy regime of quantitative easing. Using foreign exchange data from 1985 to 2009, we find that the shift of monetary policies generates currency risk: the yen excess return is predicted by the Japanese regime shift premium, and the emergence of the yen carry trade in the mid 1990s is associated with the transition from the conventional to the unconventional monetary policy in Japan. The second essay "Correcting Estimation Bias in Regime Switching Dynamic Term Structure Models" examines the small sample bias in the estimation of a regime switching dynamic term structure model. Using US data from 1971 to 2009, we document two regimes driven by the conditional volatility of bond yields and risk factors. In both regimes, the process of bond yields is highly persistent, which is the source of estimation bias when the sample size is small. After bias correction, the inference about expectations of future policy rates and long-maturity term premia changes dramatically in two high-volatility episodes: the 1979--1982 monetary experiment and the recent financial crisis. Empirical findings are supported by Monte Carlo simulation, which shows that correcting small sample bias leads to more accurate inference about expectations of future policy rates and term premia compared to before bias correction. The third essay "Learning about the Persistence of Recessions under Ambiguity Aversion" incorporates ambiguity aversion into the process of parameter learning and assess the asset pricing implications of the model. Ambiguity is characterised by the unknown parameter that governs the persistence of recessions, and the representative investor learns about this parameter while being ambiguity averse towards parameter uncertainty. We examine model-implied conditional moments and simulated moments of asset prices and returns, and document an uncertainty effect that characterises the difference between learning under ambiguity aversion and learning under standard recursive utility. This uncertainty effect is asymmetric across economic expansions and recessions, and this asymmetry generates in simulation a sharp increase in the equity premium at the onset of recessions, as in the recent financial crisis.

Significant characteristic of any VLSI design circuit is its power, reliability, operating frequency and implementation cost. Dynamic CMOS designs provide high operating speeds compared to static CMOS designs combined with low silicon area requirement. This thesis describes the design and the optimization of high performance carry select adder. Previous researchers believed that existing CSA designs has reached theoretical speed bound. But, only a considerable portion of hardware resources of traditional adders are used in worst case scenario. Based on this observation our proposed design will improve on theoretical limit. The major scope of this proposed design is to increase the speed of carry generation between intermediate blocks of Carry select Adder (CSA) by introducing fast multiple clock Domino Manchester carry chain (MCC) that generates carry outputs. This design technique will have some advantages compared to pre-existing implementations in operating speed and power delay product. Simulation has been done using GPDK (Generic Process Design Kits) technology using cadence virtuoso. Thus the proposed technique provides advantages over pre-existing techniques in terms of operating speed.

Esta pesquisa apresenta a aplicação de uma nova metodologia de medição de carreamento de solo, que foi utilizada durante o período de um ano, na área urbana de Paranavaí, no estado do Paraná. Teve como objetivo avaliar a fragilidade do solo e analisar os processos de erosão e arenização. Durante o seu desenvolvimento foram analisados principalmente os dados climáticos que envolveram desde as temperaturas médias anuais, índices de pluviosidade até direção e velocidade dos ventos de superfície. A partir da análise dos dados obtidos foram elaboradas cartas temáticas que permitiram um melhor entendimento do fenômeno da arenização, cerne deste trabalho. Uma série de fotos obtidas no campo auxiliou na análise e avaliação desses processos, gerando uma discussão de resultados que possibilitou tecer considerações sobre a recuperação de certas áreas onde ocorrem esses fenômenos. / This research aims to present the application of a new methodology of measurement of soil carrying over used during one-year term in the urban area of Paranavaí, in the state of Paraná-Brazil. Aiming to evaluate the soil fragility and analyzing the erosion processes and arenization, it was analyzed during its development, the climatic data from the average annual temperatures, pluviometric rates and even the direction and speed of the winds. Starting from the analysis point of the data collected, thematic letters were elaborated allowing a better comprehension of the arenization phenomenon, core of this work. A series of pictures were taken in field that helped us in the analysis and evaluation of these processes, arousing a discussion of the results, which let us talk about the recovery of certain areas where these phenomena occur.

The thesis examines foreign currency (FX) loans in Hungary and tries to compare them to leverage investment strategy known as carry trade. FX loans in Hungary after 2003 enjoyed great development, but only until the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008, which fully revealed the negatives associated with this type of financing, which resulted in a threat to the stability of the whole financial sector in the country. This thesis describes the situation in Hungary and examines the consequences connected with mass development of FX loans. There is an analysis of the currency crisis in 2008 as a part of the thesis. At the same time, the thesis aims to analyze the causes that were behind the unusually rapid growth of FX loans. The factors are divided on the demand and supply motivated factors.

Bakgrund: God munvård är en förutsättning för god hälsa och välbefinnande. Dagens äldre har visats ha kvar sina naturliga tänder i större utsträckning. Den positiva utvecklingen ställer krav på vårdpersonal att ha kunskap om munvård. Tidigare studier har visat att äldres munvård är eftersatt och att äldre har dålig munstatus. Syfte: Att belysa vårdpersonalens erfarenheter att utföra munvård hos äldre patienter. Metod: Litteraturstudie som sammanställde tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar, som belyste vårdpersonalens erfarenheter att utföra munvård hos äldre patienter. Resultat: Det visade att tidsbrist, personalbrist, patientsvägran, patients beteende och tillstånd, respekt av autonomin och attityder till munvård var faktorer som motverkar utförandet av munvård. Utbildningar, kunskap och organisation upplevdes som faktorer som kunde främja munvårdsutförande. Slutsats: Munvård saknade integrerad plats i omvårdnadsarbetet. För att förbättra området, är det viktig att sjuksköterskor uppmärksammar munvården som en del av omvårdnaden samt att ledningen vidareutbildar vårdpersonalen på arbetsplatsen så att kunskapen om vikten av god munvård finns tillgänglig. Det har framkommit att när det finns en munvårdsansvarig personal på en vårdboende, förbättras vårdpersonalens beteende kring munvården och att samarbetet mellan vårdpersonalalen och äldre patienter främjas. / Background: Good oral care is a prerequisite for good health and well-being. Today's elderly has shown to retain their natural teeth to a greater extent. The positive development places demand on health care professionals to have knowledge of oral care. Previous studies have shown that elderly oral care is lagging and that the elderly have poor oral status. The aim: Was to highlight the experience of healthcare professionals in performing oral care in elderly patients. Method: Literature study that compiled ten qualitative scientific articles, which highlighted the experience of healthcare professionals in performing oral care in elderly patients. Results: The results showed that lack of time, staff shortages, patient refusal, patient behavior and condition, respect of autonomy and attitudes towards oral care were factors that counteract the performance of oral care. Education, knowledge and organization are perceived as factors that could promote oral care performance. Conclusion: Oral care lacked an integrated place in nursing work. In order to improve the area, it is important that nurses pay attention to oral care as part of nursing and that management further educates health care professionals in the workplace so that knowledge of the importance of good oral care is available. It has been proven that when there is a person in charge of mouth care in a nursing home, the behavior of health care professionals around oral care is improved and that cooperation between the nursing staff and elderly patients is promoted