[pt] O escopo deste trabalho buscou discutir as noções conceptuais da categoria criança e suas diversas dimensões, onde o desdobramento central se delimitou basicamente na articulação da categoria em epígrafe a partir das percepções sociopolítica, sociológica e antropológica, visando demonstrar as complexidades da construção de conceitos fechados e globalizantes diante das sociedades modernas. Neste âmbito, a diversidade cultural, serviu como veículo condutor para revelar os possíveis constrangimentos e contrastes que dificultam perceber as definições da categoria criança. Esta abordagem nos permitiu a apresentação da discussão de projetos e Leis produzidos em nível das políticas públicas para a proteção da criança e dos seus direitos independentemente do seu contexto cultural. E entre tais direitos, eis que apresentamos, neste trabalho, os relativos à não exploração e escravização, assim como a não violência contra sua dignidade. Estes elementos são entre os que constituem o conceito do fenômeno de tráfico de pessoas e por via disso, a nossa abordagem teve como foco tipificar a categoria criança e analisar alguns contextos socioeconômicos e socioculturais que conduzem ao tráfico deste grupo. Porém, a pesar de o tráfico de pessoas não ser um fenômeno contemporâneo, mas tem assumido novas formas de atuação, por isso, na sociedade contemporânea, o tráfico de pessoas se insere no seio das realidades sociais de difícil desvendamento, e em torno disso apresentamos a etnografia de dois casos de tráfico de menores de idade, sendo que o primeiro ficou conhecido como o Caso Diana, que aconteceu na África do Sul, e que teve a personagem principal uma moçambicana que traficava as meninas menores, de Moçambique, para a exploração sexual na África do Sul, culminando posteriormente com a sua detenção e condenação a pena de prisão perpétua. E o segundo, foi um caso de acusação que envolveu cidadãos estrangeiros de nacionalidade turca e alguns moçambicanos na cidade de Maputo (Moçambique). / [en] The scope of this study aimed to discuss the conceptual notions of child category and its various dimensions, where the central development is (basically) delimited in the category articulation (in epigraph) from the socio-political insights, the sociological and the anthropological, aiming to demonstrate the complexities of building closed and globalizing concepts, on the face of modern societies. Based on this context, the cultural diversity has served as a vehicle leading to reveal the possible embarrassments and contrasts that make it difficult to perceive the child category settings. This approach has allowed us to the presentation of Laws project discussion produced at the level of public policies for the child protection and their rights, regardless of their cultural background. Among the rights, here we present (in this work) the contingents to prevent the exploitation and enslavement, as well as violence against their dignity. These are among the elements that make up the concept of human trafficking phenomenon, through which our approach has aimed to focus on, characterizing the child category and analyzing some socio-economic and socio-cultural contexts that lead to trafficking in this bundle. Although trafficking in persons is not a contemporary phenomenon, but it has taken on new ways of working. That is way in the contemporary society, human trafficking falls within the social realities of difficult unveiling. Based on that, we present ethnography of two cases on underage trafficking, the first of which became known as the Diana Case that happened in South Africa, and had as the main character a Mozambican woman that trafficked Mozambican underage girls, for sexual exploration in South Africa, culminating in her arrest and eventually sentenced to the everlasting prison. The second was a case of charges involving foreign Turkish citizens and some Mozambicans in Maputo (Mozambique capital city).

The literature argues that the immigrants act in segregated communities and they, in most of the cases, establish low-risk and low return businesses within their ethnic communities. The importance of connecting immigrant entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial ecosystems is a challenge to be overcome taking into consideration that the immigrants usually are not involved in it as a consequence of a lack of information about how it can facilitate immigrant entrepreneurship. The aim of this research is to explore how the entrepreneurial ecosystem can facilitate the immigrant entrepreneurship by confronting the stories of the entrepreneurial ecosystem to the stories of the immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden, in context of Kronoberg region. Qualitative analysis approach is applied and in-depth interviews are performed on seven organizations that are part of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and four immigrant entrepreneurs. Collected empirical data is then transformed into narratives for each interviewed person. The analysis and the answer to the question are done based on the structure of Isenberg’s Domains of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem. The research showed that the entrepreneurial ecosystem can facilitate the immigrant entrepreneurship by providing micro-loans, alternative ways of financing, equal access to opportunities, embracing the experimentation and drive, consultancy in different areas as legal regulation, accounting and business plan preparation, free of charge working space, seminars and workshops, help with understanding and translation of the language, contacts with early customers and business partners and by providing access to new markets. However, empirical data showed that even though these resources exist, there is a missing link between the available resources and immigrant entrepreneurs. What is more, improvement is needed with regards to the challenge of the language barrier and trust issues. Finally, the results of this thesis contribute in raising the awareness for the need of a more strategic approach to immigrant entrepreneurs as a vulnerable sub-group in the society and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. What is more, the immigrant entrepreneurs can use it as a valuable source of information for the different benefits are provided by the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:21:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao - Mônica Ferreira Albernaz - 2014.pdf: 2337620 bytes, checksum: 516f7402f2ade6b8630cb02f46d7db30 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:40:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao - Mônica Ferreira Albernaz - 2014.pdf: 2337620 bytes, checksum: 516f7402f2ade6b8630cb02f46d7db30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T17:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao - Mônica Ferreira Albernaz - 2014.pdf: 2337620 bytes, checksum: 516f7402f2ade6b8630cb02f46d7db30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / This research discusses the relation between the Mounier’s personalist philosophy and human formation. The questioning which guided it was: what are the contributions of the personalist thinking of Mounier for a humanizing formation? The methodology we utilized was the bibliographical research coupled with analysis of the main works written by this thinker and works by commentator of his school of thought. It was sought to comprehend the constitutive context of the philosophy of Mounier, his life history and his own personalist thinking. Europe, at the beginning of the twentieth century, passed through several sociopolitical, economical transformations. It witnessed two great wars, it suffered its implications, like hungriness, misery and precariousness of living conditions. It was a period of uncertainty, due to the effects of the “Great Depression”, since the 1929 crisis; to the unbridled advance of the capitalistic economic model and to the instaurations of totalitarians regimes, like the socialist and the communist ones. In this context, Mounier looked his age face-to-face, becoming aware of himself, and he conffronted this age in ways of fighting for change – “Rebuilding the Renascence”. Mounier’s personalism is a way of life, an inspiration which has as its grounding experience the affirmation of the absolute value of human person and which comprehends a humanizing perspective which promotes a continuous process of “becoming” increasingly human by the awakening of the person in community. This awakening is the recognition of the spiritual calling to the human being. It is in this sense that Mounier’s new humanism consists in rebuilding the Renascence, which is a revival of the concrete man, located in; and in a constitutive, axiological relation with; the I-thou dimension, in totality, implying so in a revolution which may form comprehension of person and community, in a calling to human liberation. Human appreciation which is found in the axiological dialectic present in immanency and in transcendence becomes a process of human self-elevation which is characterized by metaphysics, having the primacy the human axiology. In rebuilding the Renascence, there is a politic-economic-social proposal centered in person, for which formation everything has to converge to. In order of comprehending the humanization of man, it is necessary to pervade the triad of his total volume, of his full development – incarnation, vocation and communion –, characterized in the structure of the personal universe living a historical process. Thus, it is not possible to comprehend the personalist, humanizing formation of a new civilization without the relation calling-metaphysical-answer which is evidenced in the confronting-engagement process. Humanizing, personalist formation presents itself in the spiritual realism – human transcendence and divine one –, which is in contraposition to both the materialism and the spiritualism, the axiological dimension of cultural realism. The act of recognizing the world since spiritual realism is referred to the act of elevating oneself from horizontality of human being, an elevating out of the incarnation conditions, which characterizes a union with the spiritual world. By this way, the features of Mounier’s personalism which contribute to some formation compromised with person as the great value are: the perspective of completion of personal living as being an ethical-political action of the community, the personalist education (which has as its binomial basis “freedom and commitment”), the culture as transcendence and overcoming and the confrontation act. / Esta pesquisa discute a relação entre a filosofia personalista de Mounier e a formação humana. O questionamento que a direcionou foi: quais as contribuições do pensamento personalista de Mounier para uma formação humanizadora? A metodologia que utilizamos foi a pesquisa bibliográfica com análise das principais obras deste pensador e obras de comentadores do seu pensamento. Buscou-se compreender o contexto da constituição do pensamento de Mounier, sua história de vida e seu próprio pensamento personalista. A Europa, no início de século do século XX, passou por várias transformações sociopolíticas e econômicas. Presenciou duas grandes guerras, sofreu suas implicações, como fome, miséria e precariedade de condições de vida. Foi um período de incertezas, em virtude dos efeitos da Grande Depressão, a partir da crise de 1929; do avanço desenfreado do modelo econômico capitalista e das instaurações de governos totalitários, como os socialistas e os comunistas. Nesse contexto, Mounier olhou seu tempo face a face, tomando consciência de si, e afrontouo de modo a lutar pela mudança – “Refazer a Renascença”. O personalismo de Mounier é um modo de vida, uma inspiração que tem como experiência fundante a afirmação do valor absoluto da pessoa humana e que compreende uma perspectiva humanizadora que promove o contínuo vir a ser cada vez mais humano mediante o despertar da pessoa em comunidade. Este despertar é o reconhecimento do chamado espiritual ao ser mais humano. É nesse sentido que o novo humanismo em Mounier consiste em refazer a Renascença, que é um renascimento do homem concreto, situado no e em relação constitutiva e axiológica com o eu- Tu, em totalidade, implicado a uma revolução que forme uma nova compreensão de pessoa e de comunidade, uma chamada à libertação humana. A valoração humana que se encontra na dialética axiológica presente na imanência e na transcendência se torna um processo de autoelevação humana que se caracteriza pela metafísica, tendo primazia a axiologia humana. No refazer a Renascença, há uma proposta político-econômico-social centrada na pessoa, para cuja formação tudo deve convergir. Para se compreender a humanização do homem, é necessário perpassar a tríade de seu volume total, de seu desenvolvimento pleno – encarnação, vocação e comunhão –, caracterizado na estrutura do universo pessoal em processo histórico. Assim, não se pode compreender a formação humanizadora personalista de uma nova civilização sem a relação chamada-resposta-metafísica que se evidencia no afrontamentoengajamento. A formação humanizadora personalista apresenta-se no realismo espiritual – transcendência humana e divina –, que está em contraposição ao materialismo e ao espiritualismo: a dimensão axiológica do realismo cultural. O ato de conhecer o mundo a partir do realismo espiritual diz respeito ao ato de elevar-se da horizontalidade do ser humano, um elevar-se a partir das condições de encarnação, que caracteriza a união com o mundo espiritual. Desse modo, as características do personalismo de Mounier que contribuem para a formação comprometida com a pessoa como valor maior são a perspectiva do acabamento da vida pessoal como sendo uma ação ético-política da comunidade, a educação personalista (que tem como base binomial “liberdade e compromisso”), a cultura como transcendência e superação e o afrontamento.

O poeta Alphonsus de Guimaraens estabeleceu, para a sua formação, um constante diálogo com a França por meio dos escritores daquele país, sobretudo com aqueles que produziram no século XIX, período em que o poeta brasileiro também produziu boa parte de sua obra. Dentre as relações literárias estabelecidas, Guimaraens pode traduzir poemas daqueles identificados ao movimento Simbolista. Reconhecido pela crítica, o diálogo mantido com as produções do poeta Paul Verlaine foi, sem dúvida, o que mais se acentuou, sobretudo por meio das traduções que fez de poemas do bardo francês, tema desta dissertação. Para o estabelecimento do contexto de produção dos poemas e de suas traduções, o presente estudo levou em consideração, primeiramente, a fortuna crítica relativa ao poeta mineiro no que tange a sua formação intelectual. Em seguida, procurou-se fazer algumas reflexões a partir da metodologia sugerida por Berman, norteadora das análises. Essas análises se pautaram pelas considerações de abordagens textuais da tradução e pelo confronto produtivo, com o intuito de revelar um pouco mais da atividade tradutora de Alphonsus face aos poemas de seu mais importante interlocutor. / The poet Alphonsus de Guimaraens established for his formation, a constant dialogue with France through the writers of that country, especially with those who produced in the nineteenth century, during which the Brazilian poet also produced much of his work. Among the literary relationships established, Guimaraens had the opportunity to translate those poems identified to Symbolist movement. Recognized by critics, the dialogue with the productions of the poet Paul Verlaine was undoubtedly the one most emphasized, especially by means of translations of poems of the French bard, theme of this dissertation. For the establishment of the production context of the poems and their translations, this study took into consideration, first, the critical fortune of the mineiro poet in relation to his intellectual formation. Then we made some reflections from the methodology suggested by Berman, guiding the analyses. These analyses were guided by considerations of textual approaches to translation and productive confrontation with the aim of revealing a little more the translator activities of Alphonsus in light of poems from his most important interlocutor.

La multiplication de la délinquance juvénile suscite de nombreuses interrogations. Ainsi, comment offrir une réponse juste et adaptée au mineur, d'autant plus lorsque celui-ci est atteint d'une pathologie physique nécessitant des soins lourds et récurrents ? Il existe un véritable vide juridique en la matière, ce qui pose indiscutablement des difficultés pratiques. Ni la loi du 15 août 2014 relative à l'individualisation des peines, ni les projets de réforme de l'ordonnance du 02 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante n'apportent de réponses concrètes à cette situation. A cet égard, après des recherches sur le terrain, il est apparu que les professionnels du droit faisaient généralement, dans la mesure du possible, un traitement au cas par cas, faute de textes juridiques. Dès lors, l'objet de cette thèse est de proposer des pistes de réflexion relatives aux éventuels aménagements de la procédure pénale, du stade de l'enquête à celui de l'exécution de la peine. Le sujet s'inscrit dans une actualité juridique en pleine évolution eu égard aux projets de réformes en cours. / The proliferation of juvenile delinquency raises many questions. Thus, how to provide a fair and appropriate response to the minor, especially when it is sufferingfrom a physical condition requiring heavy and ongoing care?There is a real legal vacuum in this area, which undoubtedly poses practical difficulties. Neither the law of August 15th 2014 concerning the individualization ofsentences, nor the orders of reform projects from February 2nd 1945 on juvenile delinquency, bring concrete answers to this situation.Therein, after researching on the spot, it appears that legal professionals were doing, generally, as much as possible, a case-by-case treatment, because of olack of legal texts. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to provide actionable insights on possible adjustments of the criminal proceedings, from the stage of theinquiry to the execution of the sentence. The subject is part of evolving legal developments with respect to ongoing reform projects.

International companies come in on contact with a lot of different national cultures. Especially with own co-operators(staff)and external partners (customers, supplier) of local companies and organizations, therefore member of foreign cultures, whose merits preferences and standard behaviours are different. It is possible to conceive international problems of leading as having a command of multicultural context and forming of corporate culture.

Background. Research shows that 91.2% of inpatients at forensic psychiatric wards have a history of drug use and a third of those patients use drugs frequently. To be able to confront and address patients with substance abuse on the ward, the working staff needs to have adequate competence concerning the ability to understand who the patients are. Aim. The aim of this study was to explore how the working staff use their competence when interacting with patients who are influenced by drugs on forensic psychiatric wards. Method. The study was conducted in the western parts of Sweden and at three forensic psychiatric wards. The study was designed after a qualitative design and based on an empirical approach with interviews. The data was collected by interviewing a total of six informants through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Results. The result ended up in eight themes, showing that informants in this study used their competence to recognize substance abuse, to help the patients navigating around potential dangers and create a caring relation. Further they trusted their experience, but all informants requested further education. Conclusion. The informants in this study expressed that they had good strategies in terms of supporting and rehabilitating patients with substance abuse. All informants requested further education about preventing relapse, knowledge about drug abuse and knowing how to work after a relapse.

O estresse docente configura-se como um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional, que resulta da interação de fatos individuais e ambientais, muitas vezes com implicações psicossociais relacionadas à saúde ocupacional. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o nível de estresse do docente da rede pública do município de Imperatriz (MA) no contexto da sala de aula, bem como as estratégias de enfrentamento desse processo no trabalho. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida a partir do levantamento Survey em uma amostra composta por 310 docentes do ensino fundamental das escolas públicas de Imperatriz. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários de identificação da Amostra e do Esforço e Recompensa no Trabalho (ERI), além da escala de Enfrentamento no Trabalho. Na caracterização dos aspectos sociodemográficos constata-se que 21,6% dos docentes têm idade entre 41 a 45 anos; 24,5% trabalham entre 16 e 20 anos; 90,3% são docentes atuantes em sala de ensino fundamental do 1 ao 5 ano; 98,7% são licenciados; 96,5% atuam em sala de aula; 58,7% trabalham o turno completo, matutino e vespertino; 24,5% permanecem em tempo integral na escola; 2,6% fazem tratamento psicológico; e 1,3% confirmam que já realizaram tratamento psiquiátrico. No que se refere ao estresse ocupacional, a prevalência de equilíbrio entre Esforço e Recompensa no Trabalho é de 22,5% e 77,5% dos docentes apresentam desequilíbrio nessa relação. A prevalência do Supercomprometimento no Trabalho é de 70,6% dos docentes em equilíbrio e 24,4% de docentes em risco. Quanto à prevalência das Estratégias de Enfrentamento no Trabalho constata-se que a do controle foi utilizada por 81,6%. Conclui-se com os resultados obtidos que as condições de trabalho não estão favoráveis aos docentes, necessitando de ações preventivas e mudanças organizacionais. / Teachers stress appears as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon resulting from the interaction of individual and environmental facts, often with psychosocial implications related to occupational health. This research aims to investigate the teachers stress level of the public network in the city of Imperatriz (MA) in the context of the classroom, as well as the coping strategies of this process at work. This is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach, developed from the Survey collection on a sample of 310 teachers of elementary school of public schools of Imperatriz. Data were collected through sample identification questionnaires and effort and reward at work (ERW), as well as confrontation scale at work. In characterizing of the sociodemographic aspects it appears that 21.6% of teachers are aged 41-45 years; 24.5% work between 16 and 20 years; 90.3% are active teachers in elementary school room of the 1st to the 5th year; 98.7% are licensees; 96.5% work in the classroom; 58.7% work in full shift, morning and evening; 24.5% remain full time in school; 2.6% do psychological treatment; and 1.3% confirms that have performed psychiatric treatment. In relation to occupational stress, the prevalence of balance between effort and reward at work is 22.5% and present instability in this relationship 77.5% of teachers. The prevalence of overcommitment at work is 70.6% of the balance of teachers and 24.4% of those at risk. As to the prevalence of confronting strategies at work, it appears that the control was used by 81.6%. It concludes with the results that the working conditions are not favorable to teachers requiring preventive and organizational changes.

The situation in the U.S. domestic politics has by media been presented that large groups of citizens are divided in the political arena. Today many scholars in the field of international relations tend to describe the political climate in the United States, between democrats and republicans as polarized and towards confrontation. The ongoing situation has heavily escalated due to the fact of the Trump administrations incapability to restore former order in the political system. This makes it easy for radical political groups to follow an agenda which has helped to create a favourable breeding ground for escalating violence, which currently raising large-scale concerns among senior executives, media and citizens. The aim of this thesis is therefore to introduce a perspective that could offer a complementary understanding of some identified elements that affects the current political situation. By using Ty Solomons theoretical framework of emotions this study seeks to identify the fundamental elements of Master signifiers in political contexts. A use of this theory can be a helpful tool for political leaders, when trying to restore balance and unifying people for a common political cause.

Climate change is opening opportunities for further extraction of natural resources and business in the Arctic, which is why the region is more desirable to a variety of actors, including the European Union (EU). Even though the EU is not a permanent observer in the Arctic Council, the EU Member States, Sweden and Finland, are. Henceforth, this thesis is an explorative comparative case study with the aim to investigate the EU's role in Arctic affairs, and if the EU's interests overlap and/or challenge the interest of the two EU Member States. It explains this through the theoretical approaches of liberalism (cooperation) and realism (confrontation). The material under investigation is the Arctic policies of the EU, Sweden, and Finland. The Arctic policies are analyzed based on the three priorities of the EU's Arctic policy: (1) International cooperation on Arctic Issues, (2) Climate change and safeguarding the Arctic Environment, and (3) Sustainable development in and around the Arctic by conducting a frame analysis. The findings of the study show that the EU frames itself as a ‘helping hand’ in the Arctic, meanwhile Sweden and Finland do not fully agree with this picture. Concluding that the EU does not show any attempt to challenge its Member States' interests in the Arctic. It also shows all three actors on one side have a very liberal frame for international cooperation, but on the other side have visible elements of a more realistic frame in terms of sustainable development.