Esta dissertação tem foco na ação dos deputados e senadores que compuseram e ainda compõem a Bancada Ruralista do Congresso Nacional, em um contexto de consolidação do neoliberalismo da economia e de acirramento das disputas políticas e dos conflitos territoriais que marcam a questão agrária no Brasil nas últimas décadas (1995-2010). As questões abordadas discutem a importância do estudo deste sujeito social na Geografia Agrária brasileira, também o papel das organizações de representação dos interesses da classe dos proprietários de terra, como a União Democrática Ruralista (UDR). Analisa também a constituição de relações de poder em torno do patrimônio, parentesco e política, que resultam na acumulação de bens e renda, principalmente a renda fundiária. Destarte, foi imprescindível considerar os desdobramentos históricos da formação da propriedade privada da terra no Brasil, e o papel das oligarquias estaduais na qual foram gestadas determinadas lideranças políticas tradicionais que fazem parte desta bancada. A partir da análise das biografias e do estudo sistemático dos dados declarados pelos parlamentares ao Cadastro do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) no ano de 2003 e dos bens declarados à Receita Federal e entregues a Justiça Eleitoral, nos pleitos de 1998, 2002, 2006 ou 2010 constatou-se a inserção destes políticos ruralistas nas dinâmicas territoriais de apropriação de terras em meio à lógica do desenvolvimento contraditório, desigual e combinado no modo capitalista de produção na agricultura, e as distinções de cada político no processo de territorialização dos monopólios e na monopolização dos territórios, porque além de políticos a maioria atua diretamente no campo. Foi construída uma cartografia da concentração fundiária ruralista, que mostra que os parlamentares, nos municípios brasileiros, concentram a maior parte de suas terras na propriedade improdutiva, mas também acumulam além da grande propriedade, as médias, pequenas e minifúndios. Esta complexa dinâmica envolve atuação de empresas do agronegócio, relações de parentesco e tramas inter-regionais entre os políticos da bancada que resultam na apropriação de terras, especialmente nas áreas de expansão do agronegócio, e também em conflitos com a classe camponesa, os povos indígenas e as comunidades quilombolas. / This study aims at important aspects of the rural issues in Brazil for the last decades, such as the former and current Brazilian Congressional Rural Caucus members performance- congressmens and senators - inside a context of stability of the neoliberal economy, intense political disputes, and territorial conflicts. This article also presents the importance of the study on the mentioned social beings and the representative organization for landlords roles in the Brazilian Rural Geography, such as the Rural Democratic Union (UDR).The patrimonial power, kinship, and politics relationship constituting, which has resulted in the accumulation of property and income, especially in land income, will also be pointed out. Therefore, it was extremely necessary to take the Brazilian land private property formation historical development and the state oligarchies role, in which specific traditional political leadership was first elaborated, being it a part of the rural caucus basis, into consideration. Through biographical analysis and systematic study of the Income Tax Return declared by the parliamentarians to the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) by the year 2003, and the property and vehicles Income Tax Return declared to the Brazilian Federal Revenue (FRB) and delivered to the Electoral Justice, in the elections of 1998, 2002 or 2010, it was possible to verify the integration of these rural politicians in the land ownership dynamics through the logic of uneven and combined development in the capitalist production in agriculture, as well as the distinctions of each politician in territorialization processes of the monopolies and monopolization of the territories. The conclusion is that, although they are politicians, most of them act directly in the field. A Cartography of the rural land concentration was prepared in order to display that the parliamentarians have concentrated most part of their lands in the non productive large properties, but they have also accumulated the medium, small ones and minifundios. This complex dynamics involves the performance of agribusiness companies, kinship relationships and inter regional transactions among the politicians. It ends up resulting in conflicts with the peasantry class, the indigenous peoples, the maroon communities and ownership of lands, especially in the expansion areas of agribusiness.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T13:19:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 odetedesouzameireles.pdf: 7529017 bytes, checksum: 0a4cf76581256c6b2511380ed618267d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-01T19:13:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 odetedesouzameireles.pdf: 7529017 bytes, checksum: 0a4cf76581256c6b2511380ed618267d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T19:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 odetedesouzameireles.pdf: 7529017 bytes, checksum: 0a4cf76581256c6b2511380ed618267d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / O objeto desta dissertação é a Comunidade de Santo Antônio do Morro Grande, localizada na Zona da Mata mineira. Uma comunidade que em 2007, conquistou o status de “remanescente de quilombo” requerido pelo artigo 68, dos Atos das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias – ADCT, da Constituição Federal de 1988. A questão central da pesquisa concentrou-se em torno do processo de constituição do território que os moradores da comunidade, hoje, reconhecem como sua propriedade. Nesse sentido privilegiamos a valorização dos relatos de memória dos moradores mais idosos. A definição desta questão partiu de inquietações que acumulamos com relação às dificuldades de aplicabilidade deste artigo 68, decorrentes, em alguma medida, também, de dificuldades postas para a conceituação do termo “remanescentes de quilombos”. Nesse sentido, privilegiamos o estudo das categorias comunidade negra rural, alteridade e cidadania. / The object of this dissertation is the Communit of Santo Antõnio do Morro Grande, located in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. A communit that in 2007, won the status of “remnant of Quilombo” required by article 68 of the Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act – ADCT, of the Federal Constitution promulgated in 1988. The central research question focused around the process of incorporation of the territory that the residents of the communit, today, recognize as his own. In this sense we favor the recovery of the reportedmemory of older residents. The definition of this issue came from concerns that we have accumulated with respect to the difficulties of applicability of article 68, due in some measure, also brought difficulties for the definition of the term “remnants of Quilombo”. In this sense we favor the study of the categories rural black community, otherness and citizenship.

20世紀初期，以新城建設為特徵的發展形式對大陸地區的農地資源造成極大破壞，在經歷了「空間大躍進」的失敗之後，都市更新成為大陸地區新時期城市建設的的重點方向。台灣地區之都市更新事業早在日治時期就已起步，1998年《都市更新條例》頒布以來已具備完善的制度架構以及豐富的實施經驗。在相似的文化背景之下，作為都市更新的先行者，台灣地區是否能夠給尚處於起步階段的大陸地區提供借鏡意義，大陸地區又能否後來居上為台灣地區的都更困境提供良方？這便是本研究所要探討的課題。 本研究從法令政策及實施效果兩個面向切入，以制度面與執行面對兩岸之都市更新政策與方法進行比較分析。法令政策方面，通過台灣地區都市更新制度以及大陸地區土地產權制度變遷過程之梳理，釐清當前兩岸都市更新的基本流程。本研究認為兩岸都更流程雖然在某些細節存在差別，但總體來說仍十分相似。實施效果方面，本研究選取台北市、上海市以及深圳市三個城市之案例進行分析。在相似的都市更新流程下，兩岸在具體案例的實施過程則表現出政府角色的差異，形成了台灣地區民間主導更新、大陸地區政府主導更新的局面，而這也是兩岸都市更新的主要差異。 本研究認為，土地產權制度的差異是造成兩岸都市更新中政府角色不同的主要原因。換言之，台灣地區土地私有制使得民間成為都市更新的主導者；相對地，大陸地區土地公有制下的土地財政則使得地方政府主導了都市更新。在產權差異的大背景下，兩岸都更在操作方法上並無足夠的相互借鏡意義，因此本研究僅從更新理念上對兩岸之都更事業提出了一定的建議。

En Écosse (Royaume-Uni), la majeure partie du territoire est détenue par une minorité de grands propriétaires terriens. Au début des années 1990, certaines communautés rurales des Highlands et des îles de l’Ouest créèrent les Community Land Trust (CLT) et développèrent ainsi de nouvelles formes de gouvernance locale, fondées sur une démocratie directe. Ces petites révolutions régionales aboutirent à la consolidation d’une réforme territoriale nationale, au début des années 2000. À première vue, ce bouleversement juridique contemporain semble favoriser une compétition entre deux groupes aux intérêts divergents : les propriétaires terriens et les crofters (paysans locataires de leur parcelle). L’objectif de ce mémoire consiste à relativiser cette perspective binaire du conflit social. La recherche ethnographique que j’ai menée sur l’île de Great Bernera s’intéressait aux querelles intracommunautaires dans ce nouveau contexte politico-juridique. Mon analyse se concentre sur les divergences entre ce modèle de gouvernance démocratique fondé sur les principes de l’État de droit et l’ancien système normatif local fondé sur des critères identitaires et culturels. Pour illustrer cette problématique, des témoignages sont retranscrits, notamment ceux d’un groupe de résidents qui se considèrent comme des locaux (locals), et pour qui les critères culturels et généalogiques agissent comme principes fondateurs d’une communauté. Cette vision entre en contradiction avec le point de vue des nouveaux arrivants (incomers) qui, par l’aboutissement du projet d’appropriation collective de l’île, espèrent la concrétisation d’une communauté politique. / The Scottish land tenure system is one of the most unequal in Europe. Most of the territory is owned by a minority of landowners. In the early 1990s, some rural communities in the Highlands and Islands created the first Community Land Trusts (CLT) and thus developed new forms of local governance based on direct democracy. These small local revolutions culminated in the consolidation of a national land reform in the early 2000s. At first glance, this contemporary legal upheaval fosters competition between two interest groups : landowners and crofters (Scottish peasants). The objective of this dissertation is to put this binary vision of social conflict into perspective. My ethnographic research carried out on the island of Great Bernera in the Outer Hebrides was focused on intra-community conflict in this new political and legal context. My analysis concentrate on the contradictions of a model of democratic governance based on the principle of the Rule of Law with the constraints of the old local normative system characterized by relational, identity and cultural logics. I present the testimonies of a group of residents who consider themselves “locals” and who value cultural and genealogical criteria as founding principles of a community. This vision contradicts the point of view of foreigners (“incomers”) who, by the culmination of the project of collective appropriation of the island, hope for the realization of a political social community.

Della proprietà astratta è associata con lo stato, potere e ricchezza nelle società più africane e terreni agricoli di proprietà appartiene agli uomini. Lo scopo di questo studio è di esaminare il legame tra proprietà fondiaria e differenze di genere nei sistemi di possesso della terra. Questo studio esplora l'accesso delle donne alla terra nell'ambito dei sistemi di consueto possesso. Rassegna i principali aspetti del contributo delle donne africane alla produzione alimentare e raccolto in contanti e offre alcuni suggerimenti per migliorare la loro partecipazione e intensificazione nel settore dei piccoli. Inoltre, lo studio esamina come i cambiamenti nella proprietà fondiaria, proprietà, accesso e diritti alla terra come conseguenza di leggi consuete stanno influenzando la produttività dell'agricoltura, sicurezza alimentare e lotta alla povertà. Il dibattito è incentrato sulle preoccupazioni di un'equa distribuzione tra uomini e donne e Guarda le donne rurali come operai agricoli a un livello in cui le disuguaglianze di genere coincidono. I risultati da questo studio illustrano la cultura predominante e le pratiche tradizionali ancora colpiscono le donne, andare a loro discapito a favore degli uomini per quanto riguarda l'ereditarietà e la diretta proprietà di terreni e proprietà in casa. Parole chiave: Equità di genere, Proprietà della terra, Riforma agraria, Sicurezza alimentare. / Landownership is associated with status, power and wealth in most African societies and agricultural land property belongs to men. The aim of this study is to examine the link between land ownership and gender differences in land tenure systems. This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure systems. It reviews the major aspects of African women's contribution to food and cash crop production and offers some suggestions to improve their participation and intensification in the smallholder sector. Also, the study examines how the changes in land tenure, ownership, access and rights to land as a consequence of customary laws are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty alleviation. The debate is centred on concerns of equitable distribution among men and women and looks at rural women as agricultural workers at a level where gender inequalities coincide. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant culture and traditional practices still affect women, disadvantaging them in favour of men regarding inheritance and direct ownership of land and property in the household. Keywords: Gender Equity, Land ownership, Land Reform, Food Security.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirceu Piccinato Junior .pdf: 18445166 bytes, checksum: b6f0a1aa40fb3428e66bcb669e6f5346 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / This paper seeks to trace a historical analysis of urban land ownership, land heritage (religious and secular) in the training process and the establishment of urban centers in northeastern S?o Paulo State between the years 1800 and 1930, focusing more attention to two significant events that favored the construction of an urban network in this region: the migration of incoming miners and the cycle of coffee along with the arrival of Cia Mogiana these parts. The establishment of an urban center it is a chapel, parish and village was only possible during the Colony and the Empire, by granting lands to the heritage of a holy devotion. With the advent of the Republic, on the actions of capitalist interests, the donation of land was no longer the sacred as well, but the commercialization of land, or profit. The scrutiny as to how the appointments issued by each of the two historical dimensions conform sought the transformation of this part of the state territory and the creation of urban forms. We shall show, however, that even calling for a linearity in the award process, and ownership of urban design, practices, experiences and local dynamics were crucial to the definition of the nuclei. For the preparation of the dissertation, have been included relevant documents and images of urban farming initiatives, as well as important previous studies, to identify possible links between the issues surrounding land and property circumstances that presented themselves in every situation and the determinations imposed by government religious and / or civil liability. Thus, we try to treat the grant of land as an urban process developed in a regional context that holds conjunctures of conflicts and interests in configuration of urban. / Este trabalho busca tra?ar uma an?lise hist?rica sobre a apropria??o da terra urbana, patrim?nio fundi?rio (religioso e laico) no processo de forma??o e funda??o de n?cleos urbanos no nordeste do Estado de S?o Paulo entre os anos de 1800 e 1930, detendo-se com maior aten??o em dois momentos significativos que favoreceram a constru??o de uma rede urbana nesta regi?o: o movimento migrat?rio dos entrantes mineiros e o ciclo da cafeicultura, juntamente com a chegada da Cia. Mogiana nestas paragens. O estabelecimento de um n?cleo urbano, seja ele uma capela, freguesia ou vila, s? era poss?vel, durante a Col?nia e o Imp?rio, por meio da concess?o de terras para o patrim?nio de um santo de devo??o. Com o advento da Rep?blica, sob as a??es dos interesses capitalistas, a doa??o de terra para a forma??o de n?cleos urbanos n?o tinha mais como bem o sagrado, mas a comercializa??o da terra, ou seja, o lucro. A an?lise atenta para o modo como as designa??es emanadas por cada uma das dimens?es hist?ricas procuraram conformar a transforma??o desta parte do territ?rio paulista e a cria??o das formas urbanas. Pretende-se mostrar, entretanto, que mesmo conclamada uma linearidade no processo de concess?o, apropria??o e delineamento do solo urbano, pr?ticas, experi?ncias e din?micas locais foram determinantes para a defini??o dos n?cleos urbanos. Para a elabora??o da disserta??o, foram consultados documentos escritos e imagens pertinentes a iniciativas das cria??es urbanas, bem como importantes estudos precedentes, procurando identificar poss?veis v?nculos entre as quest?es envolvendo as terras patrimoniais, circunst?ncias que se apresentavam em cada situa??o e as determina??es impostas pelas administra??es religiosa e/ou civil. Desse modo, procura-se tratar a concess?o da terra urbana como um processo desenvolvido num contexto regional que guarda conjunturas particulares de conflitos e interesses na configura??o do urbano.

At present, in Adansi and Daboase, two rural communities in Western Ghana, changes are both internally and externally driven. Combined with ongoing negotiations of authority, landownership, history, tradition and culture, the interconnectedness of these areas shapes the realities of these communities. This thesis investigates these land-related conflicts and authority negotiations from a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Inspired by action-oriented research, the lives of local residents are investigated and attempted to be understood through their own explanations.  Four months of internship with an oil palm and rubber plantation company, focus groups and semi-structured interviews in two local communities to the plantation, lay the foundation of this thesis. It shows an intimate connection between landownership and resource rights, and history, heritage and traditional authority.Land is key to power or a secured future for one’s family, which makes it an inflamed topic. Landownership and the underlying negotiations are crucial to the understanding of what occupies many local residents in a setting of globalised markets. The thesis points to gaps of understanding and varying interests in-between government, external actors, chieftaincy and community members. Thorough consultation process procedures prior to projects in rural communities are proposed. The project adds to a larger discussion on sustainability, corporate social responsibility, local knowledge and experiences on land conflicts, and post-colonial settings in Ghana.

地權結構的私有化是任何法治國家建立與資本主義化的基礎工程。然而對於台灣原住民族而言，卻是在被殖民的情境下完成的，如何去殖民色彩以及重建對土地所有權主體的事控，便是累次「還我土地運動」最主要的動員目標。本論文的主要研究目的，是希望藉由鄒族地權結構轉化的歷史過程，來了解國家與台灣原住民族關係的進程，尤其是有關土地財產權的執行過程；從而了解原住民自發性的還我土地運動，以便釐清這種關係糾葛的結果。因此從土地所有權的本質性探討，則是解決日益紛擾的原漠地權問題必經之途徑，本文第二章即是從鄒族傳統地權的內在結構，展開此一課題的論述。 　　「缺乏土地財產權」的觀念，是一般人對原住民族的基本認識，從社會文化的脈絡來理解，則可以澄清這個錯誤的刻板印象。地權制度原本就是國家或社會內對於土地利用和佔有的權利關係，它可以是國有制、公有與私有並存抑或是全為私有制。鄒族對於土地所有權的建立，主要是依據先佔原則來作為社會的規範，獵場、漁區、耕地與住地均是按此原則運作。以氏族為所有權之主體，執行管理與分配的共享性社會價值觀。居於大社宗家的氏族長老，往往由有能力者並且通曉社會規範的族人擔任，來管理氏族土地。在山田燒墾為主、漁獵為輔的經濟生活中，尚能與自然生態環境維持精巧性的平衡關係，然而，就在國家權力介入後，從而主導了鄒族傳統地權結構轉化為私有制的結果來。 　　鄒族地權結構的轉化，是本文第三章所要論述的主題。其導致變遷的主要動力來源是政治經濟的外力；而生產方式的改變則是變遷的機制所在。本文認為日本殖民統治的中晚期，時間約在一九三○年代左右，一方面因為與山田燒墾截然不同的生產方式--水稻耕作的引入，使得游耕方式逐漸地轉為定耕方式，衝擊原來氏族所有的地權結構之觀念；另一方面則是政府有計劃的規劃與執行私有財產權的結果。如此一來，政府得以「合法化」取得台灣廣大的山林資源，日據時期的高砂族保留地與光復後的山地保留地都顯露出這樣的目的與意義。在邁向全球資本主義化的浪潮裡，以及聯合國更加重視全球原住民族對土地的傳統權益之際，再加上原住民自我權益的覺醒，再再都促使政府必須重新思考在台灣的原住民土地權利的問題。 　　總之，經過本文對鄒族傳統地權結構轉化的了解，所提出的個人意見是，近程目標須落實地方自治的精神，遠程則希望對於原住民的居住地，能夠實踐民族自治區的理想，如此不僅擺脫過去同化的政策，建立尊重多元文化共存共相融的理念，也符應了一九九三年聯合國所提出新階段的國家與原住民的關係。

Darbo objektas – Marijampolės savivaldybės greta ,,VIA Baltica“ kelio žemės paėmimas visuomenės poreikiams. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams projektų rengimo problemas. Tiriamasis darbas atliekamas analizuojant teisės aktus, teritorijų planavimo dokumentus ir statistinius duomenis. Tyrimui įgyvendinti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius žemės paėmimą visuomenės poreikiams; 2. Nustatyti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams projektų rengimo problemas; 3. Išanalizuoti situacija susijusią su ,,VIA Baltica“ keliu; 4. Statistiškai išnagrinėti šalia ,,VIA Baltica“ kelio paimamus visuomenės poreikiams žemės sklypus. Tyrimo metodika: Siekiama išanalizuoti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams procesą, bei nustatyti problemas susijusias su žemės paėmimu visuomenės poreikiams projekto rengimu ir išnagrinėti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams atvejį Marijampolės savivaldybėje atlikta literatūros šaltinių analizė, dokumentų analizė, sisteminė analizė, panaudoti loginis-analitinis, lyginamasis ir kiti moksliniai metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai: • Pirmojoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams teisiniai pagrindai ir procedūros, teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys žemės paėmimą visuomenės poreikiams, išanalizuojamos ir aptariamos problemos susidariusios paėmant žemę visuomenės poreikiams. • Antrojoje darbo dalyje atlikta Marijampolės savivaldybės teritorijos apžvalga, išanalizuotas Marijampolės rajono žemės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The work object is the land acquisition for public needs, i.e. for ”Via Baltica” road in Marijampolė district. The aim of the research is to define the plan preparation problems of land acquisition for public needs. Research work is conducted by analyzing legislation, territory planning documents and statistic data. The objectives for the implementation of the study are as follows: 1. To investigate the legislation governing land acquisition for public needs; 2. To identify the plan preparation problems of land acquisition for public needs; 3. To analyze the situation in relation to ”Via Baltica” road; 4. To analyze statistically the land acquisition for public needs near ”Via Baltica” road. Research methodology: The aim is to analyze the land acquisition for public needs as a process, and to identify the plan preparation problems associated with the land acquisition for public needs and to examine the case of the land acquisition for public needs in Marijampolė district. The literature review, document analysis, system analysis is conducted, and logical, analytical, comparative and other scientific methods are used in the study. The investigation results are as follows: • The first part of the paper examined the legal framework and procedures of the land acquisition for public needs, the laws governing the land acquisition for public needs, and analyzed and discussed the problems arising from the land acquisition for public use. • The second part of the work is the review... [to full text]

Dozens of major cities around the world have launched large-scale waterfront redevelopment projects over the past fifty years. Absent from this list of noteworthy achievements, however, is Toronto, a case of grand ambitions gone horribly awry. Despite three extensive revitalization plans in the second half of the 20th century, Toronto’s central waterfront, an area roughly double the city’s central business district, has remained mired in political gridlock for decades. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain why this came to pass. Informed by extensive archival and interview research, as well as geospatial data analyzed using Geographic Information Systems software, the thesis demonstrates that above and beyond political challenges typical of any major urban redevelopment project, in Toronto, issues of land ownership — specifically, public land ownership — were pivotal in defining the scope and pace of waterfront planning and implementation. Few, if any, waterfront redevelopment projects around the world have been attempted amidst the same degree of public land ownership and jurisdictional fragmentation as that which plagued implementation efforts in Toronto. From 1961-1998, no less than 81% of all land in the central waterfront was owned by one public body or another, dispersed across a patchwork of public agencies, corporations, and special purpose authorities nestled within multiple levels of government. Such fragmentation, specifically across public bodies, added a layer of complexity to the existing intergovernmental dynamic that effectively crippled implementation efforts. It created a “joint-decision trap” impervious to conventional resolution via bargaining, problem solving, or unilateral action. This tangled political history poses a considerable challenge to conventional liberal, structuralist, and regime-based theories of urban politics derived from US experiences. It also highlights the limits of conventional implementation theory in the study of urban development, and calls into question longstanding interpretations of federal-provincial-municipal relations and multilevel governance in Canada.