Ce travail de thèse prend sa source à partir d’une intervention réalisée auprès d’un collectif de chefs d’équipe des éboueurs de la Ville de Paris, et prend pour objet le rôle et la fonction des affects dans le développement de leur activité dialogique en autoconfrontation croisée. Nous cherchons à expliquer la manière dont les affects peuvent constituer une ressource pour le développement du dialogue au sein de ce collectif.Cet objet de recherche nous amène à proposer un modèle développemental de l’activité, dans lequel l’affect joue un rôle moteur. Ce modèle propose de concevoir l’activité comme une triade vivante (sujet/objet/autrui) traversée de deux conflits développementaux : le premier lié à la double direction simultanée de l’activité, toujours portée à la fois vers un objet et vers les autres qui agissent sur cet objet ; le second, affectif, qui fait de l’activité un rapport variable entre l’expérience « déjà-vécue » et l’expérience « vivante » éprouvée par le sujet dans le contexte dialogique de l’autoconfrontation.Nous définissons alors la notion « d’intensité affective » comme un rapport de motricité entre ces deux conflits de l’activité. Elle peut être dite « passive » lorsque l’affect se constitue comme un obstacle au développement de l’activité, et « active » lorsque l’affect se constitue comme ressource pour renouveler les instruments, les objets et les destinataires du dialogue.Nous concluons sur le rôle des affects et sur leur fonctionnement dans le développement de l’activité dialogique. Les perspectives ouvertes par ce travail concernent d’une part la conceptualisation de l’affect dans l’activité, mais également le potentiel transformateur des affects dont la méthode en autoconfrontation doit pouvoir tirer profit, dans toutes les situations où un professionnel est placé en position réflexive vis-à-vis de son activité pratique.Mots clés : Autoconfrontation, affect, dialogue, activité, réflexivité / Based on an intervention with a collective group of foremen of garbage collectors, the purpose of this thesis is to better understand role and function of affect in the development of dialogical activity in crossed confrontation method. We seek to explain how affect can be a resource in development of dialog inside this collective group.This purpose leads us to present a developmental model of activity, in which affect plays a central role. This model propose a triadic conception of activity (subject, object, others), crossed by two developmental conflicts: the first is related to the simultaneous dual direction of activity, always turned both to the object and to the others acting on the object; the second conflict directly concerns affect: it makes of activity a variable ratio between the “already lived” experience and the “living” experience that the subject experiences in the dialogical context of crossed confrontation.We define then the notion of “affective intensity” as a motor ratio between the two conflicts of activity. Intensity can be “passive” when affect is an obstacle to development of activity, and “active” when affect is a resource for renewing instruments, objects and addressees of dialog.We conclude about the role of affects and how they work in the development of dialogical activity. The perspectives opened by this work are on the one hand the conceptualization of affect in activity, and on the other hand the transformative potential of affects whose crossed confrontation method should benefit, in all situations where a professional is placed in a reflexive position towards his practical activity.Key words: Crossed confrontation method, affect, dialog, activity, reflexivity

The use of protective testimonial aids by the child witness has been advocated for as research indicates that it decreases witness stress and suggestibility; however, the use of such aids has also been attacked as incompatible with the defendant’s confrontational right and the fact-finding function of the jury. The present study examines the effects of testimony modality, as well as empathy-inducing closing arguments, on juror perceptions of the child witness, perceptions of the defendant, and ultimate judgments of guilt. In this between-subjects factorial study, workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk were invited to participate in an online simulated sexual assault case survey. Participants read all trial stimuli, which consisted of written juror instructions, case facts, testimonies, closing arguments, and legal definitions. In addition, participants were exposed to photographs depicting the child witness testifying under one of three possible conditions (direct, shielded, CCTV) and either read the prosecutor’s closing argument that contained a specific empathy-inducing portion or did not. Results indicated that regardless of testimony modality and empathy-inducing closing arguments, jurors did not exhibit a pro-prosecution or pro-defense bias.

This thesis looks at the Confrontation Clause from the Sixth Amendment in light of the decision made in Maryland v. Craig. It examines the opinions of Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Antonin Scalia, and determines if their judicial philosophies were consistent with their opinion. It does so by examining the history of the Confrontation Clause from ancient history to the present, and by enumerating the judicial philosophies of O'Connor and Scalia. In conclusion, while O'Connor's majority opinion is consistent with her pragmatic philosophy, Scalia's dissent is not consistent with his originalist views.

The culture confrontation remains the central theme throughout this book, with special emphasis given to points of conflict. My approach to each particular era has been guided by the question: What were the areas of incompatibility or conflict between African and European culture in the Lower Congo? By focusing my analysis on the dynamics of this confrontation, the point of contact between Congolese and Europeans, I have marked that the purpose of this study is not to present a characterization of Congolese or African culture as separate entities. Its aim has been to analyse the essential features of the confrontation between the two cultures. The book's subtitle indicates that my study of the Lower Congo of the eighteen-eighties and nineties confines itself to the relationship between Congolese and Swedes, specifically the Swedish missionaries. This makes it possible to avoid repetition, since Slade's studies, together with David Lagergren's book Mission and State in the Congo, which was published in 1970, provide adequate coverage of the English-speaking Protestant missionaries, who with their Swedish counterparts played the principal role in the culture confrontation which took place in the region between the Atlantic and Stanley Pool at that period.

This thesis presents a critical reading of the multilayeredness in contemporary cities through the case of Divanyolu, main road of the historical istanbul. The ground in this case displays the fragmented character, so in order to follow the discontinuities in the morphological, economical, cultural and also hypothetic structures / this study will concentrate on the confrontation of layers within the framework of modernization process in the city. Beyond many possible discussions questioning the multiplicity of Istanbul, this study aims to encompass the specific character of the modernization process observed in Divanyolu. Furthermore, the information derived from the evaluation can suggest an exemplary framework for the new grounds in the multilayered sites, which is actually the other aim of the study. Within this framework, Divanyolu is chosen as a major urban case to discuss the complexity of the stratified ground. It was an example of a stratified ground being the main thoroughfare of the Ottoman Capital, which formed the important network from the Topkapi Palace to the Edirne Gate. The road has been the stage for the modernization process beginning from the 19th century to the present. With the different stage modernization process, the ground displayed the fragmented character. In this thesis, the main dynamics of this partial transformation will be evaluated.

This study examines the theme of betrayal in three different literary works.Betrayal is seen in different forms in the three novels. In the first chapter of the thesis, the protagonist&rsquo / s betrayal to his friend in the English writer Joseph Conrad&rsquo / s Under Western Eyes is evaluated in terms of the reasons, process, and results. Psychological analysis of the character that betrays is made. In the second chapter adultery is examined in The Painted Veil by Somerset Maugham, who is another English writer. The reasons for the adultery the woman commits, her guilty conscience after the adultery, and the enlightenment process are discussed. In the third chapter, two characters&rsquo / betrayal to their ideology is examined with the background set as Turkey in the 1970s in Bir D&uuml / g&uuml / n Gecesi by Adalet Agaoglu, who is a Turkish writer. Psychological status of the characters is studied based on their feelings at a wedding night with their reasons to have deviated from their political views.Themes such as lack of love and dilemma, which collect the three novels under the same title, are particularly examined.

Researcher focused on the phenomenon that how schools and society had made parents to contribute more efforts on their children¡¦s education to promote the education effects. From gender perspective, researcher discovered that the role of volunteering mothers had strengthened the traditional gender division of labor ideology. Researcher also found that the main reason for the volunteering mothers to join the services in elementary schools is to help their child and most of them came from middle class families. For those women who had left their career because of the conflict between family and work, to join the volunteer services can help them maintain the self-identity and sense of achievement. The main consideration among choosing volunteer works is whether the time will be mach up with family care and expertise their own interests. The school administrations think that the value of the volunteer women is not only increased school human sources, but also made a good example for the students. However, parts of the volunteering mothers in school with strong selfish motives had caused conflicts between mothers and teachers because of privileges and unfair attitude. Researcher concluded that the participation of volunteering mothers in elementary school campus is not only helpful to the child but also can increase the individual value and the social welfare. However, it may also deepen the inequality in sex distinction and education unfair.

abstract: This dissertation seeks to theorize small state strategic culture with special reference to the attitude of the ASEAN states toward institutionalizing regional cooperative security architectures. The quantitative case studies show that in small states where historically rooted strategic preferences may be limited, material influences and situational considerations take precedence over ideational factors in the making of the state's strategic culture. Second, the content of small state strategic culture focuses primarily on foreign and security policy issues that originate in their neighborhood. Lastly, Small states' threat perceptions from the neighborhood over time dictate the formation of strategic culture (provocative vs. cooperative). The qualitative case studies demonstrate that small Southeast Asian states (Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia) exhibit a higher tendency for conflict. Multilateral cooperation is at best selective. Bilateral means is still the preferred policy approach when dealing with other states. This dissertation concludes with a pessimistic remark on the prospects for the development and maturation of the ASEAN Political-Security Community. At its current stage, the APSC appears to be a policy instrument created only to reinforce ASEAN's centrality in charting the region's security architecture. This is no small accomplishment in itself nonetheless. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Political Science 2011

In examining why the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) pursues nuclear weapons, this study focuses on Pyongyang's consistent demand for normalization of relations with Washington. The primary aims of this study are 1) to study the significance of normalization of relations with Washington as an alternative to nuclear weapon development in the DPRK, 2) to investigate potential causal relationships between Pyongyang's policy choices and Pyongyang's expectation for normalization of relations with Washington, and 3) to examine whether culturally sensitive behavior significantly influences Pyongyang's policy decisions. To understand the significance of normalization of relations and the meaning of Pyongyang's behavior, this study depends heavily on cultural perspectives. In this study, two independent variables are examined for their effects on Pyongyang's policy, 1) Pyongyang's expectation for normalization of relations with Washington, and 2) the alignment of Washington's policy with Pyongyang's cultural code. Two hypotheses emerge from these two factors: first, when Pyongyang had high expectations for normalization of relations with Washington, Pyongyang was more likely to choose engagement policies and give less priority to pursuit of nuclear weapons; and second, the more Washington's policies harmonized with Pyongyang's cultural code, the more Pyongyang cooperated with Washington. Using case studies and discourse analysis, this study examines four periods from 1991 to 2011. Interviews with North Korean defectors and with South Korean experts complement this study of expectation and cultural meaning. The study concludes, first, that normalization of relations with Washington appeared to Pyongyang as a viable alternative to nuclear weapon development in providing a security guarantee and national dignity. Second, during most periods, Pyongyang appeared to believe that it was highly dependent on nuclear weapons for its regime survival when it could not expect the benefits of improved relations with Washington. By the same token, Pyongyang's regime survival seemed less dependent on nuclear weapons when it could expect improved relations with Washington. At some times, however, Pyongyang practiced confrontation as a way to improve domestic stability. But usually high context diplomacy by the United States elicited positive responses.

What is the state's duty to penalize serious interpersonal exploitation using the criminal law? Does the state discharge this duty appropriately? These are large questions and this thesis sets out to reassess one part of the puzzle of exploitation. The focus is upon interpersonal exploitation and property offences in England and Wales. Criminal law commentators frequently state that several property offences are justified on the basis that they penalize exploitation. For example, the tendency has been to assume that section 1 of the Fraud Act 2006 performs this function, together with its accompanying sentencing guidelines. One of the objectives of this thesis is to expose the precarious foundations of relying upon existing property offences to censure exploitation. For example, it is not clear what the scope of the wrong of exploitation under discussion actually is. This thesis argues that analysis of the relationship between wrongful interpersonal exploitation and property offences has been woefully superficial in English law and is ripe for reappraisal. The second objective is to identify and to elucidate a hitherto neglected wrong of acquisitive exploitation. An analytical account of the wrong is presented which will be of interest to criminal law theorists. Acquisitive exploitation represents a distinctive method of using vulnerable persons, under the cover of dishonesty. With a careful account of wrongful acquisitive exploitation in hand, the third objective is to raise questions about criminal liability for acquisitive exploitation. Ought the criminal law to penalize acquisitive exploitation, and, if so, how? Are there grounds for penalizing acquisitive exploitation more consistently and with improved labelling? These questions must be thoroughly debated. A credible opening bid is presented in relation to them - first, by considering whether acquisitive exploitation might be used to more fairly label property offences; and second, by assessing justifications for a substantive acquisitive exploitation offence.