Pan, Jutong. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 23-24). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Model --- p.4 / Chapter 3 --- Analysis --- p.6 / Chapter 3.1 --- Starrett Theorem with Labor Productivity Differences --- p.6 / Chapter 3.2 --- A Simple Case: Indivisible Labor --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3 --- Divisible Labor and Partial Labor Mobility --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Scenario 1: high transportation costs and no trade across regions --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Scenario 2: low transportation costs and inter-regional trade --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The parameter conditions for Scenario 1/2 --- p.20 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.21

No description available.

No description available.

O entendimento dos fatores locacionais que afetam a inovação ajuda a compreender a localização das atividades inovativas, dentre os quais há a mobilidade de trabalhadores qualificados (trabalhadores com Ensino Superior ou em ocupações técnicas e científicas). Em razão de o conhecimento estar atrelado às pessoas, a transferência desses trabalhadores para outras regiões impacta nas possibilidades e oportunidades de se compartilhar conhecimento. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é avaliar se a mobilidade de trabalhadores qualificados influencia os resultados da inovação no nível regional. A partir dos microdados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais Identificada (RAIS ID), foi analisada a mobilidade dos trabalhadores formais entre as microrregiões brasileiras em todo o país entre os anos de 2003 e 2008. Os microdados foram inseridos em um banco de dados relacional (PostgreSQL), o que permitiu a criação de indicadores de mobilidade de trabalhadores, construídos para três recortes de trabalhadores: totais, com Ensino Superior e em ocupações técnicas e científicas. Foram calculadas as mobilidades para todas as atividades econômicas e para atividades econômicas selecionadas (Agricultura, Indústria Extrativa e de Transformação), gerando indicadores, a fim de mapear a mobilidade de trabalhadores no Brasil; em seguida, foram realizadas estimações econométricas baseadas na função produção do conhecimento. Entre os principais resultados, observa-se que, em todas as atividades econômicas e ao serem excluídos movimentos de trabalhadores intrarregiões metropolitanas, a entrada de trabalhadores nas microrregiões é benéfica para a inovação. Já para a perda e para a mobilidade bruta de trabalhadores, verifica-se o efeito dos benefícios gerados pela circulação de conhecimento nesses ambientes. Ao se analisar a mobilidade nas atividades econômicas selecionadas, constata-se a importância da mobilidade de trabalhadores qualificados para a inovação, cujo benefício está relacionado com a importância do conhecimento para as atividades inovativas e com a sua exploração nas atividades econômicas selecionadas. O desenvolvimento de capacidades de absorção em determinadas áreas facilita a assimilação e a acumulação de conhecimentos que podem ser derivados da circulação de novos trabalhadores em uma região. / The analysis of the locational factors that have influence over innovation is the key to understand the localization of innovation. The mobility of skilled workers is one of these factors. The mobility of skilled workers can be important for innovation activities because the knowledge, that is an input for innovation, is embodied in people. So when people move to other location the possibilities to share this knowledge are increased. In this way, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate if the mobility of skilled workers can influence the regional innovation in Brazil. The mobility of workers was analyzed with micro-data of formal workers between the micro-regions of Brazil on the years of 2003 to 2008. The micro-data were inserted in an open source relational database (PostgreSQL). The indicators of mobility were created for workers in general, workers with higher education and workers in technical and scientific occupations and economics activities (Agriculture, Extractive and Manufacturing). With this data it was possible to map the mobility of workers in Brazil. Afterwards the knowledge production function framework at the regional level was used to estimate the impact of the mobility on regional innovation. When the mobility of workers was calculated for all activities and excluding mobility within the same metropolitan region, the empirical approach shows that the influx of workers is beneficial for innovation. Furthermore, for the analysis of the outflow and the gross mobility it was possible to notice the benefits of circulation of people and the benefits of knowledge share. For the evaluation of mobility of workers in selected economics activities, it was possible to notice the benefits of mobility of skilled workers for regional innovation. The benefits of circulation of skilled workers are related with the importance of knowledge in innovation activities and also with the possibilities of exploration of knowledge by local agents. Furthermore, the development of absorption capacity in selected areas ease the assimilation and accumulation of new knowledge derived from circulation of new workers in one region.

This paper primarily concentrates on the causation of labor mobility and laid-off workers in China. In order to realize the causation of the Chinese labor mobility in urban and rural China after 1978, this paper has collected data and materials about institutional changes of labor management in China. This paper has found that China¡¦s rural labor migration to the urban labor market has been steadily rising. Because of the gap between urban and rural wages, pressures on the urban job market have increased, while urban labors migrating to the rural job market has been minimal. The institutions for labor management in China have undergone changs, and although central and local authorities have inacted various restrictions on labor migration, these restrictions have been a statistic bias and lacked in real effects.

The aim of this thesis is to unveil the cognitive architecture of an industrial cluster by drawing on the roles of the labor mobility in particular as a mechanism of knowledge transmission and in general as a kind of social glue that holds together small production communities operative within a given territory. To what extent innovations occur in connection with labor mobility is one of the primary concerns of this thesis in accordance with its central role as a mechanism of knowledge spillover. In an effort to draw the wider theoretical framework within which knowledge spillover effects of labor mobility can be placed, this thesis firstly unveils the debates revolving around the increasing importance ascribed to (tacit) knowledge in (regional) economic development and the historical evolution of labor mobility studies. This thesis not only draws on but also develops a wide range of analytical tools designated for the particular needs of the questions addressed. The empirical dimension of this thesis is explored by employing a telescoping of view of both spatial and sectoral coverage. In this context, this thesis does not only attempt to grasp the small production communities operative in a socio-spatial system and to compare the innovation capacities of the respective communities by drawing on the contexts of labor mobility but also justifies the designation of the case study area and sectors in a detailed way. The method employed in the thesis is rather a holistic effort with regard to conceptualization of social, historical, economical and spatial processes.

In the first essay, Persistence in Swedish Unemployment Rates, we study if there is no or weak tendency in unemployment rates to revert back to previous levels. Persistence is caused by: natural rate shocks, long unemployment cycles, and spill-over from cyclical to permanent unemployment. We find evidence of high persistence. The results suggest that the quick rise of unemployment rates during 1992-1994 was caused by large permanent and cyclical shocks in combination with spill-over effects. In the second essay, The Equilibrium Rate of Unemployment in a Small Open Economy, we challenge the common and simplifying assumption that the economy is closed. We set up and estimate a structural unobserved components open economy model for the unemployment rate and the real exchange rate. Our estimates indicate that the foreign sector is of substantial importance when explaining movements in the NAIRU. In the third essay, A Simultaneous Model of the Swedish Krona, the US Dollar and the Euro, we simultaneously estimate the real exchange rates between the Swedish Krona, the US Dollar and the Euro. The exchange rate movements are well explained by potential output, the output gap, terms of trade, the fraction of prime-aged people in the population, and structural government budget deficits. The models work well in an out of sample exercise. In the last essay, Wages, Employment, and Unemployment: The Effect of Benefits, Taxes and Labor Mobility, we study how wages and employment are affected by unemployment insurance and labor mobility. We show that the wage effect of higher unemployment benefits can be either positive or negative, depending on the specification of union utility function and the taxation scheme for financing the benefits. The common claim that wages are lower when a sector bears a higher fraction of unemployment costs does not hold in general. We also show that labor mobility across sectors and increased competition reduces wages and unemployment.

Whilst reading for my first degree at the University of Bristol I became particularly interested in two diverse fields of study. An interest in Regional Economics was motivated by the sparse coverage given to the consideration of the spatial organisation of the economy in most standard works. The other interest was in British Economic History of the inter-war years. I am indebted to Dr, B.W.E. Alford for inspiring and developing my curiosity for this subject. In choosing a subject for research, I endeavoured to combine these two interests. Virtually no work has been done on the formative years of British regional policy. I thought this to be a particularly important gap to fill in that I could closely document regional policy in these years and give some insight into the processes of government policy formulation. In addition, the inter-war years is a unique period in the history of British regional policy. It is the only period when the objective of policy was to move 'workers-to-the-work', rather than 'work-to-the-workers'. Even less information is readily available on policies encouraging labour migration, than on the better known Special Areas policy. Consequently, my own interests and the gap in interpretation suggested the examination of the role of labour migration policies in the inter-war period as the subject for my research. The thesis is set out in three sections. The first section is an introduction. The regional problem is described, the pattern of labour flows documented and the factors influencing these flows is shown. The second section is concerned with regional policies. These are traced from the introduction of transference policy until, and including, the introduction and development of Special Areas policy. The effects of these policies are judged at a regional level and, in Chapter 8, at the micro-economic level. The final section describes the culmination of the inter-war year's experience of regional policies with the appearance of the Barlow Report and the discrediting of transference. The conclusion shows the importance of transference in the inter-war years and the paradox of the post- World War II situation where labour migration has been ignored as a policy tool.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-154). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR19731