No description available.

La figure du stratège joue un rôle fondamental dans l’administration de l’Égypte à l’époque romaine. Parmi les papyrus grecs provenant de l’Égypte, une trentaine de textes d’annonces publiques, émises par ce fonctionnaire, ont été conservés. Leur contenu concerne de multiples aspects de l’administration du nome ; une quinzaine de ces annonces environ concernent la nomination à la fonction de liturge, et forment un groupe homogène. La caractéristique de ces annonces contenant des nominations aux liturgies, c’est qu’elles sont exposées au public : de cette manière, toute la communauté et, notamment, les personnes concernées peuvent connaître les noms des personnes chargées d’exécuter une liturgie donnée. Pour ce type d’avis, le langage bureaucratique va certainement utiliser le terme de προγράμματα. Le système d’attribution de ces fonctions est amplement utilisé au cours des IIe et IIIe siècles apr. J.-C. par les Romains, qui héritent une coutume déjà présente en Égypte sous la dynastie ptolémaïque, mais dont ils développent cependant les potentialités. Les liturgies sont formées par des prestations et des services dont doivent s’acquitter les sujets égyptiens de l’empire qui vivent dans les cités et les villages. Ces services varient amplement quant au cadre – de la culture et de l’entretien des canaux, à l’adjudication des impôts, et aux charges administratives locales –, mais aussi en ce qui concerne leur durée et leur engagement économique exigé. Notre étude prévoit la réédition des textes d’après les originaux ou des photos numérisées haute définition : une partie du travail, en effet, sera consacrée à la réalisation de tableaux contenant les images de chaque προγράμμα. / The strategus plays a key role in the Roman administration of Egypt. About 30 texts are preserved among Greek papyri from Egypt, which are public notices published by that officer. The subjects of these documents are various and related to different aspects of the regional administration (nomos); approximately fifteen of them concern the appointment to liturgies and they form an homogenous group. The proclamations containing the liturgical appointments are always posted in public in order to let the community, and specifically the concerned people, know the names of those who will be in charge of the compulsory public services. This kind of proclamations are known as προγράμματα in bureaucratic language. The liturgical system assigning compulsory services is widely used during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD by Romans, who inherit this custom, which was already prevailing during the Ptolemaic dynasty, and developed its full potential. The liturgies consist in services performed by the Egyptian subjects of the empire who lived in towns and villages. Such services cover a wealth of fields of work, from cultivating the land and maintaining the irrigation system to tax-farming and local administration tasks, and the term and the economic burden required could be different for each of them. My work involves the editing of the texts based on the original copies or using high resolution images: an important part of the work will be actually devoted to setting up plates containing the images of each πρóγραμμα.

This dissertation explores interchanges and connections between Rome and Egypt that occurred during the four decades immediately following Egypt’s annexation into the Roman Empire in 30 B.C.E. The dissertation focuses on five temple precincts that were expanded under the first Roman emperor, Augustus (27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.), who as new ruler of Egypt, continued the venerable practice of building cult temples. In order to gauge the level of imperial support and analyze how local and imperial precedents were combined at temple sites, the dissertation compares the built space at sacred sites in three regions. The comparison reveals programmatic emphasis on areas where public worship occurred over inaccessible areas reserved for the gods, and that the combination of local and imperial elements strengthened cultic connections to each region’s center. Five chapters demonstrate temples in the Augustan period were created to encourage continued public use and worship by forming space where public veneration could be carried out, and by integrating pharaonic and imperial elements appropriate for the temple precincts’ transcultural local and visiting audience. This analysis indicates that temples in Augustan Egypt, like those in other areas of the Roman world, were tied to the existing traditions of the local community, engaged with new imperial elements, and were designed to encourage public involvement and continued use. Through encouragement by Augustus and his advisors, religion and culture mediated change as Egypt was annexed as a Roman province.

Além de Roma, nenhuma cidade no Alto Império Romano foi mais analisada, caracterizada e criticada a partir de perspectivas externas do que Alexandria no Egito. As imagens produzidas pela literatura ajudaram a elaborar a representação da cidade que a historiografia contemporânea perpetuou: uma cidade enorme, linda, rica, turbulenta e polêmica. O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é discutir as diversas representações sobre Alexandria, reforçadas e divulgadas por autores antigos entre o século I a.C. e III d.C.. Acreditamos que tais representações, associadas à grandeza e prosperidade de Alexandria que a assemelhavam à capital do Império, ilustram uma percepção da cidade como um espelho de Roma e, também, uma ameaça à sua hegemonia. Todas as ênfases nas qualidades e realizações de Alexandria por um lado, e nos seus problemas e tendência à rebelião, por outro, não eram inocentes e são indicativas de uma mentalidade que vislumbrava a cidade como um local que demandava a atenção contínua por parte dos representantes do poder romano. A intenção desta pesquisa é analisar os motivos que geraram essa dualidade nas narrativas, por meio do mapeamento das temáticas e contextos mais tratados pela tradição clássica. / Apart from Rome, no city in the early Roman Empire was more analyzed, characterized and criticized by external perspectives than Alexandria in Egypt. The images produced by the literature helped create the representation of the city that the contemporary historiography has perpetuated: an enormous, beautiful, rich, turbulent and polemic city. The aim of this doctorate thesis is to discuss the several representations about Alexandria reinforced and divulged by ancient authors between the first century BC and third century AD. We believe that theses representations associated to Alexandrias greatness and prosperity that made it similar to the capital of the Empire illustrate a perception of the city as a mirror to Rome and a threat to its hegemony. All the emphasis on Alexandrias qualities and achievements on the one hand, and on its problems and rebellious tendency on the other, were not innocent, and indicate a mentality that understood the city as a place that demanded continuous attention by the representatives of Roman power. The objective of this research is to analyze the reasons that led to this duality in the narratives by means of listing the themes and contexts mostly dealt with by the classical tradition.

Définie à la fois comme un état, être mort, ou comme un passage, passer du monde des vivants à celui des morts, la mort dans les sociétés antiques influençait nombre de domaines de l’existence. Elle ne se limitait pas à son aspect quantitatif, c'est-à-dire démographique. La mort devait être gérée, non seulement par les proches du défunt, mais également par la cité et par l’État. Cependant, cette étude de la mort englobe aussi les manières dont elle était perçue et vécue par les individus. La mort était l'objet de croyances relatives à l'au-delà, qui concernaient le devenir du défunt, ainsi que la relation qui subsistait entre le défunt et sa famille, entre la communauté des morts et celle des vivants.La question de la mort dans la province romaine d’Égypte se pose d’autant plus que cet espace situé à la limite entre la partie occidentale et orientale de l’Empire continuait de subir des influences culturelles multiples (civilisation pharaonique, hellénistique, présence du judaïsme, naissance du christianisme...) et occupait une position stratégique au sein de l’Empire (domaine réservé du Prince, population multiethnique et relativement nombreuse...).En utilisant différents types de sources (papyrologiques, épigraphiques, archéologiques et littéraires) et en abordant la mort dans des aspects variés à la fois matériels et immatériels (des attitudes et gestes quotidiens face à la mort, aux croyances relatives à l’au-delà, en passant par les pratiques administratives et juridiques suscitées par un décès), il s’agit ici de montrer dans quelle mesure la mort était un régulateur des tensions et des appréhensions sociales dans une société caractérisée par des influences culturelles multiples. La démarche adoptée est scalaire.La mort est d'abord l'objet d'une étude à l'échelle de l’État. Le gouvernement romain gérait la mort en légiférant, en arbitrant les conflits liés au décès d'un individu et en imposant des pratiques administratives lui assurant un contrôle de la population. Mais l’État était aussi parfois celui qui orchestrait la mort, la mettait en scène ou y recourait volontairement afin de préserver l'ordre social.À l'échelle de la province romaine d’Égypte, la mort apparaissait comme le reflet d'interactions diverses. Elle cristallisait les différentes conceptions de l'au-delà, impliquant des gestes funéraires spécifiques, tandis que des particularismes locaux persistaient.Face à la mort, la cité – troisième échelle de notre étude – avait, quant à elle, clairement pour mission d'assurer l'ordre social. En cela, elle devait se prémunir de tout ce qui était susceptible de venir la souiller ou compromettre la relation entre la communauté des vivants et le monde des morts.Toutefois, la gestion la plus importante de la mort se faisait à l'échelle de l'individu et de sa famille. En raison d'une espérance de vie assez faible et d'un taux de mortalité élevé, la mort faisait partie du quotidien. Pour s'adapter à cette réalité, des individus anticipaient leur décès en rédigeant notamment des testaments. Dans tous les cas, la confrontation à la mort d'un proche provoquait des bouleversements auxquels il convenait de faire face et qui donnaient lieu, de la part des survivants, à des réponses parfois diamétralement opposées (conflits portés devant la justice, activation des solidarités intra et extra-familiales sous différentes formes). / .Defined at once as a state, to be dead, or as a passage, to pass from the world of the living to that of the dead, death in ancient societies influenced many areas of existence. It was not limited to its quantitative aspect, that is to say demographic. Death had to be managed, not only by the relatives of the deceased, but also by the city and the state. However, this study of death also encompasses the ways in which it was perceived and experienced by individuals. Death was the object of beliefs about the afterlife that related to the future of the deceased, as well as the relationship between the deceased and his family, between the community of the dead and that of the living.The question of death in the Roman province of Egypt arises all the more because this space situated at the border between the western and eastern part of the Empire continued to undergo multiple cultural influences (Pharaonic civilization, Hellenistic, Judaism, the birth of Christianity, etc.) and occupied a strategic position within the Empire (a reserved area of the Prince, a multi-ethnic and relatively numerous population).By using different types of sources (papyrological, epigraphic, archaeological and literary) and by approaching death in various aspects, both material and immaterial (daily attitudes and gestures towards death, beliefs about the afterlife, through administrative and legal practices related to death), the aim here is to show to what extent death is a regulator of social tensions and apprehensions in a society characterized by multiple cultural influences. The approach adopted is scalar.At the level of the Empire, the Roman government managed death by legislating, arbitrating conflicts related to the death of an individual and imposing administrative practices ensuring public control. But the State was also sometimes the one who orchestrated death, staged it or used it voluntarily in order to preserve the social order.At the level of the Roman province of Egypt, death appeared as a reflection of various interactions. It crystallized the different conceptions of the hereafter, involving specific funeral gestures, while local peculiarities persisted.Faced with death, the city – the third angle of our study – had, for its part, a clear mission to ensure social order. In this, she had to guard against all that was likely to come to defile her or compromise the relationship between the community of the living and the world of the dead. However, the most important management of death occurred at the scale of the individual and his family. Due to a relatively low life expectancy and a high mortality rate, death was part of daily life. To adapt to this reality, individuals anticipated their deaths by writing, among other things, wills. In any case, the confrontation with the death of a relative provoked upheavals that had to be dealt with and which gave rise, for the survivors, to sometimes diametrically opposed answers (conflicts brought before justice, activation of solidarities intra and extra-familial in different forms).

O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar um conjunto de pequenos fragmentos de papiros alexandrinos nomeado Acta Alexandrinorum. Os escritos narram episódios referentes à Alexandria nos dois primeiros séculos de Império Romano. Foram, no entanto, encontrados em diferentes locais do Egito, fato que sugere uma moderada circulação dos escritos na região. A hipótese é que um estruturado e coeso grupo de cidadãos alexandrinos do Ginásio, de ascendência grega e origem nobre, utilizaram-se dos escritos para manifestar suas insatisfações ao poder imperial. Pretendiam, com os relatos, criar um clima de resistência aos romanos e, ao mesmo tempo, exaltar a importância de Alexandria naquele universo, delimitando também uma identidade alexandrina restrita aos seus elementos de maior distinção. E mais: desejavam marcar a indignação quanto aos vizinhos judeus, que estariam ameaçando alguns direitos antes restritos ao grupo. Através dos textos, pode-se analisar como a romanização foi recebida e entendida pelos alexandrinos. Além disso, a documentação lança luz sobre elementos diversos da vida cívica e social da cidade e nos permite avaliar a sua importância no contexto imperial. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate a group of small Alexandrian fragments of papyrus named Acta Alexandrinorum. The texts narrate episodes concerning Alexandria in the two first centuries of Roman Empire. But they were found in different places of Egypt, fact that suggests a moderate circulation of the writings in the region. The hypothesis is that a structured and limited group of Alexandrian citizens from the gymnasium, of Greek ascendance and noble birth, would use the writings to express their feelings of dissatisfaction to the Imperial power. They intended, with the accounts, to create an atmosphere of resistance to the Romans, and at the same time, to exalt the importance of Alexandria in that universe and also, to delimit an Alexandrian identity that should be restricted to their elements of higher distinction. Besides that, they also longed to emphasize the indignation to their Jewish neighbors, which were 8 threatening some rights that were before limited to their group. Through the texts, we can analyze how Romanization was received and understood by the Alexandrians. Besides that, the documents illustrate several elements of the civic and social life of the city and help to evaluate its importance in the imperial context.

L’Égypte grecque et romaine a conservé de nombreux papyrus grecs qui nous renseignent sur la vie économique, agricole, administrative et judiciaire des temples et par extension sur les activités de leurs desservants. Cette étude collecte ainsi dans une documentation exclusivement grecque, toutes les mentions des titres sacerdotaux égyptiens ainsi que toutesles références au temple (fêtes, cultes, sacrifices, construction, etc.) dans les corpus papyrologiques, tout en les documentant. L’analyse fonctionnelle et la classification des titres sacerdotaux a ensuite été complétée par un volume de Prosopographie regroupant, par titres, tous les prêtres de l’Égypte lagide et romaine. La recherche et l’analyse de ces documents papyrologiques illustrant des circonstances profanes témoignent ainsi des aléas de la vie quotidienne du monde religieux. / The Greek and Roman Egypt has preserved many Greek papyri which inform us about the administrative life, agricultural, administrative and judicial temples and by extension the activities of their priests. This study collected and an exclusively Greek documentation, all references to the temple (festival, worship, sacrifice, construction, etc.) in the papyrologicalcorpus, while documenting them. Functional analysis and classification of priestly titles was subsequently supplemented by a volume of Prosopographie grouping, for titles, all the priests of the Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. Research and analysis of these papyrus documents illustrating profane circumstances and demonstrate the hazards of daily life of the religious world.

This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

Além de Roma, nenhuma cidade no Alto Império Romano foi mais analisada, caracterizada e criticada a partir de perspectivas externas do que Alexandria no Egito. As imagens produzidas pela literatura ajudaram a elaborar a representação da cidade que a historiografia contemporânea perpetuou: uma cidade enorme, linda, rica, turbulenta e polêmica. O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é discutir as diversas representações sobre Alexandria, reforçadas e divulgadas por autores antigos entre o século I a.C. e III d.C.. Acreditamos que tais representações, associadas à grandeza e prosperidade de Alexandria que a assemelhavam à capital do Império, ilustram uma percepção da cidade como um espelho de Roma e, também, uma ameaça à sua hegemonia. Todas as ênfases nas qualidades e realizações de Alexandria por um lado, e nos seus problemas e tendência à rebelião, por outro, não eram inocentes e são indicativas de uma mentalidade que vislumbrava a cidade como um local que demandava a atenção contínua por parte dos representantes do poder romano. A intenção desta pesquisa é analisar os motivos que geraram essa dualidade nas narrativas, por meio do mapeamento das temáticas e contextos mais tratados pela tradição clássica. / Apart from Rome, no city in the early Roman Empire was more analyzed, characterized and criticized by external perspectives than Alexandria in Egypt. The images produced by the literature helped create the representation of the city that the contemporary historiography has perpetuated: an enormous, beautiful, rich, turbulent and polemic city. The aim of this doctorate thesis is to discuss the several representations about Alexandria reinforced and divulged by ancient authors between the first century BC and third century AD. We believe that theses representations associated to Alexandrias greatness and prosperity that made it similar to the capital of the Empire illustrate a perception of the city as a mirror to Rome and a threat to its hegemony. All the emphasis on Alexandrias qualities and achievements on the one hand, and on its problems and rebellious tendency on the other, were not innocent, and indicate a mentality that understood the city as a place that demanded continuous attention by the representatives of Roman power. The objective of this research is to analyze the reasons that led to this duality in the narratives by means of listing the themes and contexts mostly dealt with by the classical tradition.