Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / W.H.O infant feeding options are presented as a package in the prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child. These infant feeding options are namely exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding and other options such as wet nursing by a tested HIV negative woman and heat treated breast milk. However, in Zambia, like many other poor countries, the cultural attitude towards breastfeeding is that the breastfeeding period generally goes up to two years. This traditional way of feeding is so much rooted in local culture that any cessation of breastfeeding or any introduction of alternative feeding would be a source of concern at community and family levels. In addition, it is a well known fact that stigma and discrimination are still high in the country. It is with this background that we decided to carry out a study in Mongu district which aimed at assessing HIV positive mothers’ knowledge of WHO infant feeding options and looking at the challenges they face vis-à-vis these recommended feeding options. DATA COLLECTION METHODS A total of 10 experienced nurses, who have been working in the HIV/AIDS programme for more than 15 years, were trained in data collection. During home visit, semistructured questionnaires were used during face- to- face interviews of each HIV positive mother who voluntarily took part in the study. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE Systematic sampling technique was used to constitute our study sample. With this technique, a complete list of 5317 HIV positive mothers was constituted by listing all HIV positive mothers whose names were in the registers of PMTCT at the selected health institutions, and who had infants whose ages ranged from 6 months to 2 years. 1636 HIV positive mothers had babies whose ages were ranging between 6 months and 2 years. Out of the 1636 we selected randomly the first participant from the complete list, and then we went on selecting every 8th HIV positive mother up to the time we constituted a sample of 200 participants. Thereafter, the selected HIV positive mothers were visited individually in their respective households for interview by trained interviewers. During home visit, 5 selected participants declined to take part in our study while 195 HIV mothers voluntarily accepted to be interviewed. RESULTS Analysis of data collected from 195 HIV positive mothers revealed that 144 study participants or 73.8 %( 95% C I 67.6-80%) of all participants knew their status through the PMTCT programme where the “opt out” approach was used to routinely screen pregnant women for HIV during ante natal visit or when admitted to labour wards. It was also established that the assessment of knowledge among study participants of exclusive breastfeeding period was good. 96.9 %( 95% CI 95.66-98.14%) of participants stated that 6 months was the recommended duration for exclusive breastfeeding when the mother is HIV positive while only 3.07 %( 95% CI 0.65-5.49%) said that exclusive breastfeeding should go beyond 6 months. It was discovered that the majority of HIV positive mothers or 166 participants representing 85.1%(95% CI 80.1-90.1%) who participated in our study considered mixed- feeding as not appropriate for infant born from HIV positive mothers while 29 participants or 14.8%(95% CI 9.8-19.8%) said that mixed feeding was recommendable. It was also found that 95 participants representing 48.7 %( 95% CI 41.6- 55.7%) opted for exclusive breastfeeding, 61 participants or 31.2% (95% CI 24.7-37.7%) participants opted for formula milk while 39 or 20 %( 95% CI 14.4- 25.6%) of participants were mixed-feeding. It was discovered that 118 participants had breastfed. Among them, 53.4 %( 95% CI 46.4-60.4%) participants said that they had breastfeed for up to 6 months while 46.6 %( 95% CI 43-50.2%) said they had breastfeed for more than 6 months. Among those who had breastfed for more than 6 months, 58.1 %( 95% CI 54.6-61.6%) said that they had done so because of financial constraints; 21.8 %( 95% CI 16-27.6%) for fear of discrimination and stigmatization; and 20 %( 95% CI 14.4-25.6%) for fear of discrimination and stigmatization and financial constraints. We also discovered during our research that for the majority of study participants or 81.5%, the decision to opt for one of the infant feeding options was a product of discussion between the HIV positive mothers and other persons such as the husband, friends, relatives and health care provider. CONCLUSION In our study we discovered that though the knowledge of PMTCT and WHO infant feeding options among study participants was good, fear of stigmatization, discrimination and abandonment was high among interviewees. This fear explains why the implementation of WHO infant feeding options is still a serious challenge amongst HIV positive mothers in Mongu, as many HIV positive mothers do not want to be seen in the community as people carrying the virus. It is also for the same reason that our study participants had to choose people to whom to talk to about their HIV positive status and with who to discuss their chosen infant feeding options. Further, due to the high level of poverty among Mongu residents, financial constraint was another major challenge in the implementation of WHO recommended infants feeding options.

This dissertation explores congregational participation in worship services in the discipline of “Building up the local Church”. The research indicates the levels of participation within worship services of 98 respondents. I have felt that the low levels of participation (43 % of the respondents reported no active congregational participation and in 93% of the indicated the congregation were involved in two or less areas of the worship service) contribute to the practice of nominal Christianity. The congregation view themselves as the ‘Audience’(passive participants) at worship rather that the ‘Actors’ (active participants). The hypothesis is that ministers have centralized themselves specifically in worship and this has and is contributing towards the ‘nominal Christian’ problem experienced by the Church presently. Secondly, that a strategically planned and instituted process with the aim of involving all attendee’s at worship will facilitate active participation (the congregation become the ‘actors’ in and during the intercessory prayer time) and in so doing build up the local church. The Thesis sadly also points out that, ministers fundamental beliefs seem to have little or no influence on there practices. Of the ministers interviewed some indicated there primary task as that of ‘equipping the body of Christ’ yet those who held to that tenet had no significant levels of congregational involvement during worship. The research also shows that regardless of fundamental belief where ministers serve more than one congregation there is a 300% more congregational involvement during worship. The thesis then focuses on the roles of intercessory prayer in worship as a vehicle for getting ministry into the hands of the congregation. Interviews have been conducted and stories recorded as to the effectiveness of this process. I was particularly encouraged that the ‘sticky prayer’ as it became know took the ministry in some cases into the work place and created opportunities for ministry with in the worlds of the respondent. Beyond this it also sends a message to the world at large of the church as being faithful to God (expressed in prayer) and serving the world (those for whom we pray). / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

L’organisateur sportif est investi en France d’une prérogative juridique singulière qui lui accorde une maîtrise souveraine de la commercialisation de ses événements sportifs. Organisée dans un premier temps autour d’un monopole de fait, cette réservation du spectacle sportif est aujourd’hui pleinement consacrée au sein de l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport. Pourtant, en raison de l’assignation d’un régime juridique laconique, la réception légale de la patrimonialisation du fait sportif laisse perplexe et impose, pour en saisir parfaitement le sens, de devoir s’interroger sur sa nature. Ne se satisfaisant ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit sui generis, ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit voisin, le droit de l’organisateur sportif doit être alors appréhendé comme un nouveau droit de propriété incorporelle. En effet, la subjectivation du spectacle sportif se veut être l’aboutissement de la transposition du concept général de droit de propriété à la problématique de l’appropriation de la compétition sportive. En d’autres termes, l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport institue un droit de propriété original qui, au-delà de l’incorporalité de son objet, fonde directement son régime à partir de ce qui est au cœur de la singularité de l’activité sportive compétitive, à savoir l’aléa sportif. Ainsi, au-delà des dispositions spécifiques du Code du sport, le droit « exclusif » de l’organisateur sportif doit-il directement s’inspirer des dispositions résiduelles du Code civil / The sports organiser has, in France, a singular legal prerogative that grants him a sovereign control over the marketing of its sports events. Organized initially around a de facto monopoly, this reservation of the sporting spectacle is now fully laid down in article L. 333-1 of the sport code. However, due to the assignment of a laconic legal regime, the legal reception of the patrimonialization of the sporting fact leaves perplexing and imposes, in order to seize perfectly its meaning, to have to determine its nature. Not being satisfied either with the doctrinal qualification of sui generis law, or with the doctrinal qualification of neighboring rights legislation, the right of the sports organiser must be then regarded as a new right of intangible property. Indeed, the subjectivation of the sporting spectacle is intended to be the culmination of the transposition of the general concept of property right to the issue of the appropriation of sporting competition. In other words, article L. 333-1 of the sport code establishes an original ownership right which, beyond the incorporation of its object, directly bases its regime on what is at the heart of the singularity of competitive sports activity, namely the sporting uncertainty. Thus, beyond the specific provisions of the sport code, the sports organiser’s “exclusive” right must be directly inspired by the residual provisions of the civil code

PhDPH / Department of Public Health / The benefits of breastfeeding, particularly exclusive breastfeeding, are well recognized. It can reduce the risk of mortality related to malnutrition, otitis media and respiratory infection. Breastfeeding may also decrease the risk of obesity in later life for infants who have been breastfed for more than six months. Besides, breastfeeding improves cognition, and children who have been breastfed show higher intelligence quotient test scores and improved school performance. In addition, long-period breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer for mothers. The World Health Organization and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund recommended exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding to two years and beyond. However, this study showed that only 27% of children under six months have had been exclusively breastfed. In this situation, an intervention programme was required. The aim of this study was to develop an intervention programme to promote exclusive breastfeeding strategies in Limpopo Province. Intervention mapping was used to guide the development of a programme. A convergent, parallel mixed-method was used wherein qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed concurrently. A qualitative approach was used to assess the implementation of exclusive breastfeeding and to explore challenges experienced by health care workers in the implementation of exclusive breastfeeding in Limpopo Province. This was carried out by means of in-depth interviews with 30 professional nurses. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, confirmability, dependability and transferability. A quantitative approach was used to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding. Reliability and validity of the instrument was ensured through extensive literature review and test-retest methodology. Questionnaires were distributed to 400 respondents. Tesch’s eight steps of data analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 26, was used to analyse the quantitative data. The results were merged, and the interpretation discussed. Five higher-order themes emerged from quantitative data analysis. The themes emerged from qualitative data were confirmed by the findings from statistical data, thus merging both qualitative and quantitative data. Findings were presented to the stakeholders, managers and dieticians and their inputs further confirmed and supported the findings. The findings informed the development of an intervention programme. The intervention comprises of the three components, training of community health workers, healths talks focusing on lactating mothers and health talks focusing on families and community. The developed intervention was validated by the stakeholders and the results were analysed through simple descriptive statistics where the data were summarized using frequency distributions and graphic representations. The results revealed that the programme was feasible, compatible and applicable to current practice. Recommendations were made and topics for further research were also suggested. / NRF

Aux énergies assez hautes, les processus de QCD peuvent être factorisés en une partie dure, qui peut être calculée en utilisant les méthodes perturbatives des diagrammes de Feynman grâce à la petite valeur de la constante de couplage de l'interaction forte, et une partie non-perturbative qui doit être extraite de données expérimentales, modélisées ou calculées avec d'autres méthodes comme par exemple la QCD sur réseau. Cependant la petite valeur de la constante de couplage dans la partie perturbative peut être compensée par des grands logarithmes émergeant de l'annulation de divergences molles ou colinéaires, ou de la présence d'échelles cinématiques multiples. De telles contributions doivent être resommées, ce qui mène à l'équation d'évolution DGLAP aux énergies modérées et aux équations BFKL et B-JIMWLK dans la limite des hautes énergies. Pour les énergies les plus grandes des effets de recombinaison de gluons amènent à la saturation, qui peut être décrite par le formalisme du CGC ou des ondes de choc. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier certains processus exclusifs en QCD perturbative afin d'obtenir une meilleure description de la factorisation et des effets de resommation et de saturation. Dans un premier temps nous faisons le premier calcul d'une quantité exclusive au premier ordre sous-dominant (NLO) dans le contexte du formalisme des ondes de choc de QCD. Nous calculons l'amplitude NLO pour la production diffractive ouverte d'une paire quark-antiquark, puis nous parvenons à construire une section efficace finie à l'aide de cette amplitude en étudiant la production diffractive exclusive de deux jets vers l'avant. Des analyses précises phénoménologiques et expérimentales de ce processus devraient améliorer notre compréhension de la resommation à haute énergie grâce à la présence d'un Pomeron échangé en diffraction, ce qui est naturellement décrit par la resommation de logarithmes découlant de la divergence molle de la QCD à haute énergie. Notre résultat reste valable quand l'énergie au centre de masse devient proche de l'échelle de saturation ou lorsque la diffraction a lieu sur une cible dense donc il peut être utilisé pour l'étude des effets de saturation. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que l'étude expérimentale de la photoproduction d'un méson léger et d'un photon à énergies modérées devrait constituer un bon moyen d'appréhender les Distributions de Parton Généralisées (GPDs), l'une des généralisations des blocs non perturbatifs en factorisation collinéaire. En principe une telle étude donnerait accès à la fois aux GPDs conservant l'hélicité ou la renversant. Nous donnons des prédictions numériques pour ce processus à JLAB@12GeV. / At high enough energies, QCD processes can be factorized into a hard part, which can be computed by using the smallness of the strong coupling to apply the perturbative Feynman diagram method, and a non-perturbative part which has to be fitted to experimental data, modeled or computed using other tools like for example lattice QCD. However the smallness of the strong coupling in the perturbative part can be compensated by large logarithms which arise from the cancellation of soft or collinear divergences, or by the presence of multiple kinematic scales. Such logarithmically-enhanced contributions must be resummed, leading to the DGLAP evolution at moderate energies and to the BFKL or B-JIMWLK equation in the high energy limit. For the largest energies gluon recombination effects lead to saturation, which can be described in the color glass condensate (CGC) or shockwave formalism. In this thesis, we propose to study several exclusive perturbative QCD processes in order to get a better understanding of factorization, resummation and saturation effects. In the first part we perform the first computation of an exclusive quantity at Next-to-Leading-Order (NLO) accuracy using the QCD shockwave formalism. We calculate the NLO amplitude for the diffractive production of an open quark-antiquark pair, then we manage to construct a finite cross section using this amplitude by studying the exclusive diffractive production of a dijet. Precise phenomenological and experimental analysis of this process should give a great insight on high energy resummation due to the exchange of a Pomeron in diffraction, which is naturally described by the resummation of logarithms emerging from the soft divergences of high energy QCD. Our result holds as the center of mass energy grows towards the saturation scale or for diffraction off a dense target so one could use it to study saturation effects. In the second part we show how the experimental study of the photoproduction of a light meson and a photon at moderate energy should be a good probe for Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), one of the generalizations of the non-perturbative building blocks in collinear factorization. In principle such a study would give access to both helicity-conserving and helicity-flip GPDs. We give numerical predictions for this process at JLAB@12GeV.

Home Seniors Club es un proyecto que ofrece un servicio de alta calidad, orientado a satisfacer las necesidades de un segmento desatendido actualmente: personas autovalentes de la tercera edad. Es esta porción de la sociedad limeña la que demanda una especial atención donde se involucre en su estilo de vida elementos alineados al confort, distracción, equilibrio emocional, y su interrelación social. Este emprendimiento surge como una opción diferenciada. La estrategia que usaremos se soportará en la exposición de un concepto de negocio sobre la base de la generación de valor a través de un modelo de club exclusivo que involucrará un conjunto de experiencias integrales, que partirán desde la esfera intelectual con prácticas como la lectura, atravesando el entretenimiento de cada una de las actividades lúdicas y aterrizando hasta el confort de los espacios de relajación con las milenarias disciplinas. Se identifica que nuestro mercado objetivo son las personas mayores de 65 años, quienes gozan de una edad sana estándar post jubilación y se hallan en el ápice de su operatividad laboral y doméstica, muchas alejadas de su núcleo familiar. Seniors club está conformado por jóvenes profesionales, con experiencia en gestión de la virtud empresarial, que reúnen un conjunto de habilidades y competencias que sumadas a su pasión de compromiso y liderazgo natural lo predisponen hacia el logro de un objetivo mayor: el servicio. Se pide la suma de S/35,150.00, invitando al inversionista a ser parte de la empresa, con un porcentaje de un 20% de las acciones. / Home Senior´s club is a project that offers a high-quality service, focusing in satisfying the needs of a current unattended segment: self-reliant seniors. It is this portion of the Lima society that demands special attention where elements aligned to comfort, distraction, emotional balance, and their social interrelation are involved in their lifestyle. This entrepreneurship arises from a differentiated option. The strategy that we will use will be supported in the exposition of a business concept based on the generation of value through an exclusive club model that will involve a set of comprehensive experiences, which will start from the intellectual sphere with practices such as reading, going through the entertainment of each of the recreational activities and landing to the comfort of the relaxation spaces with the ancient disciplines. It is identified that our target market is people over 65 years old, who enjoy a standard healthy age after retirement and are at the apex of their work and domestic operations, many far from their family nucleus. Seniors club is made up of young professionals, with experience in business virtue management, who bring together a set of skills and competences that, together with her passion for commitment and natural leadership, predispose her towards the achievement of a greater objective: service. We ask for the sum of S/35,150.00, inviting the investor to be part of the company with a 20% of shares. / Trabajo de investigación

Introducción: Durante los primeros días de vida la madre es la principal fuente de alimento para el recién nacido. Sin embargo, es común que la madre presente trastornos de la lactancia y se genere una pérdida de peso neonatal mayor a la fisiológica. Objetivo: Estimar la magnitud y asociación entre los trastornos de la lactancia y la pérdida de peso neonatal mayor a la fisiológica en neonatos en el área de alojamiento conjunto de un servicio de neonatología en un hospital de la seguridad social en Lima, Perú. Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal analítico. Registramos el peso neonatal en una evaluación de rutina (entre las 24 y 72 horas de vida) y lo comparamos con el peso al nacer. La pérdida de peso excesiva fue definida como una diferencia igual o mayor al 7%. Mediante una encuesta y verificación visual investigamos los trastornos de la lactancia materna (retraso en el inicio, posición de la boca, duración de la lactancia, frecuencia de la lactancia, sobreabrigo, dolor en el pezón y forma de la C). La asociación entre la pérdida de peso excesiva y los trastornos, ajustada por otros factores, fue cuantificada mediante un modelo linear generalizado múltiple. Resultados: En 18,8% (74/393) de los neonatos, la pérdida de peso excesiva fue igual o mayor al 7% del peso al nacer. La posición inadecuada de la boca en el pezón estuvo presente en 53,7% (211/393) de los neonatos mientras que el dolor en el pezón fue reportado en 44,0 (173/393). En el análisis ajustado, el dolor en el pezón [RP=1,50(IC95%:1,02-2,22)] y la posición inadecuada de la boca [RP=1,67(IC95%:1,09-2,57)] estuvieron asociados a una mayor ocurrencia de pérdida peso excesiva. Conclusiones: Los trastornos de la lactancia son comunes. Estos factores están directa y positivamente asociados a una mayor ocurrencia de pérdida de peso excesiva. La introducción de mejoras en las prácticas de lactancia, por ejemplo mediante programas educativos, podría disminuir la ocurrencia de pérdida de peso neonatal excesiva. / Introduction: During the first days of life the mother is the main source of nutrients for the newborn. However, breastfeeding difficulties are common and may generate excessive neonatal weight loss. Objective: Estimate the magnitude and association between breastfeeding problems and excessive neonatal weight loss beyond the physiological norm in the neonatology ward in a social security hospital in Lima, Peru Methods: We conducted a cross sectional analysis of the recorded neonatal weight in a routine evaluation (between 24 and 72 hours of life) and compared it against birth weight. Excessive weight loss was defined as a difference greater than or equal to 7 %. Breastfeeding problems (defined as problems with breastfeeding initiation, mouth position, breastfeeding duration, breastfeeding frequency, too much clothing, nipple pain and C form) were investigated using a survey and visual verification. The association between excessive weight loss and breastfeeding problems, adjusted by other factors, was quantified using a multiple generalized linear model. Results: Excessive weight loss was present in 18.8% (74/393) of the newborns. Improper positioning of the mouth on the nipple was present in 53.7% (211/393) of neonates while nipple pain was reported by 44.0% (173/393) of mothers. In the adjusted analysis, nipple pain [PR = 1.50 (95% CI: 1.02 to 2.22)] and improper positioning of the mouth [PR = 1.67 (95% CI: 1.09- 2.57)] were associated with an increased occurrence of excessive neonatal weight loss. Conclusions: Breastfeeding problems are common. These difficulties are significantly associated with an increased occurrence of excessive neonatal weight loss. Improvements in breastfeeding practices, for example through educational programs, may decrease the occurrence of excessive neonatal weight loss. / Tesis

The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate a new empirical and systemic geopolitical approach to the study of the ongoing territorial dispute in the Arctic resulting from the desire of two nation states, Denmark and Russia, to extend their own northernmost limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the central part of the Arctic Ocean. This approach combines geographic, legal and political analytical perspectives with quantitative research design to produce an inter-disciplinary study. Empirical evidence on the long-term socio-geographic development in the region (1993-2013) is provided together with information on particular territorial gains and losses for all decision-makers that arise in a number of potential scenarios (options). Variation in each decision-maker's aggregate national socio-geographic resource, as implied by particular territorial modifications in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, serves as a basis for derivation of nontrivial payoffs on each option in the dispute. These payoffs are introduced into a three-player graph model for conflict resolution (Denmark, Russia, and the World) and stable dispute solutions are suggested on the basis of different combinations of decision-makers' strategies, whose optimality is evaluated as well. Finally, alternative scenarios of...

Kvinnans amning har många olika hälsofördelar både för den nya mamman men också för hennes nyfödda. Amning har ett antal olika hälsofördelar, till exempel utvecklingen av barnets immunsystem och tarmflora. Genom kvinnans amning främjas deras första kopplings- och interaktionsfas mellan modern och det nyfödda och därmed en större möjlighet till framgångsrik amning. / The woman's breastfeeding has many different health benefits both for the new mother but also for her newborn. Breastfeeding has a number of different health benefits, such as the development of the baby's immune system and intestinal flora, for example. Through the woman's breastfeeding, their first connection and interaction phase between the mother and the newborn is promoted and thus a greater opportunity for successful breastfeeding.

My thesis is devoted to the influence of food retail units with an exclusive assortment on the territory of Prague 1 at the time of normalization, specifically in the 80s of the 20th century. All facilities which are mentioned in the thesis have been incorporated into the enterprise Potraviny Prague 1, and were somehow exceptional in its own way, whether it was a privilege in supplying compared to standard establishments, or the customers' demand for local delicacies. As the enterprise Potraviny Prague 1 was a direct superior of the member establishments and their important part, this thesis deals with its origin and history. Its inseparable part consists also in the mention of organized competitions, shows, and last but not least, I mention the awards, which ware granted to this enterprise. The fourth chapter focuses on the availability of the specialized range of products, their quality and the level of provided services, which is connected to overseeing the establishments by its parent organization. The methodology of this thesis uses both the scientific literature, the press of that time, and the interviews conducted using the method of oral history.