This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009.

This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

Grandson is a district in the French speaking canton of Vaud with no particular feature. Prosaic, it resembles many other regions of Switzerland. Such an uneventful area, with smooth social changes taking place over the course of centuries, seemed tailor-made to conduct a combined study of population and landownership. By bringing two vastly different domains of social sciences, demography and rural economy into harmony within a single study, issues of encompassing both methods, theoretically and practically, are discussed. However, the essence of this type of study is the availability of documentation. The registers of land and parish are to be structured for an automatic data processing. The analysis of databases for both the population and the landowners points to unsuspected movements of inhabitants under study, casting doubts on some received ideas on the past population of rural areas in Swiss communities. Proposing to observe eight small neighbouring villages within a limited span of time would privilege empirical aspects. This monograph attempts to picture landownership and population in the 18th century Grandson area. In doing so, some issues were clarified. Nonetheless some others could only be raised.

於臺灣之都市發展過程中，市場上時可觀察到已開發地區中存在空置或低度利用土地之不連續開發現象（Discontinuous Development），此情形於地狹人稠且土地資源稀少地區將可能產生資源浪費疑慮。何以土地於相同市場環境下呈現不一致之使用決策，其成因值得深入探討，針對此問題，個別土地開發時機決策差異可能為合理解釋之一。有別於以往相關研究由區位及實質選擇權之總體觀點或Evans（2004）所提出之投機及不確定因素等經濟觀點切入分析，本研究乃以個體觀點出發，由土地本身產權條件之非經濟因素為基礎，選定台北市松山二期重劃區商業區土地為研究範圍，觀察於區位、實質選擇權因素對開發之影響力因重劃機制而降低情況下，土地使用決策與土地供給面因素之關係，分別針對土地開發與否及已開發土地開發過程歷時長短、開發前之產權整合情形、未開發土地成因進行探討，進一步建立土地開發與土地產權條件之互動關係，將土地供給面之產權因素帶入土地開發行為分析中。 首先，配合我國之產權條件特徵，本研究以土地面積及所有權權屬狀態作為產權條件指標內容，定義土地面積越大、權屬越單純（所有權人越少、持分狀態越集中）之土地產權複雜度較低，對土地開發具正面效果，反之亦然。立基於以上命題，利用土地登記謄本標示部及所有權部、異動索引及異動清冊資料，整理1984年重劃分回至2013年底研究地區各筆土地之產權條件與歷年產權變動情形。並由敘述性統計、Januszewski Index、Simpson Index、吉尼係數（Gini Coefficient）及賀芬達指數（Herfindahl-Hirschman Index）呈現每筆土地之產權條件特徵。再配合建築執照存根之開發資料，透過Logistic迴歸模型將產權因素與開發行為進行連結。 由迴歸結果可觀察到土地開發與否與面積及權屬因素具顯著相關，當面積越大、權屬條件越單純則土地開發機率將上升，然而，由皮爾森係數計算結果發現土地開發過程歷時長短則似與產權條件無關聯。此外，土地開發前之土地產權整合行為以權屬整合為主，開發者之整合行為具兩階段論，其傾向優先處理權屬分散問題，次考慮最適開發面積之選擇。於未開發土地成因部分，藉由比較已開發土地與未開發土地之產權條件差異，可觀察到大部分未開發土地之面積確實較小、權屬條件較複雜，其土地空置之原因實可以反共有財困境（Anticommons Dilemma）進行解釋，當一資源之所有權分散於多個所有權人手中，則該資源易落入低度使用或空置之情形，產權分散將阻礙資源有效利用。由此觀之，則市場空置土地似可能受制於產權複雜之僵局而無法自主開發利用，於開發行為分析上若忽略此等因素將可能對未來開發趨勢產生過度樂觀之錯誤預期。 / In the process of city growth in Taiwan, discontinuous development can be found in many markets. This condition, especially in the country with limited amount of land, will lead to the dispute over resource. Therefore, what makes development timing of individual land plots different may be the key issue that deserves further examination. Previous studies have found that option value, speculation, uncertainty are possible causes of discontinuous development. In addition to the macro and economic point of view, this study concentrates on land supply as the basis of research. The Songshan 2nd Land Readjustment Project, that is, Xinyi Planning District, where land is equipped with proper infrastructures is selected as the research area. This study takes advantage of this laboratory-like environment to investigate the interaction between land development and land supply. In order to identify land supply, this study uses land ownership information including size, number of owners and respective land share documented in land registration book as the index, and defines land plots with a larger size and fewer owners to be under a simpler ownership. This study proposes that a simpler ownership condition will have positive impact on land development. The empirical study is arranged as follows. First, the descriptive statistics, Januszewski Index, Simpson Index, Gini Coefficient and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index are calculated to show the configuration of land ownership over time. And the development statuses are identified based on the construction permit. Second, the relationship of land development and land supply is constructed by logistic regression analysis. The empirical results imply that the timing of developing land has a strong connection with land supply, and that land plots with a larger size and fewer owners tend to be developed sooner. However, the duration of development progress seems to be independent of these factors. Besides, there are two phases of the land assembly process. Developers tend to deal with fragmented land ownership first, followed by the consideration of development size. Last, the anticommons dilemma serves to be one possible explanation for the vacant or underused plots in the developed area. The anticommons dilemma indicates that if too many owners hold a resource jointly, the resource may tend to stay vacant or underused for the sake of fragmented ownership. The empirical evidence suggests that the vacant or underused plots appear to suffer from the gridlock of property right diffusion. In consequence, the expected development pace may be too optimistic if this gridlock is not taken into consideration.

This thesis examines rural development processes, and in particular the impact over time of infrastructure investment on locational value in a farming community in northern Victoria, Australia. Correlation between infrastructure investment and land values was found to change over time, with the full cost of infrastructure provision not reflected in increased land values. Its impact depended on the type of infrastructure, and was linked to technological changes in agricultural production that led to different demands. The study also revealed the complexity of land ownership and use during the development of typical northern Victorian farmland, and the patterns of land value that emerged. As an historical study of land development it provides a deeper understanding of rural valuation methodology and sales analysis. It also contributes to the theory of land development, and in particular rural land-use and value.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A chamada regra do usus auctoritas, presente na Lei das XII tábuas, é apontada, desde Cujácio (séc. XVI), e daí em diante por muitos juristas, como sendo uma antiga norma sobre a garantia do vendedor por meio de negócio formal, mancipatio em caso de evicção; o próprio sentido do vocábulo auctoritas seria «garantia», ou mesmo «dever de prestar garantia», neste caso particular inseparável da mancipatio. Mas o fragmento que traz essa regra USUS AUCTORITAS FUNDI BIENNIUM EST[O] nos foi transmitido por Cícero e (embora de forma já interpretada) Gaio; e estes a consideram uma espécie de antiga norma a respeito do usucapião (inicialmente apenas de imóveis). Outros juristas antigos e contemporâneos seguiram, em parte, essa interpretação original. O trabalho pretende trazer novos argumentos em favor dessa exegese natural de Cícero e Gaio no sentido de que a dita regra versa sobre usucapião, mais especificamente sobre uma sua forma arcaica e bastante peculiar. Investiga-se o surgimento da propriedade imobiliária em Roma e suas peculiaridades: o sistema augural, quase religioso, de limitação do solo destinado, no início, a todo cidadão romano, conferido por meio de atos de adsignatio (concessão) pelo «estado» em formação, que detinha a auctoritas ou poder; a passagem da soberania das gentes pré-romanas aos Quirites; a gradual privatização a atribuição dessa auctoritas coletiva e diretamente quiritária ao proprietário dessas parcelas de terra e a fragmentação do solo pelo direito privado regulado pela Lei das XII tábuas, que confere autonomia (a auctoritas ou título) aos indíviduos e suas famílias. Acrescenta-se uma breve análise lógica da regra e uma tentativa de a inserir no esquema geral do usucapião moderno. / The usus auctoritas rule from the Twelve Tables was conceived by Jacques Cujas (16th century AD), and many authors thereafter, as an ancient norm that established a warranty against eviction granted by the seller when transferring the ownership of the thing to the buyer through the performance of mancipatio. According to this view, the very word auctoritas is taken to mean warranty, or else to imply an obligation to give warranty, and is intrinsically associated with mancipatio. But the fragment of the sources that state this rule USUS AUCTORITAS FUNDI BIENNIUM EST[O] were brough to us by Cicero and Gaius (the latter in the form of an interpretation of the norm), and both consider it to be an ancient Roman disposition that originally dealt with usucaption of immovable property only. To a certain extent, various ancient and modern jurists accept the latter interpretation. The object of this thesis is to provide new arguments to support the more natural interpretation adopted by Cicero and Gaius, i.e., that the rule in question deals specifically with an archaic and peculiar form of usucapio. The present work analyzes the emergence of private ownership of immovable property in Rome and its peculiarities: the quasi-religious augural system of land apportionment adopted by the fledging Roman state to assign a lot of land to every Roman citizen through the performance of acts of adsignatio (allotment); the sovereignty transferred by the pre-Roman gentes to the Quirites; the process by which land plots were gradually privatized and landowners acquired this once collective and quiritarian auctoritas, and the resulting land apportionment caused by the application of rules of private law based on the Twelve Tables conferring autonomy (auctoritas or title) to individuals and their families. In the final lines, an attempt is made to provide a logical analysis of the rule and to place it within the general conceptual framework of modern usucaption.

No vale do rio Jari, divisa entre os estados do Pará e Amapá, surgiu, ainda no século XIX, o que muitos acreditam ser um dos maiores latifúndios do mundo, sob o jugo de José Júlio de Andrade, migrante cearense que virou coronel e explorava castanha, seringa e balata pelo sistema de aviamento, com direitos de vida e morte em todo vale. Em 1967, o milionário estadunidense Daniel Keith Ludwig adquiriu a enorme extensão de terras com a intenção de fundar um projeto pioneiro que serviria de modelo para o aproveitamento econômico da Amazônia. Tendo como carro chefe a produção de celulose, o empreendimento ficou conhecido como Projeto Jari. Após receber centenas de milhões em incentivos na onda dos grandes projetos para a Amazônia das décadas de 1960 e 1970, e acumular escândalos e prejuízos, em 1982, o Projeto é assumido por um grupo de empresas nacionais e, em 2000, passa para o comando do Grupo Orsa, um conglomerado paulista do setor de papel e celulose tido como exemplo pioneiro de empresa verde e com muitos prêmios recebidos como reconhecimento de sua responsabilidade social e ambiental. Porém, apesar dos projetos econômicos ali desenvolvidos e que vão se sucedendo, se somando e/ou se atualizando nas últimas décadas, a empresa ali instalada não é capaz de comprovar ser proprietária da área. Trata-se de um imenso latifúndio, com mais de três milhões de hectares, onde também vivem milhares de famílias camponesas. O Estado, há décadas, tem ciência da debilidade da documentação fundiária e, portanto, de que se tratam de terras públicas, mas nada é feito. A partir desse cenário, este trabalho aposta na ideia de que estudar esse imóvel fornecerá importantes elementos para se debater a constituição da propriedade privada da terra e sobre a questão agrária no Brasil. Para tanto, adotamos o entendimento defendido por Ariovaldo U. de Oliveira de que a formação territorial brasileira é consequência do processo através do qual o capital submeteu a terra à sua lógica econômica de exploração. Assim, tratar da propriedade da terra é tratar, também, de parte fundamental do desenvolvimento do capitalismo no Brasil. Abordamos, então, a questão a partir da análise dos documentos que supostamente fundamentam a propriedade privada do latifúndio, de pareceres jurídicos elaborados sobre eles, bem como da postura do poder público diante das conclusões apresentadas nesses pareceres. Pretende-se, assim, lançar luz sobre os mecanismos que, apesar dos conflitos e questionamentos, têm permitido e sustentado a continuidade das atividades econômicas e a permanência da empresa na área. / What many believe to be one of the largest landed estates in the world was to emerge in the nineteenth century along the Jari River valley, which straddles the border between the Brazilian Amazonian states of Pará and Amapá. A migrantturned- colonel from the northeastern state of Ceará, called José Júlio de Andrade, then controlled the valley: he had rights over life and death in the area where Brazil nut, rubber and balata were extracted through a system based on indebtedness known as aviamento. Then, in 1967, the American millionaire Daniel Keith Ludwig acquired the huge expanse of land. His intention was to found a pioneering project whose aim was to serve as a model for economic activities in the Amazon. The enterprise became known as the Jari Project; its flagship was cellulose production. At a time of major governmental projects for the Brazilian Amazon in the 1960s and 1970s, the project received hundreds of millions of dollars in governmental incentives; it would accumulate monumental scandals and losses. In 1982, the project was taken over by a consortium of national enterprises and in 2000, again passed hands, this time to the Grupo Orsa a paper and cellulose pulp conglomerate from São Paulo, considered as a pioneering example of a \"green enterprise\" and which has received a string of awards in recognition of their social and environmental responsibility. Yet, in spite of these ongoing, successive projects in the area over the last few decades, the conglomerate is unable to prove its title to the land. The huge landed estate, covering over three million hectares, is also home to thousands of peasant families. For decades, the state has been aware of the estates deficient documentation which in effect means that these are public lands but nothing has been done. This study is based on the idea that the investigation of the estates trajectory will reveal important elements on which to base a discussion of the constitution of private landed property and the agrarian question in Brazil. Towards this end, we have adopted Ariovaldo U. de Oliveiras perspective that \"Brazils territorial formation results from the process through which capital submitted the land to its economic logic of exploitation\". Thus, inherent to debating land ownership in Brazil is a consideration of the fundamental part of the development of capitalism in the country. We approach the issue by analysing the documents that supposedly prove the estate to be private property and the legal assessments based on these documents, as well as the government\'s reaction to the findings presented in these assessments. In this way, the mechanisms that have allowed and sustained the continuity of these economic activities and the enterprises continued permanence in the area in spite of conflicts and questioning will be illuminated.