Modes of termination of employment The aim of the thesis is to analyze the legislation and characterize the various modes of termination of employment in the Czech labor law. I have chosen this theme mainly because it is a dynamically evolving and current topic, and it is a constant subject of lively debate in society. The issue of termination of employment affects a wide range of people, governs the relationship between employees and employers. This diploma thesis consists of an introduction, general and specific part, which are further divided into chapters each, and a final part. The general part deals with basic questions of labor law related to termination of employment. It is divided into six chapters. Chapters define the matter of labor law, the concept and elements of the employment relationship and explain the meaning and importance of the principles and functions of labor law. The most important is the protective function, which greatly affects the termination of employment. A significant impact on the Czech labor law has also the law of the European Union and the international organizations. This chapter deals with the relationship between civil and labor law. This chapter also reacts to changes in private law which have a large impact on the modes of termination of employment. The...

Até meados do século XIX, São Paulo era uma cidade pequena, de pouca importância no contexto social e econômico do Brasil. Foi somente a partir da consolidação do café como principal produto de exportação brasileiro que a cidade começou a adquirir as feições da metrópole moderna atual. Esse processo desencadeou uma série de transformações urbanas, uma vez que a capital paulista se tornou o centro das transações comerciais que envolviam a atividade cafeicultora e, portanto, fez com que a construção civil apresentasse elevado crescimento. Em conseqüência, esse setor se destacou pelas oportunidades de ocupação e emprego, tanto do ponto de vista da alta absorção dos trabalhadores, quanto pelos altos salários em relação às outras atividades industriais urbanas que também vinham crescendo na São Paulo da virada do século. A situação de favorecimento do trabalho na construção persistiu por cerca de vinte anos. Mas, aos poucos, o trabalhador da construção acaba perdendo esse privilégio e se torna parte do grupo dos mais desprestigiados da indústria. Ao mesmo tempo em que ocorrem as transformações nas condições de trabalho, observa-se alterações de caráter material, tanto no que se refere à técnica construtiva, caracterizadas, a grosso modo, pela substituição do tijolo pelo concreto armado, quanto no reconhecimento de uma nova arquitetura: a Arquitetura Moderna. Entender a História da Arquitetura Paulista por meio de uma análise que vai além do ponto de vista da forma e da técnica, elementos constantes em toda a bibliografia a respeito desse período, é o que motivou o início dessa pesquisa. A preocupação passa a ser com a maneira como a arquitetura é produzida, na qual a problemática das relações de trabalho na construção constituem questões tão importantes quanto às demais para esse entendimento. A dissertação de Mestrado para o Curso de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo é resultado da construção de um referencial histórico e teórico para que, com o futuro desenvolvimento da pesquisa, se possa reescrever a História da Arquitetura de São Paulo sob todos esses aspectos. / Until the early nineteenth century, São Paulo was a small town with little importance in the social and economic context in Brazil. It was only from the consolidation of coffee as main export product of Brazil that the city has begun to acquire the features of the todays contemporary metropolis. This process has triggered a series of urban transformations since São Paulo has become the centre of the commercial business involving coffee activities and therefore, as result of those transformations, the construction has presented high growth. Eventually this sector was highlighted by the opportunities of employment and occupation, both from the point of view of high absorption of workers or wages compared with other urban industrial activities that also came up to São Paulo the turn of the century. The favoring labour situation of the construction has persisted on twenty years, but gradually, the construction workers have just lose this privilege and has become part of the group of more depreciated ones. At the same time, as the changes have occurred in working conditions, differences on material character were observed as regards the technique of construction, characterized, roughly, by replacing the brick by reinforced concrete, as in recognition of a new architecture: The Modern Architecture. Understanding the History of São Paulos Architecture through an analysis that goes beyond the point of view of shape and technology, information given throughout the literature about this period is what has motivated the beginning of this research. The concern turns into the way as the architecture has been produced, in which the issue of labour relationship in the construction is as important as the others to that understanding. The dissertation of Masters for the Post-Graduation Course of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of São Paulo is the result of the construction of a historical and theoretical reference repository, which with the future development of research can help to rewrite the history of São Paulos Architecture in all these aspects.

Até meados do século XIX, São Paulo era uma cidade pequena, de pouca importância no contexto social e econômico do Brasil. Foi somente a partir da consolidação do café como principal produto de exportação brasileiro que a cidade começou a adquirir as feições da metrópole moderna atual. Esse processo desencadeou uma série de transformações urbanas, uma vez que a capital paulista se tornou o centro das transações comerciais que envolviam a atividade cafeicultora e, portanto, fez com que a construção civil apresentasse elevado crescimento. Em conseqüência, esse setor se destacou pelas oportunidades de ocupação e emprego, tanto do ponto de vista da alta absorção dos trabalhadores, quanto pelos altos salários em relação às outras atividades industriais urbanas que também vinham crescendo na São Paulo da virada do século. A situação de favorecimento do trabalho na construção persistiu por cerca de vinte anos. Mas, aos poucos, o trabalhador da construção acaba perdendo esse privilégio e se torna parte do grupo dos mais desprestigiados da indústria. Ao mesmo tempo em que ocorrem as transformações nas condições de trabalho, observa-se alterações de caráter material, tanto no que se refere à técnica construtiva, caracterizadas, a grosso modo, pela substituição do tijolo pelo concreto armado, quanto no reconhecimento de uma nova arquitetura: a Arquitetura Moderna. Entender a História da Arquitetura Paulista por meio de uma análise que vai além do ponto de vista da forma e da técnica, elementos constantes em toda a bibliografia a respeito desse período, é o que motivou o início dessa pesquisa. A preocupação passa a ser com a maneira como a arquitetura é produzida, na qual a problemática das relações de trabalho na construção constituem questões tão importantes quanto às demais para esse entendimento. A dissertação de Mestrado para o Curso de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo é resultado da construção de um referencial histórico e teórico para que, com o futuro desenvolvimento da pesquisa, se possa reescrever a História da Arquitetura de São Paulo sob todos esses aspectos. / Until the early nineteenth century, São Paulo was a small town with little importance in the social and economic context in Brazil. It was only from the consolidation of coffee as main export product of Brazil that the city has begun to acquire the features of the todays contemporary metropolis. This process has triggered a series of urban transformations since São Paulo has become the centre of the commercial business involving coffee activities and therefore, as result of those transformations, the construction has presented high growth. Eventually this sector was highlighted by the opportunities of employment and occupation, both from the point of view of high absorption of workers or wages compared with other urban industrial activities that also came up to São Paulo the turn of the century. The favoring labour situation of the construction has persisted on twenty years, but gradually, the construction workers have just lose this privilege and has become part of the group of more depreciated ones. At the same time, as the changes have occurred in working conditions, differences on material character were observed as regards the technique of construction, characterized, roughly, by replacing the brick by reinforced concrete, as in recognition of a new architecture: The Modern Architecture. Understanding the History of São Paulos Architecture through an analysis that goes beyond the point of view of shape and technology, information given throughout the literature about this period is what has motivated the beginning of this research. The concern turns into the way as the architecture has been produced, in which the issue of labour relationship in the construction is as important as the others to that understanding. The dissertation of Masters for the Post-Graduation Course of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of São Paulo is the result of the construction of a historical and theoretical reference repository, which with the future development of research can help to rewrite the history of São Paulos Architecture in all these aspects.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of an employee's duty of confidentiality in a basic labour relationship. It seeks to find an answer to the question of whether there is some kind of a "general" employee's duty of confidentiality of certain facts, to which all the employees must oblige. The Czech Labour Code does not explicitly define this duty. If a general duty does not exist, it would have to be stipulated contractually. This diploma thesis is divided into four parts. The first part pays attention to the duty of confidentiality as such. It focuses on its content because it is essential to clarify what the "duty of confidentiality" means. Definitions of the duty of confidentiality created by different expert literature authors are covered in this part including the definition created by the author of this thesis. The second part represents the core of this diploma thesis since it deals with an employee's duty of confidentiality as it is stipulated by the Labour Code. The author addresses the so-called "special" duties of confidentiality which are explicitly stated in the Labour Code for certain groups of employees. Moreover, this part examines the general duty of confidentiality applicable to all employees who carry out work based on a concluded basic labour relationship. An employee's...

Le contrat de travail est continu sur une longue période. Des conditions de travail du salarié peuvent être modifiées ou ajustées à tout moment pendant la durée d’une relation de travail en fonction de raisons diverses. La modification des conditions de travail, ou plus généralement encore, la modification de la relation de travail influence directement la vie privée et professionnelle du salarié et touche par conséquent en profondeur le salarié et l’employeur. La possibilité qu’un salarié puisse négocier son contrat de travail avec son employeur au moment de la conclusion du contrat, est en pratique faible. Il est donc nécessaire que le régime de la modification du contrat de travail garantisse que les conditions de travail convenues au moment de la conclusion du contrat de travail ne peuvent pas être modifiées unilatéralement par l’employeur indépendamment de l’avis du salarié. Les systèmes juridiques coréen et français reposent sur la force obligatoire du contrat de travail. Il est donc évident que le consentement du salarié est nécessaire pour modifier les conditions de travail du contrat de travail. Le régime de la modification de la relation de travail dépend de la limitation du pouvoir de l’employeur. En France, depuis 1996, a été introduit un système jurisprudentiel distinguant changement des conditions de travail et modification du contrat de travail. Avec l’évolution de la jurisprudence, le régime de la modification du contrat de travail se concentre sur le contrat de travail, il attache de la valeur à l’opinion du salarié en considérant le salarié comme une partie au contrat. En revanche, en Corée, la jurisprudence a mis l’accent sur l’interprétation de l’exercice du pouvoir de l’employeur en fonction de l’existence d’un motif raisonnable. Par ailleurs, à la différence de la France où le règlement intérieur a un domaine limité le règlement intérieur coréen joue un rôle similaire à celui d’un contrat de travail en pratique. À cet égard, si la modification du règlement intérieur est défavorable au salarié, le consentement du groupe de salariés doit être obtenu. Même si le consentement est exigé et même si le salarié a un droit de refus, le salarié qui refuse est toujours exposé au licenciement. Le concept de consentement du salarié est souvent trop fragile pour que l’on puisse se contenter de son existence et considérer qu’il s’agit d’une protection suffisante. Ainsi, il est nécessaire de rechercher la véritable volonté du salarié plutôt que de constater son consentement formel. La modification de la relation de travail ne doit pas être axée sur l’exercice de pouvoir de l’employeur, mais doit être interprété concrètement dans le contexte de l’évolution de l’environnement du travail et de la vie professionnelle du salarié. / The labour contract is continuous over a long period of time. The worker's working conditions could be modified or adjusted at any time during the duration of a labour relationship with various reasons. Changes in working conditions, or more generally, changes in the labour relationship directly affect the worker's private and professional life and therefore it has a profound impact on both the worker and the employer. The possibility that a worker could negotiate his labour contract with his employer at the time the contract is hard in practice. It is therefore necessary that the regime for amending the labour contract ensures that the working conditions agreed at the time of conclusion of the labour contract cannot be unilaterally modified by the employer regardless of the worker's opinion. The Korean and French legal systems are based on the binding power of a contract. It is therefore obvious that the worker's consent is required to modify the working conditions of the labour contract. The regime for modifying the labour relationship depends on limiting the employer's authority. In France, since 1996, a jurisprudential system has been introduced distinguishing between change of the working conditions and modify of the labour contract. With the evolution of precedent, the regime of modification of the labour contract focuses on the labour contract, it attaches value to the worker's opinion by considering the worker as a party to the contract. Whereas, in Korea, the precedent has focused on interpreting the exercise of employer authority on the basis of “reasonable cause”. Moreover, unlike France, where the regulation of employment has a limited scope, the Korean regulation of employment plays a similar role to that of a labour contract in practice. In this respect, if the amendment of the regulation of employment change unfavorable to the worker, the consent of the group of workers is required.Even if the consent of worker is demanded and even if the worker has a right of refusal about the suggestion of employer, the worker who refuses is still exposed to dismissal. The concept of the consent of worker is often too fragile to be satisfied with its existence. Also, it is difficult to assume that workers' consent is fully protected. Therefore, it is necessary to find method for reflect the worker's real intention. The change in the labour relationship must not be focused on the employer's exercise of authority, but must be interpreted concretely in the context of the changing work environment and the worker's professional life.

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