This study explored the relevance of sustainability labelling for Chinese consumers’ perception of the luxuriousness of, and purchase intent for sustainability-labelled exotic leather accessories. The Wiedmann, Hennigs and Siebels’ Luxury Value Perception Scale (2007), as well as the Vigneron and Johnson’s (2004) Brand Luxury Index (BLI) model as adapted by Kim and Johnson (2015) served as the conceptual framework for the study. An online questionnaire was distributed across China and completed by willing participants. Qualtrics, a reputable international market research platform, used their extensive database of consumers for sampling purposes and managed to collect 526 completed and usable questionnaires. All participants had visited South Africa in the last five years or have the intention of visiting in the next five years. Both males and females were included in the study provided that they fell into the millennial generational cohort as of the year 2019 (born between 1979 and 2000). Data analysis was achieved through exploratory factor analysis and the calculation of the Cronbach alpha coefficients and eigenvalues. The outcome of the factor analysis for the sample identified three factors instead of the four factors proposed by the original Wiedmann, Hennigs and Siebels (2007) scale, namely “Pleasure”, “Others” and “Financial”. It seems that the Chinese millennials in this study considered everything that exotic leather accessories can do for them on a functional an individual level as one concept, named “Pleasure”. Additionally, respondents indicated that the “Pleasure” value perception was also the most important to them. Social items of the original scale loaded on the “Others” factor and although a little less important than the “Pleasure” factor, it is particularly important to the respondents in this study to know what others think of people who use certain exotic leather accessories. Finally, Financial items of the original scale loaded on the respondents’ “Financial” factor, which was considered to be the least important for the respondents in this study. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to investigate whether the sample differed with regard to their perceptions of the factors “Pleasure”, “Others” and “Financial”. Post hoc analyses showed that there were significant differences with regard to all pairwise comparisons. The highest score was obtained on Pleasure, followed by Financial and Others. The outcome of the factor analysis for the sample’s perception of the luxuriousness of the four different sustainability-labels identified one identical factor for each of the four labels, instead of the five factors of the revised Kim and Johnson (2015) scale. The factor was named “Luxuriousness”. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to investigate whether the sample differed with regard to the respondents’ perceptions of the luxuriousness between the four labels, however post hoc analyses revealed no significant differences with regard to any pairwise comparison. The outcome of the factor analysis for the sample’s purchasing intent, based on Spears and Singh’s (2004) scale indicated that the respondents had in all four cases a very strong purchasing intent for the sustainable exotic accessories, with only small differences between the four differently labelled exotic leather accessories. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to investigate whether the sample differed with regard to their purchase intentions for the four labels. Post hoc analyses showed that there was a statistically significant difference between respondents’ purchase intent for Label 2 and Label 4, as well as a statistically significant difference between respondents’ purchase intent for Label 3 and Label 4. Respondents’ purchase intentions for both Labels 2 and 3 were therefore significantly higher than their purchase intent for Label 4. According to the results, there were statistically highly significant strong, positive correlations between the respondents’ most important Pleasure luxury value perception and their Purchase Intent for all four labels. Therefore, the more important the Pleasure luxury value perception becomes, the stronger becomes the respondents’ Purchase Intent for all four sustainability labelled accessories. Results of this study make positive contributions for various role players within the exotic leather industry. Manufacturers, retailers and marketers can all benefit from the results of the study. Recommendations for industry and future research are made. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Consumer Science / MConsumer Science / Unrestricted

The international governance discourse has seen radical changes in both trends and understandings in recent years, from the global dominance of liberal democracy after the Cold War, to the current movement towards authoritarianism. The modern autocracy has progressed its reach by the use of new applications in technology, which has resulted in a digital authoritarianism, also known as E-governance. In China, a system known as the “Social Credit System” represents these changes in modern governance. It aims to improve civic governance by incorporating the social contract into a digital platform. The system has been described as both a technological salvation and Orwellian Panopticon, with approximately 900 million individual records whilst assigning each user with a social credit score depending on how well they perform on different areas, such as education, prosocial behavior, financial services and much more. “Trustworthy” users are given opportunities in life such as improved; welfare, housing, social status, employment, and mobility in society. Meanwhile, “trust breakers” are placed on a blacklist and face a variety of sanctions and restrictions.   This qualitative case study analyzes the overall functioning of the system in terms of social control, in order to open up the (currently) rather dualistic debate on the system in current academic literature since the system is usually presented rather simplistically as either a threat or a benefit. The thesis, furthermore, analyses the domestic governance implications of the Social Credit System and the changes it suggests to how social control might be operationalized by other societies in the future. Lastly, the study will investigate the effect of social labelling in the “Blacklist” component and discuss the consequences for minority groups, polarization, governance advances, legal improvements, and rule of law.

The period 2015-2020 has remained limitless in terms of missing data on crime and immigration in the Nordic countries, starting from the number of irregular and undocumented migrants and asylum seekers, continuing with the underrepresented immigrant statistics in crime. This paper consists of a complex understanding of immigration processes across the Nordic region, establishing narrow themes associated with crime and immigration. The findings of this paper presented five essential links to the criminality among the immigrant population in the Nordic countries during 2015-2020, that were compiled from the majority of the current available studies in this research field. At this point, the paper represents official data from the Nordic countries and a narrow literature review of recent studies, which depicted immigrants as more often suspected of crimes compared to the ethnic populations, assuming that it could have established a false social identity of an individual with foreign background. The reason of that supposition is explained by the findings on migrants to be overrepresented in crime, biased “immigrant beliefs” and yet evident immigrant labelling.

This thesis deals with the attitudes of students of two secondary schools to marihuana, alcohol use and their users. Attitudes to alcohol, marihuana and to their users are topics frequently discussed in connection with changing perception of these two substances. This trend can be best seen in adolescents during the period of late adolescence which is the period of secondary school studies. The main aim of the thesis is to find out which factors influence the attitudes of students to alcohol and drug use and if there are any differences concerning those factors between the observed schools. These factors come from theoretical considerations which are subsequently tested in research. As the research showed, the students' attitudes to marihuana and alcohol use, and also to alcohol users are primarily influenced by significant others, among which belong mainly peers and their parents or their own experience. While the individuals form their attitudes to alcohol primarily according to their parents, in case of marihuana, the individuals, who have experience with it, follow mainly their peers and their own experience. Those individuals also tend to be more positive towards other marihuana users. There have not been found out any significant differences concerning the attitudes to marihuana and alcohol...

The aim with this study is to evaluate if standardization of sustainable housing is a practical solution to address the objectives/reach the goals of sustainable housing. The point of departure is that eco-labelling of houses is a way to put sustainable housing into practice. The Nordic Swan criteria for small houses and the UK Code for Sustainable Homes are two recently developed schemes for sustainable construction and design. These two labelling systems are chosen as case studies in order to compare and examine the practice of sustainable housing. How can the goals of sustainable housing be met in the form of eco- labelling? What are the benefits and obstacles/limitations for the cases to be effective and sustainable?  What can explain differences between the two cases? And is the function and organisation of the cases best explained by sustainable development ideas or ecological modernization?  It is suggested in the view of path dependency theory that the UK’s and Sweden’s decisions based on their expectations concerning development of the EU flower has made their respective eco-labelling of houses to have different organisational structure. The Code as a sector-specific label has the advantage, compared to the Swan, of being able to change its structure depending on the needs of pressure in the network of government, business and consumers.  The Code has several criteria concerning sustainable living besides criteria concerning environmental construction of the house and can therefore be considered as part of the sustainable development discourse.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23950号 / 農博第2499号 / 新制||農||1091(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5385(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 岡田 直紀, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 柴田 昌三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Kvinnan som studieobjekt har frekvent kommit i skymundan i vetenskapen generellt och i kriminologin specifikt. Det feministiska perspektivet framhåller vikten av att inkludera ett kvinnligt studieobjekt i den kriminologiska empirin, men även behovet av att vidga och förändra själva grundsynen på vetenskap och kunskap som uteslutande objektiv, kvantitativ och mätbar. Den stämplingsteoretiska ansatsen har traditionellt använts för att förklara och undersöka manlig (ungdoms)brottslighet och kan anses vara en av de teorier som blundar för den kvinnliga förövarens förekomst. Genom textanalys, där språket anses producera och reproducera synen på sanning och verklighet, analyseras här nio artiklar från Nordisk Kriminalkrönika 2000 – 2014, vilka beskriver utredningsarbetet av brott begångna av en ensam, kvinnlig förövare. Dessa nio artiklar matchas och jämförs sedan med nio artiklar vilka beskriver utredningsarbetet av brott begångna av en ensam, manlig förövare. Analysverktyg utgörs av Beckers fyrfältsmodell över avvikande beteende. Resultatet visar att analysverktyget stämmer mer överens med det manliga underlaget än det kvinnliga men att båda de empiriska underlagen påvisar ett behov av ytterligare kategorier än de som presenteras av Becker. Analysen påvisar att det främst i det kvinnliga underlaget återfinns uttryck för genustvivel och en vilja att kategorisera den kvinnliga förövaren som psykiskt defekt. Textförfattarna tycks vara styrda av en stereotypisk bild av kvinnor som icke-kriminellt benägna och känslostyrda, och män som kriminellt benägna och rationella, vilket även visar på att stämplingsteorins utgångspunkter om makt och stämpling kan vara ifrågasättbar. / Women as object of research have frequently been overlooked in research generally and specifically in criminology. The feminist perspective emphasizes the importance of including females as units of the empirical data of criminology, but also the need to broaden and alter the very ethos of science and knowledge as being exclusively objective, quantitative and measurable. The labelling theoretical approach has traditionally been used to explain and examine male (youth)crime and can be considered one of the theories that turn a blind eye for the female offender’s presence. By using text analysis, where the language is considered to produce and reproduce the perception of truth and reality, nine articles from Nordic Crime Chronicle 2000 – 2014, describing investigations of crimes committed by a lone female perpetrators, gets analyzed. These nine cases are matched and compared with nine articles describing investigations of crimes committed by a lone male offender. Framework for the analysis consists of Becker's four-field model of deviant behaviour. The results indicate that the analysis tool is more coherent with the male data than the female, but both the empirical evidence show the need for additional categories than those presented by Becker. The analysis indicate that it is primarily in the female data one finds expressions of gender bias and a desire to categorize the female offender as mentally defective. The text authors appear to be controlled by a stereotypical image of women as non-criminally inclined and emotionally driven, and men as criminally inclined and rational, which also shows that the labelling theory objectives of power and labelling can be questionable.

During the past couple of years, shootings in Malmö have been given considerable amount of attention and not the least by the news media. The tabloids have often been dominated by headlines which indicate an increase of violent shootings in Sweden’s third largest city. Comparing shootings in Malmö to other cities in Sweden is a difficult task as the local police collects data based on different criteria, nevertheless comparisons are frequently made. The objective of this project is to examine how newspapers portray shootings in Malmö by analyzing articles from major newspapers in Sweden. This thesis focuses on the language that is used and in the light of moral panics theory it is discusses whether the news articles in question are instigating moral panics. It is evaluated what discourses are produced and reproduced by the language used in the context of shootings in Malmö through critical discourse analysis (CDA). The main findings reveal that news media tend to promote certain ideas about the severity and the circumstances regarding shootings in Malmö that are symbolic for the instigation of moral panics. In the context of shootings in Malmö the most frequent points that are raised is that shootings are “symptomatic”, shootings are becoming normalized and shootings pose a threat to “normal people” as well. The main implications from this project is that future research is needed on the subject of how data regarding shootings is collected by to police in order to conduct research similar to this. There is a need of a uniformity within the police regarding the definition and classification of shootings in order to facilitate research that compares shootings across the nation. As a follow up to the current project it would be beneficial to investigate the social reactions to the style of journalism discussed in this paper.

We study the local list number of graphs introduced by Lennerstad and Eriksson. A labelling of a graph on n vertices is a bijection from vertex set to the set {1,…, n}. Given such a labelling c a vertex u is distance consistent if for all vertices v and w |c(u)-c(v)|=|c(u)-c(w)|+1 implies d(u,w)≤ d(u,v). A graph G is k-distance consistent if there is a labelling with k distance-consistent vertices. The local list number of a graph G is the largest k such that G is  k-distance consistent. We determine the local list number of cycles, complete bipartite graphs and some trees as well as prove bounds for some families of trees. We show that the local list number of even cycles is two, and of odd cycles is three. We also show that, if  k, l≥ 3 , the complete bipartite graph  Kk,l has local list number one, the star graph Sn=K1,n has local list number 3, and K2,k  has local list number 2. Finally, we show that for each n≥3 and each k such that 3≤k≤n there is a tree with local list number k. / Vi studerar det lokala listtalet introducerat av Lennerstad och Eriksson. En märkning av en graf på n hörn är en bijektion från hörnmängden till mängden {1, . . . , n}. Givet en sådan märkning c är ett hörn u avståndskonsistent om för alla hörn v och w |c(u) − c(v)| = |c(u) − c(w)| = 1 implicerar d(u, w) ≤d(u, v). En graf G är k-avståndskonsistent om det nns en märkning med k avståndskonsistenta hörn. Det lokala listtalet av en graf G är det största k sådan att G är k -avståndskonsistent. Vi bestämmer den lokala listtalet av cykler, kompletta bipartita grafer och vissa träd och visar som gränser för några familjer av träd. Vi visar att det lokla listtalet av jämna cykler är två, och av udda cykler är tre. Vi visar också att, om k, l ≥ 3, den kompletta bipartita grafen Kk,l har lokalt listtal ett, stjärngrafen Sn = K1,n har lokalt listtal 3, och K2,k har lokalt listtal 2. Slutligen, visar vi att för varje n≥3 och varje k sådant att 3 ≤ k≤n finns ett träd med lokalt listtal k.