Direct compression has gained significant interest since its advent in the late 1950's due to its potential ease compared to wet granulation. The primary prerequisites for powders used in direct compression are (i) good flow properties (ii) good compressibility and (iii) an acceptable dilution potential to accommodate a relative high percentage of active ingredient. Several filler/binders have been manufactured especially for direct compression and co–processing is one of the recent methods used to produce good compressible excipients with acceptable flow properties. In this study, lactose–based filler/binders were used which included simple and modified lactose materials (Granulac, Lactopress, Flowlac and Tablettose) as well as co–processed excipients (Starlac, Cellactose and Microcelac). A comprehensive literature study on direct compression revealed the importance of the physical properties of filler/binders such as interparticle forces, particle shape, particle size and distribution, powder density, particle surface structure and particle packing geometry which influence the flow of powders. All the materials were subjected to the various tests available to evaluate powder flow, namely (i) angle of repose (AoR), (ii) critical orifice diameter (COD), (iii) flow rate and percentage compressibility (%C) in terms of the powders' bulk and tap densities. The results of these tests confirmed the expected flow properties of the various filler/binders, with only one material exhibiting extremely poor flow properties. The following rank order in terms of all flow tests conducted was established; Starlac >> Microcelac ~ Flowlac >> Cellactose > Tablettose > Lactopress >>> Granulac. The co–processed filler/binders presented with superior flow compared to the other lactose–based materials. During the next phase of the study, the compaction properties of the various fillers were evaluated, employing direct compression. Compacts of pure filler were tabletted on an eccentric tablet press at different compression pressures (manipulated by the upper punch setting of the tablet press). The modified lactose filler/binders (Lactopress, Flowlac and Tablettose) exhibited unexpectedly poor compression profiles, where the co–processed filler/binders (Starlac, Cellactose and Microcelac) produced compacts with acceptable appearance and compact properties. Two lubricants (Mg–St or Pruv), which were tested separately in formulations were added since no compacts could be produced from the pure filler/binders. None of the modified lactose filler/binders, in combination with a lubricant, were able to produce an acceptable compact, since lamination occurred during compression. The co–processed filler/binders produced satisfactory compacts with the addition of a lubricant, but lactose–cellulose fillers (Cellactose and Microcelac) also required the inclusion of a disintegrant (Ac–Di–Sol) to induce satisfactory compact disintegration. Poor compressible active ingredients (paracetamol), which exhibit very poor flow properties, are usually difficult to use during direct compression. Many excipients (tested in this study) are formulated to accommodate these drugs and produce acceptable functional tablets. After identifying the best filler/binders (co–processed fillers), according to their flow and compressible properties, paracetamol was added to the formulations. During a pilot study, the percentage paracetamol these fillers could accommodate in a 400 mg tablet was determined. Both Microcelac and Cellactose could accommodate 24.5% w/w paracetamol, whilst Starlac could only accommodated 19.5% w/w. Paracetamol is well known for its tendency to cause tablet capping and lamination. An acceptable upper punch setting range (20–22) was chosen for tabletting, followed by quality control tests done. All three formulations produced suitable tablets for testing and exhibited good tablet properties. All tablets disintegrated within two minutes, with hardness profiles between 120 N and 148 N and friability percentages less than 1%. Dissolution studies, however, are probably the ultimate test to distinguish between the capability of filler/binders to release the optimum percentage drug after disintegration. Dissolution studies were done on all three formulations using the AUC (area under the curve) and IDR (initial drug release) as parameters to evaluate drug release. All tablets exhibited high initial dissolution rates (between 0.018 - 0.023 mg/min/ml) and 100% drug release was observed. Starlac presented with a lower amount of drug released compared to the other two, but can be explained by the lower percentage (19.5%) paracetamol present in the formulation. It was once again confirmed that the physical and compressible properties of potential directly compressible filler/binders play a major role in direct compression. It was concluded that co–processed filler/binders (Starlac, Microcelac and Cellactose) definitely exhibited better tabletting properties during direct compression. They were able to accommodate a certain percentage of paracetamol, although it was expected that they would accommodate a higher amount (at least 50% of total tablet weight). / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Tiriamasis darbas atliktas Lietuvos sveikatos ir mokslų universitete ir Lietuvos pieninių galvijų fermose 2011 – 2014 metais. Darbą sudaro 49 puslapių, 12 lentelių, 8 paveikslai. Baigiamojo darbo tikslas: įvertinti somatinių ląstelių skaičių karvių piene, išnalizuoti jų kitimo priežastis, nustatyti jų ryšį su produktyvumu. Baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: Įvertinti somatinių ląstelių skaičių karvių piene, karvių pieno kiekio ir sudėties (riebumo, baltymingumo, laktozės) rodiklius, negenetinių veiksnių įtaką karvių produktyvumui ir SLS piene, genetinių veiksnių įtaką karvių produktyvumui ir SLS piene. Ištirtos 9 veislių karvės, trijuose skirtinguose ūkiuose. Iš viso buvo ištirtos 726 karvės Tyrimo metu buvo nagrinėta genetinių ir negenetinių veiksnių įtaka karvių pieno somatinių ląstelių skaičiui (tūkst./cm3), pieningumui (kg), riebumui (proc.), baltymingumui (proc.) bei laktozės kiekiui (proc.). Įvertinus tirtų karvių SLS piene nustatyta, kad vidutinis SLS kiekis piene buvo 220,65±10,477 tūkst./cm3. 43,09 proc. karvių piene SLS buvo mažesnis nei 100 tūkst./cm3, 68,92 proc. – svyravo nuo 100 iki 200 tūkst./cm3, 31,08 proc. - viršijo 200 tūkst./cm3, rodo, kad trečdalis tirtų karvių sirgo tešmens uždegimu. Įvertinus tirtų karvių pieno kiekio ir sudėties rodiklius nustatyta, kad vidutinis tirtų karvių pieningumas 19,78±0,192 kg, pieno riebumas buvo 4,61±0,022 proc., baltymingumas – 3,62±0,011 proc., laktozės kiekis piene - 4,50±0,005 proc. Didėjant karvių produktyvumui SLS piene... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Place of research: Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian farms of dairy cattle. The research work was accomplished in 2011 – 2014 years of studies. Volume of the research work – 49, 12 tables, 8 pictures. Goal of work: to evaluate somatic cells count in cows’ milk, to analyse their causes of changes and to determine their relationship with productivity. Goal of thesis: to evaluate the somatic cells count in cows’ milk, to determine milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose). The analysis is based on 726 dairy cows from different breeds (9 breeds) in three farms. During the study some data have been analysed influence of the genetic and non–genetic factors such as somatic cell count (SCC) in milk (thousand./cm3), milk yield (kg), milk fat (%) and protein (%) milk lactose content (%) and cow origin data. The estimation of somatic cells count in cows’ milk shows that average of SCC was 220.65±10.477 thousand/cm3. The 43.09 percent of cows’ SCC in milk was less than 100 thousand/cm3, 68.92 percent – ranged from 100 to 200 thousand/cm3 and 31.08 percent had more than 200 thousand/cm3. The evaluation of cows’ milk yield and composition traits showed that the average of cows’ milk yield was 19.78 ±0.192 kg, milk fat – 4.61 ±0.022 percent, the amount of protein – 3.62 ±0.011 percent, lactose content of milk – 4.50 ±0.005 percent. Increase of cows’ milk production, increased and SCC in milk. The statistical analysis of the data showed that non–genetic factors... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientador: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada / Banca: Margarida Maria Barros / Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of lactose by maltodextrin and the inclusion of an acid mix in diets for weanling pigs, on performance, digestibility and economical viability. One hundred and forty-four Dalland piglets with average initial weights of 6.0 0.45 and 5.8 0.53 kg were used in experiments I and II, respectively. Both experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design, with factorial arrangement of treatments: absence of maltodextrin and acid mix; absence of maltodextrin and presence of acid mix; presence of maltodextrin and absence of acid mix; presence of maltodextrin and acid mix. More complex diets were used in experiment I, while less complex diets were employed in experiment II. There were no maltodextrin x acid mix interaction or acid mix effects on piglet performance in all evaluated periods in both experiments (P>0.05). Maltodextrin determined improvement in average daily feed intake and average daily gain from 0 to 14 days of experiment I (P=0.009), however no effect on pig performance was observed from 0 to 28 days (P>0.05) and from 0 to 16 and 0 to 30 days of experiment II (P>0.05). There were no maltodextrin x acid mix interaction and main factors effects (P>0.05) on nutrient apparent digestibility of pre-starter diets used in experiment II. Diets containing maltodextrin and maltodextrin with acid mix provided the best economical results. Neither maltodextrin nor acid mix affected the nutritional values of the diets. Therefore, maltodextrin is an alternative to replace lactose sources in diets for weanling pigs. The use of maltodextrin, associated or not with acid mix, resulted in larger economical advantages than lactose. / Resumo: Para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética de maltodextrina, substituindo parcialmente a lactose, e de acidificante sobre o desempenho, viabilidade econômica e digestibilidade em leitões desmamados, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo utilizados 144 leitões Dalland, com pesos iniciais médios de 6,0 0,45 e 5,8 0,53 kg nos experimentos I e II, respectivamente. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial dos tratamentos: ausência de maltodextrina e de acidificante; ausência de maltodextrina e presença de acidificante; presença de maltodextrina e ausência de acidificante; presença de maltodextrina e de acidificante. No experimento I foram utilizadas rações mais complexas, e no II, rações menos complexas. Não houve interação maltodextrina x acidificante e efeito de acidificante sobre o desempenho dos leitões nos períodos estudados nos dois experimentos (P>0,05). A maltodextrina determinou melhores consumo diário de ração e ganho diário de peso de 0 a 14 dias do experimento I (P=0,009), não sendo verificados efeitos sobre o desempenho de 0 a 28 dias (P>0,05) e nos períodos de 0 a 16 e 0 a 30 dias do experimento II (P>0,05). Não houve interação maltodextrina x acidificante e efeitos dos fatores (P>0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das rações pré-iniciais do experimento II. As rações com maltodextrina e maltodextrina mais acidificante proporcionaram maior vantagem econômica. A maltodextrina e o acidificante não influenciaram o valor nutricional das rações, sendo a maltodextrina uma alternativa às fontes de lactose para leitões desmamados. Combinado ou não com o acidificante nas rações, o uso da maltodextrina resultou em maior vantagem econômica em relação à lactose. / Mestre

El presente proyecto consiste en la edificación de un plan de emprendimiento siguiendo los conocimientos aprendidos durante toda la carrera universitaria. Este plan se enfoca en aquellas personas que por algún motivo siguen una tendencia de consumo de alimentos saludable, como por ejemplo: Intolerantes a la lactosa, Veganos y Celíacos. Hemos creado Vegigurt, el cual es un Yogurt vegano con grandes beneficios y proteínas necesarias que requiere el cliente, además que puede ser consumido por personas con Intolerancia a la lactosa, Veganas y Celíacas. A través de nuestras investigaciones encontramos que en el Perú para el 2019 hay una población de 32,495.5 miles de personas de los cuales el 35.6% pertenece a la ciudad de Lima que sufren de intolerancia a la lactosa, que en último censo de la red vegana del Perú, la mayor concentración de consumidores veganos y vegetarianos se encuentra en la ciudad de lima la cual y que estos tienen un rango de edad entre 18 y 34 años, y que más del 1% de la población peruana sufre de celiaquía y que actualmente existen muy pocos fabricantes de productos libre de gluten. Con toda esta información, Vegigurt, es considerado un negocio innovador que busca beneficiar a distintos segmentos de clientes. Durante estas 15 semanas que ha durado el curso, se ha podido validar la viabilidad de este proyecto, es decir que el modelo de negocio presentado genera rentabilidad para sus inversores. / The present project consists of the creation of an entrepreneurship plan following the knowledge learned throughout the university career.. This plan focuses on those people who for some reason follow a trend of healthy food consumption, such as: Lactose intolerant, Vegans and Celiacs. We have created Vegigurt, which is a vegan yogurt with great benefits and necessary proteins that the client requires, in addition to being consumed by people with lactose intolerance, vegan and celiac. Through our investigations we found that in Peru for 2019 there is a population of 32,495.5 thousand people of which 35.6% belong to the city of Lima who suffer from lactose intolerance, which in the last census of the vegan network of the Peru, the highest concentration of vegan and vegetarian consumers is found in the city of Lima which and that they have an age range between 18 and 34 years, and that more than 1% of the Peruvian population suffers from celiac disease and that currently exist very few manufacturers of gluten-free products. With all this information, Vegigurt is considered an innovative business that seeks to benefit different customer segments. During these 15 weeks that the course has lasted, the viability of this project has been validated, that is, the business model presented generates profitability for its investors. / Trabajo de investigación

This diploma thesis deals with laboratory functional diagnostics of malabsorption syndromes. Especially the functional diagnosis of lactose intolerance. The golden standard for the functional diagnosis of lactose intolerance is the breath test. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of lactose intolerance (LI) using a lactose breath test when consuming a dose of 20 g of lactose in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and in volunteers who do not show gastrointestinal problems. Part of the research was also to examine the symptoms that led the individual to see a doctor and undergo a lactose breath test. The method consisted in the evaluation of the results of breath tests, which were performed on patients and volunteers in the gastroenterological laboratory of the 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and the General Hospital. A questionnaire was given to everyone to evaluate the symptoms of LI and the phenomena leading to malabsorption. Lactose intolerance was confirmed in 92 % of patients and 79 % of volunteers. The most reported symptoms in the patient sample were typical gastrointestinal LI-related problems: gastric and intestinal problems after milk consumption (85 % of patients), gastric and intestinal problems after consumption of dairy products (85 % of patients),...

Surface energetics play a key role in the delivery of a dry powder inhaler formulation into the lungs, as there must be a sufficient balance of adhesive and cohesive forces to allow optimal lung delivery. In this study, measuring the surface energies of a set of single drug and carrier (budesonide or theophylline with either mannitol or lactose) with different levels of surfactant using Inverse Gas Chromatography, and comparing them to their lung deposition performance using a Next Generation Impactor established a relationship between the two. A 1:10 mixing ratio of budesonide with either carrier was found to have the highest FPF. Coating the carriers with 0.05% sodium lauryl sulphate resulted in a further increase in the FPF when using either budesonide or theophylline as the API, and the same results were seen when a sonocrystallised version of the API was substituted for the micronised form. The calculated IGC values then showed that the highest performing formulations had the lowest dispersive energy and total free surface energy. Furthermore, a trend was observed in the work of adhesion (Wa) and work of cohesion (Wc) for each set of formulations depending on which API was chosen, where for the less polar drug (budesonide) a higher Wa/Wc ratio was associated with the highest formulation performance, and for the more polar drug (theophylline) a smaller Wa/Wc ratio was associated with the highest formulation performance, enabling the estimation of lung performance for a set of single drug and carrier using their surface energy data. / Kuwait’s government and the Ministry of Health of Kuwait

<p>Relationships between stresses during the drying process, particle structural and functional properties, and particle engineering by the drying process were addressed in this thesis. In the first part, the importance of the drying phase and the effect of the drying rate on the intragranular porosity of microcrystalline cellulose pellets were investigated. Differences in porosities of dried pellets could be explained by liquid-related differences in densification during convective drying rather than by differences in densification during wet agglomeration. An increased drying rate gave more porous pellets with a lower compression shear strength, and thereby stronger tablets. The next part dealt with modulation of solid-state stability and tabletting behaviour of amorphous lactose by incorporation of different polymers by spray drying. Increased content and molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) resulted in an increased resistance to crystallisation provoked by heat and moisture. The stabilising effect was even more evident after long-term storage. However, the glass transition temperature was almost unaffected and may, therefore, be questioned as a stability indicator for these types of materials. The presence of the polymers resulted in somewhat less deformable particles. Incorporation of PVP increased the compactability, whilst a surfactant decreased it, which could be shown to be related to differences in particle-particle adhesivity between the different particles. This thesis contributes to increased mechanistic understanding in the area of particle engineering that may lead to better prediction and optimisation of the functionality of pharmaceutical particles, which is of the utmost importance in the development and production of solid dosage forms.</p>

Relationships between stresses during the drying process, particle structural and functional properties, and particle engineering by the drying process were addressed in this thesis. In the first part, the importance of the drying phase and the effect of the drying rate on the intragranular porosity of microcrystalline cellulose pellets were investigated. Differences in porosities of dried pellets could be explained by liquid-related differences in densification during convective drying rather than by differences in densification during wet agglomeration. An increased drying rate gave more porous pellets with a lower compression shear strength, and thereby stronger tablets. The next part dealt with modulation of solid-state stability and tabletting behaviour of amorphous lactose by incorporation of different polymers by spray drying. Increased content and molecular weight of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) resulted in an increased resistance to crystallisation provoked by heat and moisture. The stabilising effect was even more evident after long-term storage. However, the glass transition temperature was almost unaffected and may, therefore, be questioned as a stability indicator for these types of materials. The presence of the polymers resulted in somewhat less deformable particles. Incorporation of PVP increased the compactability, whilst a surfactant decreased it, which could be shown to be related to differences in particle-particle adhesivity between the different particles. This thesis contributes to increased mechanistic understanding in the area of particle engineering that may lead to better prediction and optimisation of the functionality of pharmaceutical particles, which is of the utmost importance in the development and production of solid dosage forms.

A series of experiments were conducted to determine nutritional strategies to improve the efficiency of N utilization in dairy cows when feeding co-products including wheat-based (W-DDGS) and corn-wheat blend distillers grains with solubles (B-DDGS), and dried whey permeate (DWP). In Experiment 1, the objective was to determine the effects of replacing canola meal (CM) as the major protein source with W-DDGS on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, omasal nutrient flow, and animal performance. Cows were fed either a standard barley silage-based total mixed ration containing CM as the major protein supplement (0% W-DDGS, control) or diets formulated to contain 10, 15 and 20% W-DDGS (dry matter [DM] basis), with W-DDGS replacing primarily CM. Diets were isonitrogenous (18.9% crude protein [CP]). Inclusion of W-DDGS to the diet did not negatively affect ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, and omasal nutrient flow. However, there was a 0.7- to 2.4-kg increase in DM intake, and a 1.2- to 1.8-kg increase in milk yield after the addition of W-DDGS in place of CM. In Experiment 2, the objective was to delineate the effects of including either W-DDGS or B-DDGS dried distillers grains with solubles as the major protein source in low or high CP diets fed to dairy cows on ruminal function, microbial protein synthesis, omasal nutrient flows, urea-N recycling, and milk production. The treatment factors were type of distillers co-product (W-DDGS vs. B-DDGS) and dietary CP content (15.2 vs. 17.3%; DM basis). The B-DDGS was produced from a mixture of 15% wheat and 85% corn grain. All diets were formulated to contain 10% W-DDGS or B-DDGS on a DM basis. Feeding up to 10% of dietary DM as B-DDGS or W-DDGS as the major source of protein did not have negative effects on metabolizable protein (MP) supply and milk production in dairy cows. However, reducing dietary CP content from 17.3 to 15.2% decreased milk production. This response was attributed to an insufficient supply of ruminally degradable protein (RDP) that suppressed microbial nonammonia N (NAN) synthesis in the rumen, thus decreasing intestinal MP supply. In Experiment 3, the objective was to determine the effects of replacing barley or corn starch with lactose (as DWP) in diets containing 10% W-DDGS on ruminal function, omasal nutrient flow, and lactation performance. The treatment factors were source of starch (barley vs. corn) and dietary inclusion level of DWP (0 vs. 6%; DM basis) as a partial replacement for starch. Diets were isonitrogenous (18% CP) and contained 3 or 8% total sugar. The starch content of the low sugar diet was 24% compared to 20% for the high sugar diet. Dry matter intake, and milk and milk component yields did not differ with diet. However, partially replacing dietary corn or barley starch with sugar up-regulated ruminal acetate and propionate absorption, and reduced ruminal NH3-N concentration, but had no effect on ruminal pH, microbial protein synthesis, omasal nutrient flow and production in dairy cows. In summary, data presented in this thesis indicate that W-DDGS and B-DDGS can be included as the major source of protein in dairy cow diets without compromising ruminal function, nutrient supply and milk production in dairy cows. Feeding medium to low CP diets, and partial replacement of starch with sugar in diets containing W-DDGS and B-DDGS can improve N utilization efficiency in dairy cows. Additionally, an upregulation of facilitated transport of acetate and propionate across epithelial cells possibly prevents the occurrence of ruminal acidosis when lactose partially replaces starch in cow diets.