Självkänsla handlar om individens tankar kring sitt eget värde, samt individens attityd gentemot sig själv. Etnisk bakgrund operationaliseras som föräldrarnas och studentens födelseland, samt ålder vid flytt till Sverige. Etnisk bakgrund och kön är två faktorer som tidigare har visats ha en koppling till grad av självkänsla, vilket denna studie undersökte vidare. Syftet med studien var att undersöka självkänsla hos högskolestudenter och eventuell skillnad gällande kön eller etnisk bakgrund. Deltagare var 197 högskolestudenter, varav 67 män, från en högskola i Mellansverige. En enkät användes med frågor gällande självkänsla och etnisk bakgrund. Självkänsla mättes med Rosenbergs självkänslaskala. Resultaten visade en skillnad i självkänsla gällande kön där män, liksom tidigare forskning, hade högre självkänsla än kvinnor, dock fanns ingen skillnad gällande etnisk bakgrund. Att etnisk bakgrund inte hade en koppling till självkänsla kan ses som ett positivt utfall, då det finns andra faktorer som individen själv i större mån kan påverka gällande självkänsla, som till exempel val av utbildning.

The study of social networks has become well established in social science. As part of this development, the past several decades have seen an increasing interest in adolescent social relations. Some of the relevant research has focused on explaining similarity patterns in friendship with respect to social categories and have found homophily (the tendency to select similar friends) to be an important factor, or mechanism, influencing friendships. Although the study of social networks has also documented the importance of several other factors for the formation/maintenance of friendships, it has paid little attention to how different factors might interact. Surprisingly little attention has also been paid to how culturally constructed desires and beliefs might influence friend selection. Focusing on social categories relating to immigration background and religiosity, this research examines how homophily interacts with, or is affected by, a school’s classroom organization, and whether students’ beliefs and desires influence the formation and maintenance of friendships. Specifically, the four studies that constitute the second part of this work examine (1) whether native/immigrant background homophily varies depending on whether ties are formed/maintained within or across classroom boundaries, (2) whether adolescents tend to select friends with similar preferences for cultural diversity, and whether reporting a stronger preference for cultural diversity is associated with i) having more friends in school and ii) being more inclined to select dissimilar friends with respect to parents’ birth region, (3) whether adolescents tend to select similar friends in terms of religiosity (defined as the importance attributed to religion), and whether adolescents are influenced by the religiosity of their friends, and finally (4) whether selection of friends with similar beliefs brings with it similarity among friends in terms of behaviors such as alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. All four studies are based on three observations of the complete friendship network of a cohort of adolescents during the first year in upper secondary education (N=115) and statistical models for social network analysis, so-called stochastic actor-oriented models. The results suggest adolescents’ inclination to select similar friends in terms of social categories varies with a school’s classroom structure and (for a smaller number of students) diversity preferences. Diversity preferences are also found to play a role in friend selection processes in other ways. In addition, so is religiously. Friend selection based on similarity in religiosity is found to lead to similarity among friends with respect to drinking behaviors. These findings suggest that considering the interplay between different tie formation mechanisms as well as individual desires and beliefs can be important for better understanding the evolution of social networks. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p><p> </p>

No

Emotional intelligence (EI) is essential for providing quality and competent care in the nursing profession. Because nurses need to be competent in EI, it is important to determine if inherent factors and academic performance contribute to the development of EI. The purpose of this study, guided by the 4-branch ability model of EI by Mayer and Salovey, was to examine the relationship of EI levels and academic performance, gender, and ethnic background in associate degree nursing (ADN) students who attended a community college. Using convenience sampling, 110 ADN students completed the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test and sociodemographic data. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, and analysis of variances which indicated no statistical significance between EI levels and academic performance, gender, and ethnic background. Although the findings did not show statistical significance, drawing attention to EI among nursing students and nurse educators may increase nurse educators' awareness of the importance of cultivating EI in nurses and the need to incorporate concepts of EI into the nursing curricula. Doing so can effect positive social change because nurses with higher EI may be better able to understand and manage the emotions of others and themselves in stressful situations. The concept of EI is important to incorporate into nursing curricula to provide the nursing student opportunities to practice and apply the concepts learned in an educational setting. Doing so may improve students' preparation to use EI in their nursing careers. Future research could be done to determine if EI levels change throughout a nursing program and to determine if EI skills are taught in nursing programs.

For the last several years a great deal of research has been carried out under the general heading of Consumer Behaviour. Researchers are studying consumer purchasing behaviour in all of its many facets and a great deal of additional highly useful information has become available to marketing scholars and practitioners. Generally these researchers have utilized as a basis for their research one of the current models of consumer behaviour as proposed by the recognized scholars in the field. These models although different contain many similarities. They all are multi-dimensional, containing many elements which interact to Influence the consumer's decision making process. (A more thorough discussion of the various models occurs later. ) Most of the recent research projects have been concentrated on one of the elements, in a logical way, in order to extend the amount of knowledge available concerning the element and how It interacts with the remaining aspects of the model. Inasmuch as the majority of this research is being carried on by researchers in the United States (U. S. ) utilizing the marketing/economic/sociocultural environment of the U. S., it is the writer's contention that not all of these research findings are automatically applicable or useful on a world-wide basis. Indeed, if one is concerned with a different country, for example the United Kingdom (U. K. ) or Canada, in which there exists a differing marketing, economic or sociocultural environment, then one must view the U. S. oriented research results not with scepticism but at least with some apprehension and with a questioning attitude. It is this attitude which led the writer to question the lack of concern and therefore research pertaining to certain aspects of the element "social influences". One of the multi-dimensional aspects mentioned above which, although not uniformly labelled in the various models of consumer behaviour, does appear to be common to these models, is "social influences". The major elements which the writer has identified within this "social influences" dimension are social class, family and culture. Although different researchers have utilized variations in the definitions, and therefore the sub-elements which are included in each of these three elements, it is a truism that a transposed cultural background (or ethnic background) i. e. immigration, is either not considered, or at best briefly noted and thereafter ignored or overlooked. - This lack of references to immigration and the apparent little amount of thought given to the various ethnic backgrounds represented by immigrants disturbed the researcher so for the purposes of this study it was decided to concentrate on ethnic background in order to clearly establish the validity of considering ethnic background as a major social influence of consumer purchasing behaviour, or to validate the position taken by other U. S. oriented researchers, I. e. that ethnic background is not a major influence on consumer purchasing behaviour and can be overlooked. Thus this study is primarily concerned with only two aspects of the models of consumer behaviour: family purchasing and culture. The study is not concerned with the culture in place in the environment but instead with transposed cultures via immigration.

Pregnancy is a condition leading to an important strain on thyroid morphology and function.A normal functioning of the thyroid gland in the mother is essential for the early fetal development, since the fetal thyroid does not produce thyroid hormones until the end of the first trimester (approximately 12 to 14 weeks).The impact of thyroid dysfunction (and especially hypothyroidism) during pregnancy is well documented and has been associated with a number of obstetrical complications, such as premature delivery, low birth weight and even fetal death. In view of all changes in thyroid physiology during pregnancy the ATA (American Thyroid Association) guidelines recommend using trimester- and population-specific normality ranges, to define thyroid dysfunction. It is proposed to determine them in pregnant women without thyroid antibodies (TPO) and without severe iodine deficiency. Due to the few numbers of randomized clinical trials, there is still no consensus whether all pregnant women should be screened or only women at risk for the development of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is caused in most cases by the presence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and also the altered pregnancy outcomes in most studies are associated with the presence of TAI.Besides the presence of TAI, other factors might also change, influence and/or modify thyroid function. When we started our research, there were only few studies that investigated the impact of other variables, such as iron, BMI, smoking habit and/or the background of the pregnant women on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction during the first trimester of pregnancy.The aims of the thesis were therefore, to investigate: • the association between the iron reserve status (ferritin levels), thyroid (dys)function and autoimmunity, corrected for confounders such as age, BMI, smoking habit and the time of blood sampling;• the impact of the ethnic background of the pregnant woman on thyroid function and autoimmunity, corrected for confounders such as age, BMI, smoking habit, and the time of blood sampling. Furthermore, to determine ethnic-specific reference ranges and investigate their impact on the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction;• the impact of changes in thyroid function within the normal reference range in women free of thyroid autoimmunity on pregnancy outcomes, corrected for established covariates (age, BMI, smoking) and iron reserve as candidate new variable.• whether targeted high-risk screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy could be improved with the inclusion of iron status and ethnicity to the actual risk factors defined in the ATA-GL.The results can be summarized as follows:Thyroid function during pregnancy can be influenced by variables others than thyroid antibodies such as the iron status and the ethnical background of the women. However, their impact on thyroid function is less important compared to that of thyroid antibodies. No significant impact of well-known variables (BMI, age, smoking) and others such as iron has been shown on clinical pregnancy outcomes when thyroid function remained within the normal range and no thyroid antibodies were present.We have shown that adding variables such as iron deficiency, ethnic background and obesity to the currently provided list of factors leading to a high-risk for the development of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, might improve the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism to comparable rates obtained in case of universal screening. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of this study is to describe and compare the personal journeys of minors and adults immigrants into the Swedish society as well as their way into their first jobs. A qualitative approach was used in this study along with six semi-structed interviews, three of the interviewees immigrated to Sweden as minors and the other three as adults. The study’s theoretical framework covers Diaz (1993) seven dimensions of the integration process, which symbolizes a basic and mediated integration. Previous research were used in conjunction with the study's theoretical frame of reference in the section of analysis. The results indicate that the integration among individuals who came to Sweden as minors was easier, for example when it came to getting to their first jobs. However, the introduction of a new culture and society has been a challenge for all the interviewees, each individual learned to deal with it indifferent ways.

The difficulty of getting a job varies due to individual attributes. This study was designed to examine the establishment in the labor market for academics. Focus was the inequalities in the Swedish labor market based on the variables gender and ethnic background as supposed negative outcome and social networks as a supposed positive outcome on the establishment. The intention was set to explain this based on previous research results and sociological theories about both gender and ethnic hierarchies and the theoretical, enabling power of social networks.  This research was carried out using secondary data, a quantitative material collected in Sweden as part of an International Social Survey Program, about social networks in the year 2017. A linear multiple regression analysis was carried out in the statistical program SPSS to predict the covariation between multiple predictors and the outcome: the establishment in the labor market. With a deductive approach three alternative hypotheses were constructed with the aim of testing the data for their supposed validity.  The results show us that men are better established in the labor market than women, respondents with two Swedish parents are better established than those with two foreign-born parents. This supports earlier research results regarding both the supposed male and, in this context, the Swedish hegemony. The social network's supposed positive effect however could not be confirmed. The three indicators selected to operationalize a theoretically beneficial social network showed scattered results and a lack of significance. The positive effect that social networks was believed to offer the academics in the labor market could not be led to evidence.

For the last several years a great deal of research has been carried out under the general heading of Consumer Behaviour. Researchers are studying consumer purchasing behaviour in all of its many facets and a great deal of additional highly useful information has become available to marketing scholars and practitioners. Generally these researchers have utilized as a basis for their research one of the current models of consumer behaviour as proposed by the recognized scholars in the field. These models although different contain many similarities. They all are multi-dimensional, containing many elements which interact to Influence the consumer's decision making process. (A more thorough discussion of the various models occurs later. ) Most of the recent research projects have been concentrated on one of the elements, in a logical way, in order to extend the amount of knowledge available concerning the element and how It interacts with the remaining aspects of the model. Inasmuch as the majority of this research is being carried on by researchers in the United States (U. S. ) utilizing the marketing/economic/sociocultural environment of the U. S., it is the writer's contention that not all of these research findings are automatically applicable or useful on a world-wide basis. Indeed, if one is concerned with a different country, for example the United Kingdom (U. K. ) or Canada, in which there exists a differing marketing, economic or sociocultural environment, then one must view the U. S. oriented research results not with scepticism but at least with some apprehension and with a questioning attitude. It is this attitude which led the writer to question the lack of concern and therefore research pertaining to certain aspects of the element "social influences". One of the multi-dimensional aspects mentioned above which, although not uniformly labelled in the various models of consumer behaviour, does appear to be common to these models, is "social influences". The major elements which the writer has identified within this "social influences" dimension are social class, family and culture. Although different researchers have utilized variations in the definitions, and therefore the sub-elements which are included in each of these three elements, it is a truism that a transposed cultural background (or ethnic background) i. e. immigration, is either not considered, or at best briefly noted and thereafter ignored or overlooked. - This lack of references to immigration and the apparent little amount of thought given to the various ethnic backgrounds represented by immigrants disturbed the researcher so for the purposes of this study it was decided to concentrate on ethnic background in order to clearly establish the validity of considering ethnic background as a major social influence of consumer purchasing behaviour, or to validate the position taken by other U. S. oriented researchers, I. e. that ethnic background is not a major influence on consumer purchasing behaviour and can be overlooked. Thus this study is primarily concerned with only two aspects of the models of consumer behaviour: family purchasing and culture. The study is not concerned with the culture in place in the environment but instead with transposed cultures via immigration.

(anglicky): Migration includes a lot of aspects and a lot of scientific disciplines focus on this. One of these aspects is integration, which we can perceive in this case as integration of immigrants into host country society. Approaches and methods of integration can be different depending on ambiguity of this term. This dissertation is focused on specific example of effort to integrate women immigrants with help of traditional food, which came from the ground of civil association InBáze, o.s. The association developed a project named Ethnocatering which helps to immigrants to become successful on job market via their own experience from gastronomy and it`s supporting itself by social entrepreneurship. Women from different countries of the world then have an opportunity to prepare specialties typical for countries they come from and introduce those to the local society. This essay is focused on immigrants from countries such as South Caucasus - Georgia and Armenia and also on traditional food typical for these countries. Kľúčové slová (anglicky): traditional food, different ethnic background cuisine, social entrepreneurship, immigration, integration