Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS.

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Orientadores: Ana Rita Morales. Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T19:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palsikowski_PaulaAlessandra_M.pdf: 11105258 bytes, checksum: 8fba42f89a892e4e1fd4741c459f3b74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os polímeros biodegradáveis, como o PLA e o PBAT, são considerados uma opção viável para minimizar os efeitos do grande descarte de resíduos sólidos. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da biodegradação em solo do poli (adipato-co tereftalato de butileno) (PBAT) e poli (ácido lático) (PLA) e de suas blendas compatibilizadas por um extensor de cadeia. As amostras foram caracterizadas mediante Difração de Raios-X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (FTIR). Para avaliar a degradação, as amostras foram enterradas em solo em condições controladas em laboratório. As amostras degradadas foram regularmente retiradas de solo e analisadas por inspeção visual e pela alteração na massa molar por Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (GPC). A biodegradabilidade destes materiais também foi avaliada pela quantificação da taxa de mineralização. Visualmente foram observadas mudanças na coloração, trincas e fragmentação. Após 360 dias de degradação foram observados apenas pequenos fragmentos de PBAT com manchas pretas, as blendas 25/75 e 75/25 estavam fragmentadas, enquanto que o PLA apresentou apenas trincas. A massa molar ponderal média do PLA foi a que mais diminuiu em 360 dias de degradação. Os resultados evidenciaram uma forte influência da presença do extensor de cadeia na massa molar do PBAT e das blendas. O PBAT apresentou a maior taxa de mineralização, seguido pela blenda 25/75, enquanto que a blenda 75/25 e o PLA apresentaram uma taxa de mineralização menor. As curvas do DSC e DRX revelaram um aumento na cristalinidade durante o processo de degradação. O FTIR mostrou pequenas variações nas bandas antes e depois da degradação. O estudo da ecotoxicidade dos resíduos resultantes da degradação dos polímeros no solo permitiu avaliar os efeitos citotóxicos, genotóxicos e mutagênicos por meio de bioensaios com o organismo teste Allium cepa germinado nos solos onde ocorreu a degradação dos materiais. Com base nos resultados obtidos, os materiais estudados não se mostraram fitotóxicos, genotóxicos e tampouco mutagênicos para as células meristemáticas. As blendas compatibilizadas do PLA com o PBAT não apresentaram vantagens no processo de biodegradação em relação ao polímeros originais / Abstract: Biodegradable polymers, as PLA and PBAT, are considered a feasible option to minimize the effects of high disposal of solid waste. This work presents the study of biodegradation in soil of poly (adipate co-terephthalate of butylene) (PBAT) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and their blends compatibilized with a chain extender. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the degradation, the samples were buried in soil in controlled laboratory conditions. Degraded samples were regularly taken from soil and analyzed by visual inspection and by the changes in molecular weight by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The biodegradability of these materials was assessed by quantifying the rate of mineralization. Visually it was observed changes in color, cracks and fragmentation. After 360 days of degradation it was observed only small fragments of PBAT stained in black, and the 25/75 and 75/25 blends were broken, while the PLA showed only cracks. The ponderal average molecular weight of PLA was the must decreased in 360 days of degradation. The results showed a strong influence of the chain extender presence in changing the molecular weight of PBAT and the blends. The PBAT shows the higher mineralization rate, followed by the 25/75 blend, while the 75/25 blend and the PLA had a lower mineralization rate. The DSC and DRX curves revealed an increase of crystallinity during the degradation process. The FTIR showed slight changes at bands before and after degradation. The study of ecotoxicity of residues resulting from polymers degradation in soil allowed evaluate the citotoxy, genotoxy and mutagenic effects by the bioassays using the test organism Allium cepa germinated in soils where degradation of the materials took place. Based on the obtained results, the studied materials were not fitotoxic, genotoxic nor mutagenic for meristematic cells. The compatibilized blends of PLA with PBAT showed no advantage in the biodegradation process in relation to the original polymers / Mestrado / Mestra em Engenharia Química

No presente trabalho procurou-se avaliar os tipos de metabolismo existentes em espécies e linhagens de Latobacillus isoladas de ambiente de fermentação alcoólica industrial. Para tal, 17, linhagens foram crescidas por 24 horas a 32 ºC, em meio de glicose e frutose (1% de cada açúcar) suplementado com extrato de levedura, minerais e tampão. O crescimento bacteriano foi estimado por plaqueamento e abosrbância a 600 nm, enquanto que no meio de crescimento foram estimados, mediante cromatografia de alta eficiência, os teores de ácido lático, ácido acético e etanol. Os isômeros óticos D(-)- e L(+)-lactato foram dosados enzimaticamente mediante espectrofotometria a 340nm, empregando-se desidrogenases estereoespcíficas. Os resultados mostraram que entre as 17 linhagens de Latobacillus avaliadas foram observados os três tipos de metabolismo : homofermentativo obrigatório (8 linhagens), heterofermentativo facultativo (1 linhagem) e heterofermentativo obrigatório (8 linhagens). Observou-se também uma relação estequiométrica dos produtos formados (lactato, acetato e etanol), condizente com os passos metabólicos característicos de cada grupo. Os resultados também permitem deduzir que quanto à formação dos isômeros óticos, houve predominância das linhagens tipo DL (produção simultânea dos dois isômeros), sobre as linhagens D e L. No entanto foram encontradas linhagens produzindo 100% de um dado isômero (D e L), descortinando a possibilidade de que linhagens isoladas de processo industrial de produção de etanol, possam atender demandas biotecnológicas que requeiram proporções definidas dos isômeros. Foi possível deduzir que a utilização dos teores de ácido lático na avaliação da contaminação bacteriana deve ser considerada com ressalvas, especialmente no caso do emprego do ácido L(+)-lático, e notadamente no caso de comunidades bacterianas complexas. / The aim of the present work was to evaluate the metabolism type of 17 Lactobacilli strains isolated from industrial ethanol fermentation plants. The strains were grown, at 32°C for 24 hours, on a mixture of equal amounts of glucose and fructose as the carbon source, and supplemented with yeast extract, mineral nutrients and buffer. Bacterial growth was estimated either by absorbance at 600nm and by plating. The main end products of bacterial metabolism (lactate, acetate and ethanol) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, while the stereoisomers, D(-)- and L(+)-lactate were assayed by an enzymatic methodology using stereospecific lactatedehydrogenases. According to the results, all the three types of metabolism were found among the bacteria investigated: obligately homofermentative (8 strains), facultative heterofermentative (1 strain) and obligately heterofermentative (8 strains). Additionally, it was observed a stoichiometric relationship between the major end products (lactate, acetate and ethanol) in agreement with the metabolic pathway proposed for the different bacterial types (homo- and heterofermentative strains). The results have showed a predominance of strains of DL type, regarding the stereoisomers production. However, it was found strains producing a single type of the isomeric form. These findings suggest the possibility to explore the Lactobacilli biodiversity in fuel ethanol fermentation plants for lactate production of chemically pure optical isomers. It was also observed that the use of lactate content for a chemical evaluation of bacterial contamination may be considered with some restrictions, mainly in the case of L(+)-lactate, and particularly in the case of complex bacterial communities.

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the applicability of a repeated change-of-direction (RCoD) test for NCAA Division-I male soccer players. METHODS: The RCoD test consisted of 5 diagonal direction changes per repetition with a soccer ball to be struck at the end. Each player performed 15 repetitions with approximately 10 seconds to jog back between repetitions. Data were collected in two sessions. In the first session, 13 players were examined for heart rate responses and blood lactate concentrations. In the second session, 22 players were examined for the test’s ability to discriminate the primary from secondary players (78.0±16.1 and 10.4±13.3 minutes per match, respectively). RESULTS: Heart rate data were available only from 9 players due to artifacts. The peak heart rate (200.2±6.6 beats∙min-1: 99.9±3.0% maximum) and blood lactate concentration (14.8±2.4 mmol∙L-1 immediately after) resulted in approximately 3.5 and 6.4-fold increases from the resting values, respectively. These values appear comparable to those during intense periods of soccer matches. In addition, the average repetition time of the test was found to discriminate the primary (4.85±0.23 s) from the secondary players (5.10±0.24 s) (P=0.02). CONCLUSION: The RCoD test appears to induce physiological responses similar to intense periods of soccer matches with respect to heart rate and blood lactate concentration. Players with better average repetition times tend to be those who play major minutes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22664号 / 農博第2419号 / 新制||農||1080(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5295(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 菅原 達也, 教授 佐藤 健司, 教授 澤山 茂樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This thesis deals with the study of yogurt preparation and changes during its storage. The theoretical part contains information about parameters affecting both the preparation and properties of the final product. The experimental part describes methods and procedures used for determination of critical parameters such as lactic acid, lactose, glucose and galactose concentrations (HPLC-RI), amounts of streptococci and lactobacilli. The data was graphically evaluated and commented on. The work also included sensory analysis in which the prepared yogurt was compared with commercially available products. The results of this work can serve both consumers and smaller yogurt producers.

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Diploma thesis deals with preparation of polymer blend of polymer A and polymer B. Knowledge of polymer blends forming, thermodynamics and function of compatibilizer is contained in the theoretical part. Polymer blend A/B of weight ratios 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt% were prepared by physical compatibilization. Concentration of compatibilizer was 5 wt%, in the case of A/B 50/50 wt% concentration of compatibilizer was 10 and 30 wt%, respectively. Blending was achieved with twin-screw extruder at 230 °C and 100 rpm. Second method used for A/B blending was based on reactive compatibilization which was achieved with Brabender kneader at 230 °C, 50 rpm and reaction time 10 minutes. Concentration ratios of A/B were 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt%. Itaconic acid anhydride and maleic anhydride 0.5 and 5 wt% were used as monomer. 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-buthylperoxy)hexan was (Luperox 101) used as an initiator. Difference between compatibilized and noncompatibilized blends was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow index measuring, acid-base titration and FT-IR spectroscopy.

Diplomová práce se zabývá roubováním maleinanhydridu a anhydridu kyseliny itakonové na kyselinu poly(mléčnou) (PLA). U modifikované kyseliny poly(mléčné) byla sledována závislost konverze monomerů na různých molárních poměrech monomer/iniciátor při teplotách 180°C a 200°C. Množství naroubovaného monomeru bylo stanovováno acidobazickou titrací a pomocí FT-IR spektroskopií. Vliv stupně naroubování na krystalinitu modifikované PLA byl zjišťován pomocí diferenční kompenzační kalorimetrie, DSC. Degradace PLA byla orientačně pozorována pomocí indexu toku taveniny, MFI.