La Brigade militaire de Rio Grande do Sul a été créé comme un Etat militaire, de sorte que ses officiers ont formé une classe de militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre. Ainsi, les officiers de la brigade militaire est devenu une élite militaire repose sur trois éléments: la mission de l'instructeur que l'armée a commencé à former la brigade depuis 1909, le cours de préparation militaire et la vaste expérience acquise dans les guerres de guerre insurrectionnelle. L'Union, à partir de 1934, supprime le caractère belliqueux des Armée d'État en les transformant en de la police militaire. L'armée reste exclusivement militaire jusqu'en 1950 quand l'Brigade militaire commence son long processus de policialização, déclenchant l'affrontement entre les valeurs culturelles et la militaire. Le fonctionnaire professionnalisé que militaires et entraînés à la guerre ont été d'immenses difficultés à s'adapter aux modèles et aux vicissitudes des services de police où il n'y avait pas de médailles, la gloire ou glamour qui étaient habitués. Les officiers formés par l'éthos militaire, pour la plupart, à peu près résisté policialização imposées par l'Union n'a pas été facile pour les fonctionnaires, les militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre, la famine de l'adaptation des services de police. Le militaire en dépit de tout, a cimenté son policialização par le biais manifestes de police préventive, tout en gardant une grande partie de valeurs militaires. La brigade militaire policialização caractérisé comme trois types de police: ordre, la sécurité et pénales. Ainsi, la police militaire l'Armée de terre a été transformée en police d'Etat militaire et que la Constitution de 1988, sa recherche officiers du cycle complet de la police. La sédimentation de la brigade militaire et de police - qui, dans cette thèse est appelé policialização - il a été l'une des marques les plus importantes et significatives de la sécurité publique l'état. Ainsi, l'insertion de la police militaire en tant qu'organe de la sécurité publique, a redéfini le sens du rythme de police à Rio Grande do Sul. / A Brigada Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi criada como exército estadual, de modo que seus oficiais formaram uma classe de militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra. Assim, os oficiais da Brigada Militar tornaram-se uma elite militar com base em três elementos: a Missão Instrutora do Exército que a passou a treinar a Brigada Militar desde 1909; o Curso de Preparação Militar e a grande experiência bélica adquirida nas guerras insurrecionais. A União, a partir de 1934, retira o caráter bélico das milícias estaduais transformando-as em polícias militares. A Brigada Militar permanece exclusivamente exército estadual até 1950 quando tem início o seu longo processo de policialização, desencadeando o choque cultural entre os valores bélico-militares e os de polícia. Os oficias profissionalizados como militares e treinados para a guerra tiveram imensas dificuldades em se adaptar aos desígnios e agruras dos serviços policias onde não havia medalhas, glória ou glamour a que estavam acostumados. Os oficiais formados pelo ethos militar, na sua maior parte, resistiram a policialização, grosso modo imposta pela União. Não foi fácil para os oficiais, militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra, adaptar-se aos serviços do policiamento. A Brigada Militar a despeito de tudo, sedimentou a sua policialização, através da polícia ostensiva preventiva, mantendo ainda muito dos valores bélico-militares. A Brigada Militar, no processo de policialização, avançou em três dimensões de polícia: de ordem, durante o regime militar; de segurança antes e depois do regime militar e comunitária dentro de uma perspectiva democrática. Dessa forma, a Brigada Militar foi transformada de exército estadual em força policial-militar e desde a Constituição de 1988, o sua oficialidade busca, mais abertamente, o ciclo completo de polícia. A sedimentação da Brigada Militar como polícia militar – que nesta tese é denominada de policialização - se constituiu uma das marcas mais importantes e significativas na segurança pública estadual. Assim, a inserção da Brigada Militar como órgão de segurança pública, redefiniu os rumos do policiamento ostensivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. / The Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul was created as a military state, so that his officers have formed a class of military professionals and skilled in the art of war. Thus, the officers of the Military Brigade became a military elite based on three elements: the mission of the instructor that the Army began to train the Brigade since 1909, the Course for Military Readiness and the extensive experience gained in the wars insurrectionary war. The Union, from 1934, removes the warlike character of the state militias turning them into military police. The State Army remains exclusively until 1950 when the state begins its long process of policialização, triggering the clash between cultural values and the military and military police. The official professionalized as military and trained for war were immense difficulties in adapting to the designs and travails of police departments where there were no medals, glory or glamor that were accustomed. The officers trained by the military ethos, mostly endured policialização roughly imposed by the Union was not easy for officials, military professionals and skilled in the art of war, starvation of adapting services to policing. The Military in spite of everything, cemented his policialização through overt preventive police, still keeping much of military values and military. The Military Brigade policialização characterized as three types of police equipment order, security and criminal. Thus, the State Army was transformed into military police force and since the Constitution of 1988, its officers search the complete cycle of police. The sedimentation of the Military Brigade and police force - which in this thesis is called policialização - it was one of the most important brands and significant public safety statewide. Thus, the insertion of the Military Police as an organ of public security, has redefined the direction of beat policing in Rio Grande do Sul.

La Brigade militaire de Rio Grande do Sul a été créé comme un Etat militaire, de sorte que ses officiers ont formé une classe de militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre. Ainsi, les officiers de la brigade militaire est devenu une élite militaire repose sur trois éléments: la mission de l'instructeur que l'armée a commencé à former la brigade depuis 1909, le cours de préparation militaire et la vaste expérience acquise dans les guerres de guerre insurrectionnelle. L'Union, à partir de 1934, supprime le caractère belliqueux des Armée d'État en les transformant en de la police militaire. L'armée reste exclusivement militaire jusqu'en 1950 quand l'Brigade militaire commence son long processus de policialização, déclenchant l'affrontement entre les valeurs culturelles et la militaire. Le fonctionnaire professionnalisé que militaires et entraînés à la guerre ont été d'immenses difficultés à s'adapter aux modèles et aux vicissitudes des services de police où il n'y avait pas de médailles, la gloire ou glamour qui étaient habitués. Les officiers formés par l'éthos militaire, pour la plupart, à peu près résisté policialização imposées par l'Union n'a pas été facile pour les fonctionnaires, les militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre, la famine de l'adaptation des services de police. Le militaire en dépit de tout, a cimenté son policialização par le biais manifestes de police préventive, tout en gardant une grande partie de valeurs militaires. La brigade militaire policialização caractérisé comme trois types de police: ordre, la sécurité et pénales. Ainsi, la police militaire l'Armée de terre a été transformée en police d'Etat militaire et que la Constitution de 1988, sa recherche officiers du cycle complet de la police. La sédimentation de la brigade militaire et de police - qui, dans cette thèse est appelé policialização - il a été l'une des marques les plus importantes et significatives de la sécurité publique l'état. Ainsi, l'insertion de la police militaire en tant qu'organe de la sécurité publique, a redéfini le sens du rythme de police à Rio Grande do Sul. / A Brigada Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi criada como exército estadual, de modo que seus oficiais formaram uma classe de militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra. Assim, os oficiais da Brigada Militar tornaram-se uma elite militar com base em três elementos: a Missão Instrutora do Exército que a passou a treinar a Brigada Militar desde 1909; o Curso de Preparação Militar e a grande experiência bélica adquirida nas guerras insurrecionais. A União, a partir de 1934, retira o caráter bélico das milícias estaduais transformando-as em polícias militares. A Brigada Militar permanece exclusivamente exército estadual até 1950 quando tem início o seu longo processo de policialização, desencadeando o choque cultural entre os valores bélico-militares e os de polícia. Os oficias profissionalizados como militares e treinados para a guerra tiveram imensas dificuldades em se adaptar aos desígnios e agruras dos serviços policias onde não havia medalhas, glória ou glamour a que estavam acostumados. Os oficiais formados pelo ethos militar, na sua maior parte, resistiram a policialização, grosso modo imposta pela União. Não foi fácil para os oficiais, militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra, adaptar-se aos serviços do policiamento. A Brigada Militar a despeito de tudo, sedimentou a sua policialização, através da polícia ostensiva preventiva, mantendo ainda muito dos valores bélico-militares. A Brigada Militar, no processo de policialização, avançou em três dimensões de polícia: de ordem, durante o regime militar; de segurança antes e depois do regime militar e comunitária dentro de uma perspectiva democrática. Dessa forma, a Brigada Militar foi transformada de exército estadual em força policial-militar e desde a Constituição de 1988, o sua oficialidade busca, mais abertamente, o ciclo completo de polícia. A sedimentação da Brigada Militar como polícia militar – que nesta tese é denominada de policialização - se constituiu uma das marcas mais importantes e significativas na segurança pública estadual. Assim, a inserção da Brigada Militar como órgão de segurança pública, redefiniu os rumos do policiamento ostensivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. / The Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul was created as a military state, so that his officers have formed a class of military professionals and skilled in the art of war. Thus, the officers of the Military Brigade became a military elite based on three elements: the mission of the instructor that the Army began to train the Brigade since 1909, the Course for Military Readiness and the extensive experience gained in the wars insurrectionary war. The Union, from 1934, removes the warlike character of the state militias turning them into military police. The State Army remains exclusively until 1950 when the state begins its long process of policialização, triggering the clash between cultural values and the military and military police. The official professionalized as military and trained for war were immense difficulties in adapting to the designs and travails of police departments where there were no medals, glory or glamor that were accustomed. The officers trained by the military ethos, mostly endured policialização roughly imposed by the Union was not easy for officials, military professionals and skilled in the art of war, starvation of adapting services to policing. The Military in spite of everything, cemented his policialização through overt preventive police, still keeping much of military values and military. The Military Brigade policialização characterized as three types of police equipment order, security and criminal. Thus, the State Army was transformed into military police force and since the Constitution of 1988, its officers search the complete cycle of police. The sedimentation of the Military Brigade and police force - which in this thesis is called policialização - it was one of the most important brands and significant public safety statewide. Thus, the insertion of the Military Police as an organ of public security, has redefined the direction of beat policing in Rio Grande do Sul.

La Brigade militaire de Rio Grande do Sul a été créé comme un Etat militaire, de sorte que ses officiers ont formé une classe de militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre. Ainsi, les officiers de la brigade militaire est devenu une élite militaire repose sur trois éléments: la mission de l'instructeur que l'armée a commencé à former la brigade depuis 1909, le cours de préparation militaire et la vaste expérience acquise dans les guerres de guerre insurrectionnelle. L'Union, à partir de 1934, supprime le caractère belliqueux des Armée d'État en les transformant en de la police militaire. L'armée reste exclusivement militaire jusqu'en 1950 quand l'Brigade militaire commence son long processus de policialização, déclenchant l'affrontement entre les valeurs culturelles et la militaire. Le fonctionnaire professionnalisé que militaires et entraînés à la guerre ont été d'immenses difficultés à s'adapter aux modèles et aux vicissitudes des services de police où il n'y avait pas de médailles, la gloire ou glamour qui étaient habitués. Les officiers formés par l'éthos militaire, pour la plupart, à peu près résisté policialização imposées par l'Union n'a pas été facile pour les fonctionnaires, les militaires professionnels et qualifiés dans l'art de la guerre, la famine de l'adaptation des services de police. Le militaire en dépit de tout, a cimenté son policialização par le biais manifestes de police préventive, tout en gardant une grande partie de valeurs militaires. La brigade militaire policialização caractérisé comme trois types de police: ordre, la sécurité et pénales. Ainsi, la police militaire l'Armée de terre a été transformée en police d'Etat militaire et que la Constitution de 1988, sa recherche officiers du cycle complet de la police. La sédimentation de la brigade militaire et de police - qui, dans cette thèse est appelé policialização - il a été l'une des marques les plus importantes et significatives de la sécurité publique l'état. Ainsi, l'insertion de la police militaire en tant qu'organe de la sécurité publique, a redéfini le sens du rythme de police à Rio Grande do Sul. / A Brigada Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi criada como exército estadual, de modo que seus oficiais formaram uma classe de militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra. Assim, os oficiais da Brigada Militar tornaram-se uma elite militar com base em três elementos: a Missão Instrutora do Exército que a passou a treinar a Brigada Militar desde 1909; o Curso de Preparação Militar e a grande experiência bélica adquirida nas guerras insurrecionais. A União, a partir de 1934, retira o caráter bélico das milícias estaduais transformando-as em polícias militares. A Brigada Militar permanece exclusivamente exército estadual até 1950 quando tem início o seu longo processo de policialização, desencadeando o choque cultural entre os valores bélico-militares e os de polícia. Os oficias profissionalizados como militares e treinados para a guerra tiveram imensas dificuldades em se adaptar aos desígnios e agruras dos serviços policias onde não havia medalhas, glória ou glamour a que estavam acostumados. Os oficiais formados pelo ethos militar, na sua maior parte, resistiram a policialização, grosso modo imposta pela União. Não foi fácil para os oficiais, militares profissionais e especializados na arte da guerra, adaptar-se aos serviços do policiamento. A Brigada Militar a despeito de tudo, sedimentou a sua policialização, através da polícia ostensiva preventiva, mantendo ainda muito dos valores bélico-militares. A Brigada Militar, no processo de policialização, avançou em três dimensões de polícia: de ordem, durante o regime militar; de segurança antes e depois do regime militar e comunitária dentro de uma perspectiva democrática. Dessa forma, a Brigada Militar foi transformada de exército estadual em força policial-militar e desde a Constituição de 1988, o sua oficialidade busca, mais abertamente, o ciclo completo de polícia. A sedimentação da Brigada Militar como polícia militar – que nesta tese é denominada de policialização - se constituiu uma das marcas mais importantes e significativas na segurança pública estadual. Assim, a inserção da Brigada Militar como órgão de segurança pública, redefiniu os rumos do policiamento ostensivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. / The Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul was created as a military state, so that his officers have formed a class of military professionals and skilled in the art of war. Thus, the officers of the Military Brigade became a military elite based on three elements: the mission of the instructor that the Army began to train the Brigade since 1909, the Course for Military Readiness and the extensive experience gained in the wars insurrectionary war. The Union, from 1934, removes the warlike character of the state militias turning them into military police. The State Army remains exclusively until 1950 when the state begins its long process of policialização, triggering the clash between cultural values and the military and military police. The official professionalized as military and trained for war were immense difficulties in adapting to the designs and travails of police departments where there were no medals, glory or glamor that were accustomed. The officers trained by the military ethos, mostly endured policialização roughly imposed by the Union was not easy for officials, military professionals and skilled in the art of war, starvation of adapting services to policing. The Military in spite of everything, cemented his policialização through overt preventive police, still keeping much of military values and military. The Military Brigade policialização characterized as three types of police equipment order, security and criminal. Thus, the State Army was transformed into military police force and since the Constitution of 1988, its officers search the complete cycle of police. The sedimentation of the Military Brigade and police force - which in this thesis is called policialização - it was one of the most important brands and significant public safety statewide. Thus, the insertion of the Military Police as an organ of public security, has redefined the direction of beat policing in Rio Grande do Sul.

La crise qui sévit actuellement au sein du leadership supérieur des Forces armées canadiennes (FAC) ramène au premier plan certaines lacunes structurelles profondes de la culture militaire canadienne. Le peu de représentation féminine parmi les postes clés fait resurgir les questionnements quant aux barrières limitant leur accès. L’objectif de ce mémoire sera d’abord de raconter les parcours de carrières de femmes militaires actives au sein de la Force régulière et d’en cerner les obstacles vécus en fonction du genre. Le matériel empirique puisé à partir des récits de vie permettra ensuite de déterminer l’existence de barrières structurelles pour identifier leur nature, leur construit et leur reproduction. Cette recherche est le produit de 15 entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de femmes militaires actives de la Force régulière. Elles évoluent distinctement dans les trois éléments des FAC (Marine royale canadienne, Armée canadienne et Aviation royale du Canada) et font carrière dans plus d’une dizaine de métiers différents. Le matériel empirique recueilli a permis de cibler des moments clés de la carrière et d’ensuite procéder à une analyse de croisement des données. Au niveau des parcours de carrière individuels, ce mémoire démontre que la culture normative dominante est issue d’une masculinité hégémonique. Ainsi, les métiers des armes de combat demeurent toujours les plus valorisés de l’organisation, étant ceux par lesquels passe l’ascension vers les rangs supérieurs. Structurellement, les allers-retours entre empirie et théorie ainsi que les interactions entre structure et individualité confirment l’existence de rapports de pouvoir multilatéraux, allant au-delà de la logique top-down de la hiérarchie. Ce multilatéralisme est vécu horizontalement en raison de la culture normative puis verticalement dans la hiérarchisation des rôles de genre et des échanges entre leaders et subordonné·e·s. Combiné aux exigences institutionnelles des FAC, il exacerbe les défis invisibles auxquels les femmes militaires se heurtent dans l’ascension des rangs, notamment en rapport avec la crédibilité minée, la conciliation travail-famille, la posture maternelle et le tokénisme d’être « première femme ». En donnant la parole aux récits de vie et aux parcours de carrières de femmes actuellement en service, ce mémoire contribue à briser l’invisibilité des réalités vécues et d’identifier les barrières structurelles de genre intrinsèque aux FAC. Au niveau empirique, la méthode utilisée contribue à l’avancement des recherches sur les parcours de carrière des femmes militaires des Forces armées canadiennes. Au niveau théorique, la méthode amène de nouvelles perspectives d’analyse complémentaires au féminisme d’État en l’appliquant à une bureaucratie atypique. Les théories mobilisées soulèvent des pistes de solution dans l’élaboration de politiques qui assureraient une meilleure rétention des femmes militaires déjà en poste. La recherche contribue également à la littérature francophone qui traite du leadership militaire féminin et des enjeux de genre dans les FAC. / The current crisis amongst the senior leadership of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) brings to the forefront structural gaps within Canadian military culture more broadly. The paltry representation of women within key posts has resurfaced questions surrounding barriers to entry. The objective of this thesis is primarily to present the career trajectories of Regular Force female members of the military and to highlight the obstacles they face because of their gender. The empirical data taken from these narratives allows for identifying structural barriers, their nature, their construction, and their reproduction. This research is the result of 15 semi-directed in-depth interviews conducted with female members of the military in the Regular Force. These women develop differently according to the three distinct elements of the CAF (Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force) and bear witness to careers lived across more than ten different trades. The empirical data allows for the triangulation of key moments within each woman’s career and to then proceed to crossreferencing. On an individual career level, this thesis shows that the dominant normative culture derives from hegemonic masculinity. Furthermore, trades belonging to the combat arms are still the most valued within the organisation and represent the path to the highest attainable ranks. Structurally, the liaison between theory and empirical practice, and those between structures and individuality confirm the existence of multilateral relationships of power. These relationships go beyond the topdown logic of hierarchy. This multilateralism is lived horizontally because of the normative culture, vertically based on the hierarchization of gender roles, and also amidst the exchanges between leaders and subordinates. Combined with the CAF’s institutional requirements, this exacerbates the invisible challenges which confront women as they climb the ranks, notably with regard to credibility, worklife balance, motherhood, and the tokenism of being the “first woman.” By giving a platform to these narratives from currently serving women, this thesis serves to break invisible lived realities and identify the gendered structural barriers intrinsic to the CAF. On an empirical level, the method used contributes to the advancement of research on the career trajectories of woman in the Canadian Armed Forces. On a theoretical level, the method used applies new analytical perspectives related to state feminism and directs them toward an atypical bureaucracy. The theories discussed within this project upend the current policies which seek to promote retention amongst women already serving. This research also contributes to the body of francophone literature which deals with female military leadership and with gender issues in the CAF.

Autorisé le 31 décembre 1914, le 41e bataillon (canadien-français) du Corps expéditionnaire canadien était voué à suivre les traces du désormais célèbre 22e bataillon et à combattre à ses côtés sur le théâtre européen. Sept mois après sa formation, cette unité composée d’un amalgame hétéroclite de francophones et de volontaires étrangers fut pourtant dissoute, succombant à une vague d’insubordination marquée par un nombre record d’infractions, des désertions par centaines, plusieurs délits de corruption, une épidémie d’ivrognerie et deux homicides. Aussitôt oublié, le dossier du 41e fut rouvert une première fois en 1974 par l’historien Desmond Morton, qui imputait l’échec de l’unité à l’incompétence de ses officiers. Nous jugeons cette interprétation recevable quoique limitée, car si Morton a prouvé de façon convaincante l’inaptitude des gradés du 41e, son approche traditionnelle à l’histoire militaire nous en dit peu sur les mécanismes qui permirent la propagation de l’insubordination parmi les hommes du rang. Ce mémoire, qui se réclame de l’approche microhistorique, vise à réorienter l’analyse du point de vue du simple soldat, en insistant sur les facteurs sociaux, culturels et circonstanciels qui provoquèrent la désintégration prématurée de l’unité. Reposant sur un corpus inédit composé, entre autres, des rapports de cour martiale et des dossiers de service du 41e bataillon, cet effort de réinterprétation révèle une absence généralisée de cohésion au sein de l’unité. Dans le cas insolite du 41e bataillon, la discipline apparaît ainsi comme étant fonction de la qualité des relations interpersonnelles de ses membres plutôt qu’uniquement liée aux qualités individuelles de leurs supérieurs. / Authorized on December 31, 1914, the 41st Battalion (French-Canadian) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was destined to follow in the footsteps of the renowned 22nd Battalion and fight on the western front. However, only seven months after its formation, this multiethnic unit made up of French-Canadian and foreign volunteers was disbanded due to a wave of insubordination that included a record number of infractions, desertions by the hundreds, several corruption scandals, widespread drunkenness and the cold- blooded murder of two Canadian servicemen. Long forgotten, the case of the 41st Battalion was examined for the first time in 1974 by historian Desmond Morton, who attributed the unit’s failure to the shortcomings of its officers. We find this interpretation acceptable, albeit limited. While Morton convincingly demonstrated the incompetence of the Battalion’s officers, his traditional approach to military history fails to unveil the mechanisms by which indiscipline was allowed to spread among the rank and file. This thesis, grounded in the micro-historical approach, shifts the analysis from a top-down to a bottom-up perspective, emphasizing the social, cultural and circumstantial factors which played into the unit’s collapse. Drawing from unpublished sources including court-martial reports and personnel record files of the 41st Battalion, this study reveals a widespread lack of cohesion within the unit. In the strange case of the 41st Battalion, discipline thus depends not only on the individual qualities of the officers, but also on the quality of interpersonal relationships among the rank and file.