Kvinnan som studieobjekt har frekvent kommit i skymundan i vetenskapen generellt och i kriminologin specifikt. Det feministiska perspektivet framhåller vikten av att inkludera ett kvinnligt studieobjekt i den kriminologiska empirin, men även behovet av att vidga och förändra själva grundsynen på vetenskap och kunskap som uteslutande objektiv, kvantitativ och mätbar. Den stämplingsteoretiska ansatsen har traditionellt använts för att förklara och undersöka manlig (ungdoms)brottslighet och kan anses vara en av de teorier som blundar för den kvinnliga förövarens förekomst. Genom textanalys, där språket anses producera och reproducera synen på sanning och verklighet, analyseras här nio artiklar från Nordisk Kriminalkrönika 2000 – 2014, vilka beskriver utredningsarbetet av brott begångna av en ensam, kvinnlig förövare. Dessa nio artiklar matchas och jämförs sedan med nio artiklar vilka beskriver utredningsarbetet av brott begångna av en ensam, manlig förövare. Analysverktyg utgörs av Beckers fyrfältsmodell över avvikande beteende. Resultatet visar att analysverktyget stämmer mer överens med det manliga underlaget än det kvinnliga men att båda de empiriska underlagen påvisar ett behov av ytterligare kategorier än de som presenteras av Becker. Analysen påvisar att det främst i det kvinnliga underlaget återfinns uttryck för genustvivel och en vilja att kategorisera den kvinnliga förövaren som psykiskt defekt. Textförfattarna tycks vara styrda av en stereotypisk bild av kvinnor som icke-kriminellt benägna och känslostyrda, och män som kriminellt benägna och rationella, vilket även visar på att stämplingsteorins utgångspunkter om makt och stämpling kan vara ifrågasättbar. / Women as object of research have frequently been overlooked in research generally and specifically in criminology. The feminist perspective emphasizes the importance of including females as units of the empirical data of criminology, but also the need to broaden and alter the very ethos of science and knowledge as being exclusively objective, quantitative and measurable. The labelling theoretical approach has traditionally been used to explain and examine male (youth)crime and can be considered one of the theories that turn a blind eye for the female offender’s presence. By using text analysis, where the language is considered to produce and reproduce the perception of truth and reality, nine articles from Nordic Crime Chronicle 2000 – 2014, describing investigations of crimes committed by a lone female perpetrators, gets analyzed. These nine cases are matched and compared with nine articles describing investigations of crimes committed by a lone male offender. Framework for the analysis consists of Becker's four-field model of deviant behaviour. The results indicate that the analysis tool is more coherent with the male data than the female, but both the empirical evidence show the need for additional categories than those presented by Becker. The analysis indicate that it is primarily in the female data one finds expressions of gender bias and a desire to categorize the female offender as mentally defective. The text authors appear to be controlled by a stereotypical image of women as non-criminally inclined and emotionally driven, and men as criminally inclined and rational, which also shows that the labelling theory objectives of power and labelling can be questionable.

<p>Labelling Theory stipulates that once an individual exhibits deviant behaviour, such as acting outside of the norm, the public and even close relatives will react to this behaviour by labelling it. Some of these labels result in social and psychological consequences for the individual, and Labelling theorists argue that, at the very extreme, they culminate in a self-fulfilling prophecy wherein the labelled individual fulfills the expectations others have placed upon him/her. Labelling Theory has been questioned for its lack of consistent supporting empirical evidence and still faces much scrutiny by leaving many unanswered questions, particularly within educational contexts. Several societal changes have created a profoundly different climate for labelling in the domains of mental health and education and beg the re-evaluation of labelling theory’s original arguments.</p> <p>This dissertation empirically tests the main tenets of Labelling Theory within an educational setting by exploring the experiences of children identified as having symptoms of Developmental Coordination Disorder in aNorthern Ontariocity. This study finds that children who are yet undiagnosed with DCD are often stigmatized not only by their peers, but also by educators, public, and even close relatives. However, those children who were formally labelled were granted more opportunities and were often more accommodated within the educational context. It also finds that formally labelled children often had varying degrees of self-confidence; conversely, those who were not labelled or awaiting diagnosis were often more critical of their abilities and were frequently socially isolated. Finally, this study found that parents played an active role in acquiring formal labels and services for their children throughout the diagnostic process and afterwards. These findings have implications for educational and health care related policies and future research for Labelling Theory.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Romani people came to Sweden in the early 16th century and is today acknowledged as a minority group. Today in Sweden there’s a large group of Roma EU-citizens who come to beg. Romani people has been an exposed and discriminated group since their arrival in Sweden – a pattern that’s still relevant regarding Roma EU-citizens coming today. One profession that faces Roma EU-citizens in their work is social workers. This study aims to describe and analyse how social workers experience working with Roma EU-citizens, what difficulties or opportunities they see and how this work can be developed in the future. Furthermore, the study examines what beliefs social workers feel exists in society surrounding this group. The study uses labelling theory and theories of cultural competence. Six interviews were conducted with social workers and the study uses a qualitative approach and a hermeneutic perspective. Study results indicate that cultural differences affects working with the group. Results also show that the social workers feel there’s a lot of prejudice against the group. The study concludes that cultural competence is important in order to perform a good social work with the Romani group. Another conclusion is that structural problems complicates working with the group.

Construction of culprits within criminal policy programs: A critical discourse analysis. The purpose of this study was to make visible discourses within criminal policy before the elections of 2018 through analysis of the established political parties ́ criminal policy programs. Method qualitative content analysis was used to bring out categories, later analysed with Fairclough ́s critical discourse analysis. Constructions of culprits as “foreigner”, “in gang”, “organized”, “young”, “male” and “non-ethical Swedish” emerged. Other groups were crime victims identified as “children”, “juveniles”, “elders”, “females” and “entrepreneurs/business owners”. The crimes observed were honor crimes, terrorism, crimes of violence (especially domestic violence), sexual offences and internet-based crime. The constructions may create a skewed interpretation of criminality and feelings of “us and them”. This may lead to “them” labelled as the criminals and “us” as their potential victims. The discourses in the programs therefore risk sustaining unequal power configurations in society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heloisa Constantino.pdf: 4600659 bytes, checksum: 3eb2ec24b8da27b3dd6558e88733f181 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / According to the media, Muslims tend to violence behavior, are not open to dialogue and oppress their women. This view comes from the representations made in the middle aged Europe and does not reflect the behavior of Islam s faithful people living in our country, but it also represents the imaginary of Brazilian people and interferes directly in the relations among the members of this religious group and the rest of the population. Considering that the Federal Constitution states that every citizen is free for practice the chosen religion, this work intends to analyze the attitude of the media that acts like an instrument of labelling, to demonstrate social mechanisms that cause this behavior of the media and to verify the consequences in the people that lives in Mogi das Cruzes Muslim Community / Segundo os veículos de imprensa, os muçulmanos têm tendências a comportamentos violentos, não têm pré-disposição ao diálogo e oprimem suas mulheres. Esta imagem tem sua origem nas representações elaboradas na Europa medieval e não reflete o comportamento das pessoas fiéis ao Islã que vivem em nosso país, mas está cristalizada no imaginário do povo brasileiro e interfere diretamente nas relações convivência entre os membros deste grupo religioso e o restante da população. Tendo em vista que a Constituição Federal garante a todo cidadão seu direito à liberdade religiosa, este trabalho pretende analisar a postura da mídia que age como instrumento de rotulação, demonstrar os mecanismos sociais que causam esta postura, e verificar quais as consequências desta na vida das pessoas que fazem parte da comunidade muçulmana sediada na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes/SP

Avidentifierade jobbansökningar är en relativt ny metod som under de senaste åren fått utrymme på den svenska arbetsmarknaden samt på forskningsfältet. Uppmärksamheten av metoden kommer av den tidigare forskning som visar att betydelsen av faktorer som bland annat etnisk bakgrund, kön och ålder är ibland avgörande för vem som kallas till jobbintervju. Därför åsyftar denna studie att undersöka hur rekryterare värderar och använder denna metod samt vilken betydelse avidentifiering har för rekryteringsprocessens utfall.Studien utgår ifrån ett hermeneutistiskt perspektiv och har en kvalitativ ansats. Med hjälp av en komparativ undersökningsdesign och flerfallsstudie som analysmetod behandlas det empiriska materialet, vilket utgörs av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa intervjuer skapar tillsammans skapar två fall inom IT och konsultbranschen.Analysen behandlas med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket vilket består av stämplingsteori samt de analytiska begreppen homosocialitet och etnosocialitet. Detta för att öka förståelsen för hur en sorteringsmetod som baseras endast på formella kriterier, utbildning och arbetslivserfarenheter, fungerar i praktiken. Det har framkommit att vid avsaknaden av faktorerna läggs fokus istället på den individuella kompetensen. Informationen gällande individens kompetens och arbetslivserfarenhet är den del som får mest kritik för att vara för ospecifik. Inom IT branschen har det visat sig att faktorer som ålder och etnicitet är av betydelse vid anställning. Det uppstår även en svårighet då kundinflytandet spelar så stor roll vid rekrytering och skapar en ram av vad som efterfrågas av varje anställd. Det är inte endast avgörande vad rekryterare eller arbetsgivare värderar utan det finns flera aktörer som spelar in vid valet av medarbetare. / Anonymous job applications are a relatively new method that has gained space in the Swedish labor market and the research field in recent years. Research shows that personal attributes are often crucial for who gets called to a job interview. Therefore, this study refers to examine how recruiters evaluate and use this approach and demonstrates the importance that anonymity has to the outcome of the recruitment process.The study is based on a hermeneutic perspective with a qualitative approach and was conducted using a comparative study design, with analysis based on several case studies. The empirical material consists of five semi-structured interviews, which together creates two cases within the IT and consulting industry.During the analysis, a theoretical framework has been presented which consists of the labelling theory and the analytical concepts of homosociality and etnosociality. These three are used to increase the understanding of how a sorting method based only on formal criteria, training and work experience, is used in practice. This has led an employer to focus on individual competency instead of ethnic background, gender or age. However, a problem remains in the industry where age is a determining factor and ethnicity is linked to Swedish language skills. Difficulties also arise when customer influence plays a large role in the recruitment process and this creates a framework of what is expected of every employee. This enables consultants to be adapted depending on the criteria that are necessary for the specific company. It is not only vital what recruiters or employers value but also what the clients wants and expect of the consultants.

This thesis examines how the ‘terrorist’ label affects those that are labelled by this designation, particularly with reference on a subsequent choice to use violence in the context of an ethno-nationalist conflict. Drawing on the PKK as a case study, the study asks: what effect did the labelling of the PKK as a ‘terrorist organisation’ by the Turkish government have on the use of violence by Kurds in the Turkish-Kurdish ethno-nationalist conflict? The invocation of the label terrorist in any conflict often means both the labeller and the labelled are predisposed to use violence. This study argues that this process of labelling leads the labeller and the labelled to frame one another as an existential threat. To date, the effects of using the label ‘terrorist’ in an ethno-nationalist conflict context remain relatively understudied in both social and political sciences. The period under analysis extends from 1992 to 2015, corresponding to the period during which the Turkish government continuously designated the PKK as ‘terrorist’. In conflict discourse, belligerents use demeaning labels against each other to gather support, legitimacy or simply to increase combatants’ morale. The study argues that the label terrorist is a constituent element of the conflict. The Turkish government uses the label terrorist as a tool to securitise the Kurdish-Turkish ethno-nationalist conflict. The Turkish government’s labelling of the PKK as ‘terrorist’ places the Kurdish issue in the broader framework of securitisation, a theory in International Relations. While securitising the Kurdish issue has bestowed more powers to the Turkish government to combat violence described as ‘terrorist’, the resolution of the ethno-nationalist conflict became increasingly more complex leading to protracted waves of violence. Analysing data collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with Kurds from Turkey, the study reveals that the impact of the label terrorist is far more complex than previously assumed in the existing academic literature. The specific effects of the label terrorist on any given conflict, however, are the subject of an empirical question to be settled through rigorous research. Drawing on the Labelling Theory of Deviance fathered by Howard S. Becker and complemented by discourse analysis, this study finds that the application of the label terrorist against the PKK increases the perception of victimization among its wider Kurdish community. Secondly, the research demonstrates that the invocation of the label terrorist against the PKK places the group’s actors and sympathizers in a situation that makes it harder for them to engage in peaceful means of resolving the conflict. The interplay between these two consequential effects of victimisation and political exclusion leads to the conclusion that there is an indirect relationship between designating an ethno-nationalist armed group ‘terrorist’ and the choice to use violence.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is encouraged as a first step towards people planning for their future with the condition. Despite the proposed benefits of diagnosis, it is also widely recognised that Alzheimer’s disease can expose people to stigma. Therefore, this thesis explores the relationship between stigma and future outlook, from the perspective of people affected by early and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. In order to recognise the physicality of the condition and how psychological and social factors influence experiences, a biopsychosocial perspective is employed throughout. People with Alzheimer’s disease (n=15 people with late-onset, 7 people with early-onset) and their supporters (n=22) completed questionnaires about perceived stigma. This was followed by 14 interviews with a subsample of participants, which explored stigma and future outlook in more depth. Perceived stigma reporting across participants was low in the questionnaires; whereas interviews revealed higher levels of stigma with people discussing mixed, unpredictable reactions from a range of sources. Participants expressed awareness of the unpredictable nature of their futures with the condition. The subsequent lack of control was managed through focusing on ‘one day at a time’ and avoiding looking too far ahead. Across reflections on stigma and future outlook there was a deliberate focus on positive experiences for people affected by early and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. The similar management of experiences across participants minimised possible age-based differences. These findings are supported by socioemotional selectivity theory, which suggests people are motivated to maintain positive emotional states when facing ‘time-limiting’ conditions irrespective of age. The research suggests people’s experiences of stigma and future outlook interact, with stigma-driven assumptions about the future affecting how people manage their daily lives. The avoidance of looking ahead suggests that policy which encourages future planning should consider its utility and explore ways of helping people to manage both exposure to stigma, and planning for the future, whilst focusing on daily living.

Depuis le printemps 2019, une campagne de sensibilisation aux enjeux de santé psychologique est déployée sur le campus de l’Université de Montréal. À l’instar de cette campagne, de nombreuses initiatives sont lancées au travers de la province pour enrayer la stigmatisation de la maladie mentale. Ainsi, un nouveau Discours, positif et anti-stigmatisant tente de s’imposer face au Discours stigmatisant ancré dans la société. Par Discours, il faut comprendre un ensemble discursif qui reprend des idéologies et les significations de phénomènes ; celui-ci se matérialise dans les mots et les interactions sociales (discours). On assiste à une mise en tension du sens que l’on donne de la maladie mentale. En s’appuyant sur la théorie de l’étiquetage, ce mémoire a pour objectif de comprendre la tension entre ces deux Discours dans les paroles (le discours) et attitudes des Québécoises et Québécois. La problématique se pose autour des étudiantes et étudiants universitaires du fait de leur tranche d’âge hybride (sortie de l’adolescence et entrée dans l’âge adulte) où la tolérance sociale de la maladie mentale bascule de l’indulgence pour les enfants atteints à une stigmatisation pour les adultes atteints. À cette fin, cette étude a mené des groupes de discussion avec des étudiantes et étudiants d’universités québécoises qui ont vécu une expérience personnelle de la maladie mentale afin de dépeindre leur perception et leur expérience de cette tension discursive dans leurs relations interpersonnelles. Une analyste thématique des transcriptions de ces discussions a été effectuée. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour les participants, il subsiste des traces du Discours stigmatisant dans les paroles des personnes qui les entourent. À des niveaux plus ou moins élevés suivant les personnes de l’entourage, ces traces s’accompagnent d’un éloignement social. Un éloignement qui s’opère en double dynamique et souligne la capacité des personnes souffrant de maladie mentale à interagir dans un nouveau groupe social. / Beginning in the spring of 2019, an awareness campaign on mental health issues has been deployed on the campus of the Université de Montréal. Many similar initiatives have been launched across the province of Quebec that aim to eliminate the stigma of mental illness. Thus, a new, positive and anti-stigmatizing Discourse is challenging the deep-rooted Discourse that stigmatizes mental illness in society. By Discourse, it is necessary to understand a discursive whole that takes up ideologies and the meanings of phenomena; this is materialized in words and social interactions (discourse). There is thus a growing tension inherent to the very meaning of mental illness. The purpose of this Master’s thesis is to better understand this tension between these two Discourses in the words and attitudes of Quebecers. The research project focuses on university students because of their hybrid age bracket (leaving adolescence and entering adulthood) where the societal tolerance for mental illness tends to shift from indulgence for children to stigmatization for adults. To this end, focus groups with Quebec university students allowed us to depict their perception of this discursive tension in their interpersonal relationships. The discussion transcripts were thematically analyzed. The main results show the emergence of a dissonant discourse, which mixes stigmatizing and anti-stigmatizing Discourse, and the persistence of stigmatizing Discourse held by people who are socially distant from the sick person. These findings formed the basis of a relational model of how participants experienced the stigma of their mental illness, providing a new perspective on the theory of labelling and stigmatization.