Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T17:34:23Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 15187182 bytes, checksum: 10c2f048f188c812b13ee418dc469962 (MD5) Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 8411412 bytes, checksum: fa2dd88863b5f2399eea6bfe85a0d705 (MD5) Shapes Desmatamentos Inspecionados.zip: 10882195 bytes, checksum: 3ab6f52cef08a09f428a60893612c2d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T17:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 15187182 bytes, checksum: 10c2f048f188c812b13ee418dc469962 (MD5) Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 8411412 bytes, checksum: fa2dd88863b5f2399eea6bfe85a0d705 (MD5) Shapes Desmatamentos Inspecionados.zip: 10882195 bytes, checksum: 3ab6f52cef08a09f428a60893612c2d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T17:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 15187182 bytes, checksum: 10c2f048f188c812b13ee418dc469962 (MD5) Tese - Genival Fernandes Rocha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 8411412 bytes, checksum: fa2dd88863b5f2399eea6bfe85a0d705 (MD5) Shapes Desmatamentos Inspecionados.zip: 10882195 bytes, checksum: 3ab6f52cef08a09f428a60893612c2d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / The Cerrado biome, occupying approximately 25% of the Brazilian territory, is distinguished for its rich biodiversity and for being a major water producer for the the most important South American basins (e.g. Amazonian, São Francisco, Tocantins-Araguaia and Paraná). With vast flat areas, it is a major industrial food producer and the main agricultural frontier in the country. On the other hand, the large-scale land conversion made the Cerrado one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world, i.e. regions under severe environmental pression due to the reduction and fragmentation of the natural landscapes. The remote sensing monitoring of the Cerrado is very recent, with only two systems currently in operation: the warning deforestation system (SIAD Cerrado), developed by the Image Processing and GIS Lab of the Federal University of Goiás (LAPIG – UFG) and the Satellite Deforestation Monitoring of the Brazilian Biomes Project (PMDBBS), an initiative of the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (MMA – IBAMA). Specifically, this doctoral thesis pursued the following goals: 1) comparative evaluation of these two monitoring initiatives; 2) analysis of ten years of SIAD deforestation data, the only Cerrado deforestation time-series available; 3) assessment of possible alternatives aiming at the improvement of SIAD-like semi-automated monitoring systems. Our results demonstrate that both the SIAD and PMDBBS deforestation spatial distribution patterns are very similar and complementary. The analysis of SIAD data for the 2002 – 2012 period indicates that the remnant decreased from 61.2% to 58.5% relatively to the biome area (~ 2 million km2), with about 80% of the total cleared area constrained to terrains with mild slopes (< 3%) and concentrated in only 100 of the 1,384 municipalities. It is worth mentioning that the states with highest deforestation rates are also the ones with the largest native vegetation remnants, suggesting that key agricultural frontiers are still very active. Potential improvements for making systems like SIAD more robust and reliable include the use of time-series and spatial heuristics criteria for filtering the automated generated deforestation warnings, which demand very time-consuming visual inspection approaches. We estimate that about 506,906 km2 of remnant vegetative cover are highly vulnerable and under risk of being converted over the years. Thus, improving the current systems and monitoring models, in order to make them more reliable and capable of operating at multiple scales of observation, is fundamental for the effective territorial governance of the Cerrado biome. / O bioma Cerrado ocupa aproximadamente 25% do território nacional e se destaca por sua rica biodiversidade e como “produtor de água” para as bacias Amazônica, do São Francisco, do Tocantins-Araguaia e do Paraná. Com vastas áreas de terras predominantemente planas e de fácil manejo, destaca-se também pela produção de alimentos em escala industrial, sendo hoje a principal fronteira agropecuária do país. Por outro lado, e com aproximadamente 50% do seu território convertido em áreas de agricultura e pecuária, é também reconhecido como um dos 34 hotspots de biodiversidade, i.e. regiões do mundo severamente comprometidas do ponto de vista ambiental, por conta da redução e fragmentação das paisagens naturais. O monitoramento por sensoriamento remoto do bioma Cerrado é recente, sendo que até o momento há dois sistemas em operação: o Sistema Integrado de Alerta de Desmatamentos (SIAD Cerrado), desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento da Universidade Federal de Goiás (LAPIG – UFG) e o Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento dos Biomas Brasileiros por Satélite (PMDBBS), uma iniciativa do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (MMA – IBAMA). Especificamente, esta tese buscou: 1) avaliar, comparativamente estas duas iniciativas; 2) analisar 10 anos de dados de desmatamento SIAD, única série temporal sobre desmatamentos no bioma Cerrado existente e disponível e 3) avaliar alternativas e melhorias possíveis, com vistas ao aprimoramento de sistemas de monitoramento semi-automatizados, a exemplo do SIAD. Os nossos resultados demonstram que os padrões de distribuição espacial dos desmatamentos detectados pelo SIAD e PMDBBS são muito semelhantes e complementares. Por sua vez, a análise de dados SIAD para o período entre 2002 e 2012, indica que a vegetação remanescente ao longo dos 2 milhões de km²do bioma diminuiu de 61,2% para 58,5%, sendo que aproximadamente 80% da área total desmatada, condicionada principalmente pelo relevo (i.e. declividades < 3%), concentrou-se em apenas 100 dos 1.384 municípios do Cerrado. Interessante observar que os estados com as maiores áreas de remanescentes de vegetação natural de Cerrado são,coincidentemente, os que mais desmataram nos últimos dez anos, o que demonstra a existência de fronteiras agropecuárias ativas. Possíveis melhorias para tornar sistemas aexemplo do SIAD mais robustos e confiáveis incluem o uso de séries temporais e associações heurísticas como critérios de filtragem de alertas de desmatamentos gerados automaticamente e sujeitos amorosos processos de inspeção visual. Estimamos que aproximadamente 506.906 km2 da cobertura vegetal remanescente encontram-se vulneráveis e sob risco de serem convertidas ao longo dos próximos anos. Assim, o aprimoramento dos atuais sistemas e modelos de monitoramento, com vistas atorná-los cada vez mais robustos, confiáveis e capazes de operar em múltiplas escalas de observação, é imprescindível à efetiva governança territorial e ambiental do bioma Cerrado.

[ES] Actualmente, el 54% de la población mundial vive en ciudades y se espera que en 2050 este porcentaje aumente al 68% (UNDESA, 2019). Una parte importante de esta población urbana se concentra en megaciudades, definidas como áreas urba-nas con más de 10 millones de habitantes. En América Latina, las principales megaciudades son Sao Paulo y Ciudad de México, con más de 20 millones de habitantes en cada una. Buenos Aires, Río de Janeiro, Lima y Bogotá son mega-ciudades aún en desarrollo (Cepal, 2013). La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar los impactos que la dinámica de crecimiento urbano de una megaciudad induce sobre el com-portamiento de las componentes del ciclo hidrológico. La investigación desarro-llada incorpora el efecto del cambio climático de forma conjunta con el efecto del cambio de uso de suelo urbano. Para ello, se ha planteado una metodología de agregación de parámetros hidrológicos en superficies urbanas que se ha aplicado a la megaciudad de Bogotá, utilizando el modelo hidrológico TETIS y el modelo de cambios de uso de suelo LCM, bajo los escenarios oficiales de cambio climático vigentes en Colombia. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el análisis conjunto de cambio de uso de suelo y cambio climático proporciona herramientas valiosas para comprender el comportamiento hidrológico de la cuenca en la que se sitúan las megaciudades y predecir su evolución futura. En el caso de la megaciudad de Bogotá se ha obser-vado que el mayor efecto en las componentes del ciclo hidrológico se produce por el cambio de usos de suelo, el cual se ve incrementado por las acciones inducidas por el cambio climático. La utilización de modelos numéricos que consideren todos estos aspectos es de especial relevancia a la hora de definir los planes, políti-cas y programas de desarrollo en entornos densamente urbanizados. / [CA] Actualment, el 54% de la població mundial viu a ciutats i s'espera que el 2050 aquest percentatge augmenti al 68% (UNDESA, 2019). Una part important d'a-questa població urbana es concentra en megaciutats, definides com a àrees urba-nes amb més de 10 milions d'habitants. A Amèrica Llatina, les principals mega-ciutats són Sao Paulo i Ciutat de Mèxic, amb més de 20 milions d'habitants a cadascuna. Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima i Bogotá són megaciutats encara en desenvolupament (Cepal, 2013). Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu identificar i analitzar els impactes que la dinàmica de creixement urbà d'una megaciutat indueix sobre el comportament dels components del cicle hidrològic. La investigació desenvolupada incorpora l'efecte del canvi climàtic de forma conjunta amb l'efecte del canvi d'ús de sòl urbà. Per això, s'ha plantejat una metodologia d'agregació de paràmetres hidrolò-gics en superfícies urbanes que s'ha aplicat a la megaciutat de Bogotà, utilitzant el model hidrològic TETIS i el model de canvis d'ús de sòl LCM, sota els escenaris oficials de canvi climàtic vigents a Colòmbia. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que l'anàlisi conjunta de canvi d'ús de sòl i canvi climàtic proporciona eines valuoses per comprendre el comportament hidrològic de la conca on se situen les megaciutats i predir-ne l'evolució futura. En el cas de la megaciutat de Bogotà s'ha observat que l'efecte més gran en les components del cicle hidrològic es produeix pel canvi d'usos de sòl, el qual es veu incrementat per les accions induïdes pel canvi climàtic. La utilització de models numèrics que considerin tots aquests aspectes és especialment rellevant a l'hora de definir els plans, polítiques i programes de desenvolupament en entorns densament urbanit-zats / [EN] Currently 54% of the world population lives in cities and it is expected that by 2050 this percentage will increase to 68% (UNDESA, 2019). An important part of this urban population is concentrated in megacities, defined as urban areas with more than 10 million inhabitants. In Latin America, the main megacities are Sao Paulo and Mexico City, with more than 20 million inhabitants. Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and Bogotá are megacities still in development (Cepal, 2013). This doctoral thesis aims to identify and analyse the impacts that the dynamics of urban growth of a megacity induce on the behaviour of of the hydrological cycle components. The research carried out incorporates the effect of climate change together with the effect of urban land use change. To do this, a methodology for aggregating hydrological parameters in urban areas has been proposed. This methodology has been applied to the megacity of Bogotá, using the TETIS hydro-logical model and the LCM land use change model, under the official climate change scenarios in force in Colombia. Results obtained show that the joint analysis of land use change and climate change provides valuable tools to understand the hydrological behaviour of the basin in which the megacities are located and predict their future evolution. In the case of the megacity of Bogotá, it has been observed that the greatest effect on the components of the hydrological cycle is produced by the land use change, which is increased by the actions induced by climate change. The use of numeri-cal models that consider all these aspects is of special relevance when defining development plans, policies and programs in densely urbanized environments. / Romero Hernández, CP. (2022). Análisis del impacto del crecimiento de las megaciudades sobre el ciclo hidrológico bajo escenarios de cambio climático. Aplicación a la cuenca del río Bogotá (Colombia) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191025

Plants associated with the historical agricultural landscape are threatened. Land-use changes causing loss, fragmentation and degradation of semi-natural grassland habitats have resulted in many species becoming Red Listed. In addition, climate change favours generalist species, which risk outcompeting the specialist semi-natural grassland species. Conservation of small remnants of historical meadows and pastures left in landscapes has, on the other hand, proved to be of great importance for conservation of these species. A better understanding of how thespecies are affected by climate and land-use changes is essential for long-term and effective conservation plans and restoration measures. With this large-scale study, covering the whole of southern and central Sweden (ca 210000 km2), I investigated spatial variations in the number of retained semi-natural grassland species, and whether the proportion of retained distribution varies between species in different Red-List categories. Recently digitized data on the historical distribution of Swedish vascular plants made it possible to compare the historical and contemporary distributions of species on a large scale. Historical and current data of species distribution, climate and land use, and the presence of valuable grasslands were used to investigate the effects of changes in land use and climate on the species. Over 200 semi-natural grassland species were included in the analysis. The results showed that 34% of the seminatural grassland species in the study were Red Listed. There were spatial variations in retained distribution of species and the proportion of retained distribution varied between different Red-List categories. Species in the most critical category, CR had the lowestproportion retained distribution (median=0.39) and not Red Listed species the highest (median=0.95). The proportion of valuable semi-natural grasslands had a positive effect on retained distribution of species, while retention of open habitats had a negative effect, the lattercontradicting previous studies. Retention of species turned out not to be affected by climate change, which previous studies have suggested, but it was positively affected by a historically colder climate. The results of the study show the importance of preserving and restoring seminatural grasslands to reduce negative effects from other influencing factors, and that spatial differences in the effects are important to consider. The study underscores the need for more knowledge to understand the full impact of the threats that land-use change and climate change pose to these species. / Kärlväxter associerade till det historiska odlingslandskapet är hotade. Förändrad markanvändning med förlust, fragmentering och degradering av habitaten som resultat har lett till att ett stort antal av dessa arter numer är rödlistade. Dessutom hotas arterna ytterligare av klimatförändringar som gynnar generalistarter som då riskerar att konkurrera ut de mer specialiserade hävdgynnade gräsmarksarterna. Bevarandet av små kvarvarande ängs- och betesmarker har däremot visat sig ha stor betydelse för bevarandet av dessa arter. En ökad förståelse för hur arterna påverkas av förändringar i klimat och markanvändning är avgörande för långsiktiga och effektiva bevarandeplaner och restaureringsåtgärder. Med denna storskaliga studie över hela södra och mellersta Sverige undersöker jag spatiala variationer i antalet bevarade hävdgynnade gräsmarksarter, samt om andelen bibehållen utbredning varierar mellan arter i olika rödlistningskategorier. Nyligen digitaliserade data om svenska kärlväxters historiska utbredning gjorde det möjligt att jämföra arters historiska och nutida utbredning i stor skala. Historiska och aktuella data om arters utbredning, klimat och markanvändning, samt förekomsten av värdefulla gräsmarker användes för att undersöka effekterna av förändringar i markanvändning och klimat på hävdgynnade gräsmarksarter. Över 200 hävdgynnade gräsmarksarter inkluderades i analyserna. Resultaten visade att 34% av arterna i studien var rödlistade. Det fanns spatiala variationer i arternas bibehållna utbredningar och proportionen bibehållen utbredning varierade mellan olika rödlistningskategorier. Arter i den mest kritiska rödlistningskategorin CR hade lägst proportion bibehållen utbredning (median= 0,39), medan de ej rödlistade arterna den högsta (median=0,95). Proportionen värdefulla ängs- och betesmarker hade en positiv effekt på arters bevarade utbredning och bevarad öppen mark hade en negativ effekt, det senare i motsats till tidigare studiers resultat. Arternas bibehållna utbredning visade sig inte påverkats av klimatförändringarna, vilket tidigare studier visat på, ett historiskt kallare klimat hade däremot positiva effekter. Studiens resultat visar på vikten av att bevara och restaurera hävdpräglade marker för att minska negativa effekter från andra påverkansfaktorer och att spatiala skillnader i effekterna är viktiga att beakta. Studien understryker att mer kunskap behövs för att förstå de totala effekterna av de hot som förändrad markanvändning och klimatförändringar utgör för dessa arter.

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This volume contains the abstracts of participants of the seminar. / PROGRAM: The seminar consists both of scientific exchange and social events. Keynote speeches on integrated natural resources management, planning and landscape governance make up an essential part of the seminar, complemented by presentations of posters from the participants, an excursion to a landscape project and a role play with a landscape planning exercises. To underpin theory with valuable local practical experience, an exchange with practitioners from forestry and water management in the wider fringe of Kampala will take place. The seminar is designed to encourage interaction among participants and to facilitate the sharing and discussion of individual experiences and perspectives on the various topics. By this learning and generating insights shall be enabled, for upgrading the competencies of the participants and for improving strategies for natural resource management. Kindly find the detailed program schedule on the following pages.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mount Rungwe ecosystem (MRE) has unique mountain resources. Its biological, hydrological, economic and cultural endowments offer many development opportunities for Tanzania. Since the 1970s, the MRE has experienced change in land use and means of acquiring livelihoods, calling for scientific investigation into the extent, nature, and magnitude of land use changes and their implications for communities’ livelihoods. The aim of the study was to investigate the major changes in land use, to identify the drivers responsible for these changes and to establish the interrelationship between land use change and communities’ livelihoods in order to suggest desirable management options towards improving rural livelihoods and the ecological integrity of MRE. A research design that integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. The fieldwork involved six villages representative of three ecological zones and 384 respondents were interviewed. Information on the past and present land uses, policies, institutions and processes that have influenced and are influencing land use change in the area was obtained through questionnaires, interviews, field observation, and analysis of documents. Satellite imagery of 1973, 1986, 1991 and 2010 were analysed for spatial and temporal statistics on land use and change. The findings indicate that MRE is experiencing land conversions from one land use category to the other especially in villages of the highland zone. Government policies on the use of and access to forests, agricultural land and energy have contributed to the past and current land use changes. Demographic, cultural, economic and natural factors singly or cumulatively have also induced changes in land use in MRE. Most of the changes in land use were noted between 1991 and 2010. At the district level there was a significant decrease in natural vegetation, particularly bushland and woodland, and an increase in cultivated land. Intensification of agricultural land use was more in the villages of the highland zone than in the middleland and lowland zones. Villages of the lowland zone showed a decline of cultivated land area, particularly in the tree crops category, and a constant or declining trend of the natural vegetation coverage – especially grasslands and woodlands. To reduce unplanned farm expansions into areas of natural vegetation, it is recommended that the Ministry of Agriculture should re-emphasise intercropping practices and provide extension services targeting crops such as potatoes and bananas which are now commercialised. This would be a step towards improving agricultural land productivity and addressing local food security. The ministry of Energy and Minerals could finance the ongoing tree planting efforts by local communities and enhance the use of more efficient charcoal stoves so as not only to protect the remaining forests but also as a way of diversifying the communities’ livelihoods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mount Rungwe ekosisteem (MRE) het 'n unieke berggebaseerde hulpbronbasis. Sy biologiese, hidrologiese, ekonomiese en kulturele erfenis bied vele ontwikkelingsgeleenthede vir Tanzanië. Sedert die 1970s het die MRE verandering in grondgebruik ervaar wat implikasies inhou vir bestaanswyses van sy bewoners. Daarom vereis die veranderingsverskynsel wetenskaplike ondersoek na die omvang en aard van grondgebruikveranderinge en die implikasies daarvan vir gemeenskappe se lewensbestaan. Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die belangrikste veranderinge in grondgebruik en om die drywers verantwoordelik vir hierdie veranderinge te identifiseer en die onderlinge verband tussen die verandering in grondgebruik en gemeenskappe se lewensbestaan te identifiseer. Daaruit word wenslike bestuursopsies duidelik vir die verbetering van landelike bestaansmoontlikhede en die handhawing van ekologiese integriteit van die MRE. 'n Navorsingsontwerp wat beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benaderings integreer is gekies. Vir veldwerk is ses dorpe in drie ekologiese sones ondersoek en 384 respondente is ondervra. Inligting oor die grondgebruike, -veranderings, beleide, instellings en prosesse wat die gebied beïnvloed het, is verkry deur middel van vraelyste, onderhoude, veldwaarneming, en dokumentontleding. Satellietbeelde van 1973, 1986, 1991 en 2010 is ontleed vir ruimtelike en temporale patrone van grondgebruik en verandering. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die MRE grondgebruik-omskakeling van verskillende kategorieë na ander in veral die hooglandsone ervaar. Regeringsbeleid oor die gebruik en toegang tot natuurlike woude, landbougrond en energiebronne het bygedra tot hierdie grondgebruike en hul veranderinge. Demografiese, kulturele, ekonomiese en omgewingsfaktore, enkel of kumulatief, het ook tot die veranderinge bygedra. Die meeste van die veranderinge in grondgebruik is tussen 1991 en 2010 aangeteken. Op distriksvlak het byvoorbeeld natuurlike plantegroei, veral bosveld en woud, beduidend oor die studietydperk afgeneem, terwyl die bewerkte grondoppervlak sterk toegeneem het. Intensivering van landbougrondgebruik was meer intens in die dorpe van die hooglandsone in vergelyking met die middelland en laer sones. Dorpe van die laer sone het weer 'n afname van bewerkte grond, veral boomagtige gewasse, en 'n konstante of dalende tendens van die natuurlike plantegroei ervaar – veral gras- en bosveld. Om ongewenste plaasuitbreidings na gebiede van natuurlike plantegroei te voorkom, beveel die studie aan dat die landbouministerie weer klem plaas op praktyk vir tussenverbouing van gewasse en voorligtingsdienste voorsien vir die verbouing van gekommersialiseerde gewasse soos aartappels en piesangs. Dit sou die verbetering van die landbou-produktiwiteit en die verhoging van plaaslike voedselsekuriteit in die hand werk. Die energieministerie behoort origens deurlopende boomplant-aksies deur plaaslike gemeenskappe te stimuleer deur verskaffing van finansies en moet die gebruik van meer doeltreffende houtskool stowe aanmoedig. Dit sal die oorblywende woude help beskerm en is ook 'n manier om die gemeenskappe se lewensonderhoudstelsels te diversifiseer en te verbeter.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à élaborer un modèle d’équilibre général calculable adapté à l’analyse de la politique de soutien au biodiesel en France. Le gouvernement français a décidé récemment de supprimer l’exonération partielle de TICPE qui était jusqu’à présent la principale aide aux biocarburants de première génération. Cette mesure pourrait compromettre l’avenir de ce secteur en l’absence d’un nouveau système d’incitations. Notre modèle vise d’une part à mesurer les conséquences de ce changement réglementaire sur les différentes activités économiques; et d’autre part à évaluer les impacts d’un dispositif alternatif de soutien au biodiesel fondé sur un relèvement de la fiscalité sur le gazole. L’étude tient compte de la contribution des fluctuations du prix du pétrole à cet objectif. La matrice de comptabilité sociale servant de base empirique au modèle est fondée sur l’année de référence 2009. Elle comprend 3 facteurs de production, et 17 biens et secteurs d’activité. La désagrégation des secteurs agricoles et agroalimentaires fait apparaître la chaîne de production du biodiesel de manière détaillée. Le modèle intègre également des spécifications permettant de représenter le rôle des coproduits du biodiesel et les changements d’affectation des sols. Les résultats des simulations suggèrent que l’objectif d’incorporation de 10% à l’horizon 2020 requis par la directive européenne de 2009 pourrait être atteint par un relèvement de la TICPE sur le gazole à un niveau comparable à celui en vigueur sur le carburant essence. Cependant, les effets récessifs observés sur un certain nombre de variables conduisent à tempérer l’opportunité d’adopter une telle mesure. / The objective of this thesis is to build a computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of the public support policy to biodiesel in France. The French government has recently decided to remove the partial exemption from the excise tax on fuels that was until now the main support instrument to promote first-generation biofuels. This modification could affect the profitability of the biofuels’ and connected activities. In this context, our model aims on the one hand to quantifies the consequences of this policy change throughout the national economy; on the other hand, it assesses the impacts of an alternative support scheme based on higher taxes on conventional diesel. The study also takes into account the influence of oil price fluctuations in the analysis. The social accounting matrix (SAM) used as empirical basis is built on the 2009 reference year. It includes three production factors, and seventeen goods and activity sectors. The disaggregation of agricultural and agribusiness sectors emphasizes the whole biodiesel production chain. Energy substitution is reflected through multi-stages nested production and consumption structures. In line with recent studies, the model also specifies the role of biodiesel by-products in the livestock sector, and analyses the land use changes. Different scenarios are implemented to isolate the effects of changes in the support system. Results of simulations suggest that the 10% penetration rate targeted by the 2009 European directive by 2020 could be reached with taxes on diesel as high as on gasoline. However, recessive impacts observed in many sectors mitigate the opportunity to adopt such an alternative support policy.

The Amazon rainforest is considered the world\'s largest reservoir of plant and animal biodiversity, but in recent years has been subjected to high rates of deforestation for the conversion of native areas into agricultural fields and pasture. The understanding of the effects of land-use change on soil microbial communities is essential, taking into account the importance that these organisms play in the ecosystem. In this context, this thesis evaluated the effect of these changes on microorganism communities in soils under different land-use systems. In the first study, the microbial communities were analyzed using the nextgeneration sequencing Illumina Hiseq2000, considering samples from native forest, deforested area, agriculture and pasture. From the analysis of approximately 487 million sequences was possible to show that microbial communities respond differently in each landuse system, with changes in both taxonomic and functional diversity. Also, we suggested that ecosystem function in forest soils is maintained by the abundance of microorganisms, while in disturbed areas such functioning is maintained by high diversity and functional redundancy. In the second study, we assessed the extent to which a particular plant species, i.e. soybean, is able to select the microbial community that inhabits the rhizosphere. From the metagenomic sequencing by the 454 GS FLX Titanium platform we investigated the taxonomic and functional diversities of soil and rhizosphere communities associated to soybean, and also tested the validity of neutral and niche theories to explain rhizosphere community assembly process. The results suggest that soybean selects a specific microbial community inhabiting the rhizosphere based on functional traits, which may be related to benefits to the plant, such as growth promotion and nutrition. This process of selection follows largely the niche -based theory indicating the selection power of the plant and other environmental variables in shaping the microbial community both at the taxonomic and functional level. This thesis highlights the importance of microbial ecology studies in the context of the Amazon to a better understanding of the effects of deforestation on microorganisms, and provides information that can be suitable for future development of sustainable approaches for the ecosystem use / A floresta Amazônica é considerada o maior reservatório de biodiversidade vegetal e animal do mundo, porém, nos últimos anos tem sido submetida à altas taxas de desmatamento para a conversão de áreas de mata nativa em campos de agricultura e pastagem. A compreensão sobre os efeitos dessa mudança de uso da terra sobre as comunidades microbianas do solo é fundamental, levando-se em consideração a importância que esses organismos desempenham no ecossistema. Neste contexto, este trabalho de tese avaliou o efeito dessas mudanças sobre as comunidades de micro-organismos em solos sob diferentes sistemas de uso. No primeiro estudo, as comunidades microbianas foram analisadas por meio do sequenciamento de nova geração Illumina Hiseq2000, sendo consideradas amostras de áreas de floresta nativa, área desmatada, agricultura e pastagem. A partir da análise de aproximadamente 487 milhões de sequências foi possível mostrar que as comunidades microbianas respondem diferentemente em cada sistema de uso do solo, com alterações tanto na diversidade taxonômica quanto funcional. Também, sugere-se que o funcionamento do ecossistema em solos de floresta é mantido pela abundância dos micro-organismos presentes, enquanto nas áreas alteradas esse funcionamento é mantido pela alta diversidade e redundância funcional. No segundo estudo foi avaliado até que ponto uma espécie de planta, i.e. soja, é capaz de selecionar a comunidade habitante de sua rizosfera. A partir do sequenciamento metagenômico pela plataforma 454 GS FLX Titanium da Roche foi investigado a diversidade taxonômica e funcional das comunidades de solo e rizosfera associadas à soja, e testou-se a validade das teorias neutras e de nicho para explicar o processo de formação das comunidades microbianas. Os resultados sugerem que a soja seleciona uma comunidade específica que habita sua rizosfera com base em atributos funcionais, os quais podem estar relacionados com benefícios à planta, como promoção do crescimento e nutrição. Esse processo de seleção segue a teoria de nicho, indicando o poder de seleção da planta e de outras variáveis ambientais em moldar as comunidades microbianas tanto de forma taxonômica quanto funcional. Esta tese destaca a importância de estudos em ecologia microbiana no contexto da Amazônia para uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos do desmatamento sobre os microrganismos e disponibiliza informações que podem ser futuramente utilizados para o desenvolvimento de metodologias mais sustentáveis para o uso do ecossistema

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-23T15:19:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TiagoClossDeMarchi.pdf: 3447572 bytes, checksum: 384491c29d57ca52c59ea0cda6879c8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T15:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TiagoClossDeMarchi.pdf: 3447572 bytes, checksum: 384491c29d57ca52c59ea0cda6879c8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A mudança do uso da terra decorrente de atividades agrícolas provoca uma modificação na paisagem que leva à criação de fragmentos florestais isolados que se mantém imersos em uma matriz que pode apresentar uma maior ou menor agressividade de acordo com o seu uso. Este estudo foi realizado em duas fazendas vizinhas localizadas no município de Eldorado do Sul, RS. A Fazenda Terra Dura, pertence à empresa Celulose Riograndense S/A e a maior parte da área é utilizada para a monocultura de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.). Os remanescentes de floresta nativa estão exclusivamente associados aos diversos cursos d’água que cruzam a área e cercados pelo plantio de eucalipto de diversas idades e estágios de produção. A área é utilizada para o plantio de eucalipto há cerca de 30 anos e há 20 foi isolada do gado. A Fazenda Eldorado destina-se à criação extensiva de gado e sua cobertura vegetal é caracterizada por um predomínio de campo com fragmentos de florestas ripárias que o gado utiliza como local de pastejo e desedentação. Em cada uma das dez áreas selecionadas foram alocados dois transectos paralelos ao curso d’água a 20 metros de distância um do outro nos quais foram aleatorizadas cinco unidades amostrais de 10 x 10m para amostragem do componente arbóreo dos fragmentos. Em cada unidade amostral foram registradas a circunferência de todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito maior ou igual a 5 cm (DAP ≥ 5cm). O componente juvenil foi amostrado em unidades amostrais de 5 x 5m concêntricas em cada parcela de 10 x 10m, onde foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com mais de um metro de altura e com menos de 5 cm de diâmetro e estimou-se sua altura total e seu diâmetro à altura do solo (DAS). A densidade e composição do estrato herbáceo foi amostrada em parcelas de 1 x 1 m concêntricas às unidades amostrais de 5 x 5 m. Nestas unidades amostrais foi removida toda vegetação de até 1 m de altura e identificadas taxonômicamente as espécies e separadas em formas de vida (árvore, arbusto, erva, gramíneas, pteridófita, trepadeiras, epífitos). Para avaliação do sub-bosque nos plantios de eucalipto foram selecionados quatro talhões onde foram alocados três transectos de 100 m de comprimento em diferentes distâncias da borda (5, 25 e 50 m) e dois transectos (5 e 25 m) para o interior da mata ciliar. Em cada transecto foram sorteadas cinco unidades amostrais de 5 x 5 m e amostrados todos os indivíduos juvenis utilizando os mesmos critérios anteriormente citados para este estrato. Nos fragmentos adjacentes aos plantios de eucalipto, foram encontradas 61 espécies para os adultos e 77 para os juvenis e o estoque de carbono estimado foi de 106 Mg.ha-1 para os indivíduos adultos e de 4,3 Mg.ha-1 para os herbáceos. Nas áreas com presença de gado foram amostradas 62 espécies para os adultos e 48 para juvenis, com um estoque de carbono de 85,5 Mg.ha-1 para adultos e 0,9 Mg.ha-1 para herbáceo. No sub-bosque dos plantios de eucalipto foram amostradas 32 espécies, sendo 16 exclusivas e 71 no interior da floresta ripária, com 55 exclusivas. Os resultados mostraram que florestas em pequenos fragmentos incorporados em plantações de eucalipto parecem ser melhor preservadas do que aqueles expostos à pecuária. Além disso, áreas com presença de gado apresentaram uma redução no estoque de carbono de 23,8% para o estrato arbóreo e de 79,4% no estrato herbáceo em relação às áreas sem a presença de gado. A plantação de eucalipto possui um importante papel, embora restrito devido ao curto período de corte das árvores, para a manutenção da diversidade de espécies de florestas nativas adjacentes em seu sub-bosque e podem atuar como uma catalizadoras da regeneração da vegetação nativa e na manutenção da diversidade local. / The change in land use due to agricultural activities causes a landscape change that leads to the creation of isolated forest fragments that remain embedded in a matrix that may present a greater or lesser aggressiveness according to their use. The environmental quality of this matrix can affect species composition and forest structure through several factors that impact the surrounding environment, but on the other hand, depending on its type, the array can act as an important source of biodiversity conservation. This study was conducted in two neighboring farms located in Eldorado do Sul, RS. Terra Dura Farm, owned by Celulose Riograndense S/A and most of the area is used for the monoculture of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.). The remnants of native forest are exclusively associated with the various streams that cross the area and surrounded by eucalyptus plantations of various ages and stages of production. The area is used for the planting of eucalyptus during 30 years. The cattle was isolated 20 years ago. Eldorado Farm is intended for extensive cattle ranching and its vegetation is characterized by a predominance of field with fragments of riparian forests that livestock use for grazing. We survey ten riparian fragments, five in each farm, were allocated two transects parallel to the stream to 20 m away from each other in which five were randomized plots of 10 x 10 m sampling of the tree component of the fragments. In each sampling unit circumference were recorded for all individuals with diameter at breast height greater than or equal to 5 cm (DBH ≥ 5 cm). The juvenile component was sampled in 5 x 5 m plots concentric in each plot of 10 x 10 m was sampled all individuals with more than one meter in height and less than 5 cm in diameter and estimated its total height, and its diameter at ground level (DAS). The density and composition of the herbaceous layer was sampled in plots of 1 x 1 m plots of concentric to 5 x 5 m. In these sample units of all vegetation was removed up to 1 m high, which were taxonomically identified and separated in life forms (tree, shrub, herb, grass, fern, lianes and epiphytes). To evaluate the understory in the eucalyptus plantations were selected four plots were allocated three transects of 100 m length at different distances from the edge (5, 25 and 50 m) and two transects (5 and 25 m) into the riparian vegetation. In each transect were randomly selected five samples of 5 x 5 m and sampled all juveniles using the same criteria previously cited for this stratum. In fragments adjacent to eucalyptus plantations, 61 species were found for adults and 77 for juveniles and the estimated carbon storage was 106 Mg.ha-1 for adults and 4.3 Mg.ha-1 for the herbs. In areas with presence of cattle were sampled for 62 adults and 48 for juveniles, with a carbon stock of 85.5 Mg.ha-1 for adults and 0.9 Mg.ha-1 for herbaceous. In the understory of the eucalyptus plantations were found 32 species, with 16 exclusive and 71 within the riparian forest, with 55 exclusive. Our results showed that in small forest fragments embedded in eucalypt plantations seem to be better preserved than those exposed to livestock. In addition, areas with the presence of cattle showed a reduction in carbon stock of 23.8% for the upper stratum and 79.4% in the herbaceous layer compared to areas without the presence of livestock and the planting of eucalyptus has an important role, although limited, due to shortcut the trees for the maintenance of species diversity of native forest adjacent to their understory and can act as a catalyst of the regeneration of native vegetation and maintenance of local diversity.

A Mata Atlântica sofreu e ainda sofre forte pressão antrópica. Atualmente, ocupa no Estado de São Paulo o equivalente a 15% de sua cobertura original. O rio Paraíba do Sul é um dos mais importantes rios da Floresta Atlântica, localizado na região mais desenvolvida do país. Há uma falta de investigações aprofundadas sobre a estruturação e o funcionamento desse rio e de outros rios localizados nessa floresta, como rios de 1ª ordem, que são extremamente importantes, pois conseguem conectar o ambiente terrestre com os rios maiores. Assim, esse trabalho objetivou investigar a distribuição de C e N e outras variáveis físico-químicas nos principais rios localizados na Bacia do Alto Paraíba do Sul: o Rio Paraíba do Sul (RPS) e seus formadores, os rios Paraibuna (RPB) e Paraitinga (RPT), além de investigar a composição química de pequenos rios localizados nas áreas preservadas da Mata Atlântica, comparando-os com os rios de 3ª ordem, e também verificar como a conversão de floresta a pastagem afeta a distribuição de carbono e nitrogênio nesses riachos. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de água durante fevereiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, onde foram verificados os valores de pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura, além da determinação das concentrações de nitrogênio dissolvido total, nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido, nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido, nitrato, amônio, carbono orgânico dissolvido e carbono inorgânico dissolvido. Foi amostrado, também o material particulado em suspensão nos rios de 3ª ordem e o sedimento de fundo em alguns desses rios, onde foram realizadas análises de ?13C e ?15N, conteúdos de C e N e relação C:N. Quase a totalidade das amostras de amônio apresentaram concentrações abaixo do limite de detecção. Os resultados encontrados mostram diferenças estatísticas entre o rio Paraibuna e os rios Paraitinga e Paraíba do Sul, no que se refere aos valores de condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, nitrato, nitrogênio dissolvido total e carbono inorgânico dissolvido. Esses rios apresentaram valores de nitrato, nitrogênio inorgânico, nitrogênio orgânico, nitrogênio dissolvido total, carbono inorgânico dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura diferentes dos rios de 1ª ordem. Entre rios de floresta e pastagem as variáveis carbono inorgânico dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e temperatura foram diferentes. Esses resultados sugerem que o rio Paraibuna difere-se dos outros rios de 3ª ordem, provavelmente porque 55% da área total de sua bacia é ocupada por floresta, enquanto os rios Paraitinga e Paraíba do Sul apresentam grande parte de suas bacias ocupada por pastagem, 57% e 42%, respectivamente. Entretanto, esses rios não apresentam características de rios extremamente alterados, como é o caso de outros rios do estado de São Paulo, localizados em áreas urbanas ou de cana-de-açúcar, que são muito mais impactantes que pastagens. Tanto os rios de 3ª ordem quanto os rios de 1ª ordem apresentam pastagens subutilizadas e que não recebem fertilizantes ou insumos, fazendo, dessa maneira, com que os rios de pastagem não apresentem características tão diferentes dos rios de floresta / The Atlantic Forest suffered and continues suffering anthropogenic pressure. Nowadays, it occupies 15% of its original coverage in the state of São Paulo. The Paraíba do Sul River is one of the most important rivers of the Atlantic Forest, located in the most developed region of the country. There is a lack of deeper studies of the structure and functioning of this and other rivers of this forest, as first order rivers, that are extremely important, because they can connect terrestrial environment to larger rivers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the distribution of C and N and other physicochemical variables of the main rivers located at the Alto Paraíba do Sul Basin: the Paraíba do Sul River (RPS) an its formers, the Paraibuna (RPB) and Paraitinga (RPT) rivers, also investigating the chemical composition of small rivers located in preserved areas of Atlantic Forest, comparing them with third order rivers, and also focused on the verification of how the conversion of forest to pasture affects the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in these streams. Monthly samples of water were taken from February 2012 to January 2013, for verification of pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and temperature values, plus the determination of total dissolved nitrogen, inorganic dissolved nitrogen, organic dissolved nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, organic dissolved carbon and inorganic dissolved carbon concentrations. Suspended particulate material of the 3rd order rivers and their bottom sediment were sampled, for determination of ?13C, ?15N and C and N content, besides the C:N ratio. The majority of ammonium samples presented concentrations below detection limit. The results show significant statistical differences between the Paraibuna and the Paraitinga and Paraiba do Sul rivers, concerning the values of electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrate, total dissolved nitrogen and inorganic dissolved carbon. These 3rd order rivers presented nitrate, inorganic nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, plus pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and temperature values different from 1st order rivers. Among the forest and pasture rivers the dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, electrical conductivity and temperature values were different. The results suggest that the Paraibuna River differs from the other two 3rd order rivers, probably because 55% of its total basin area is covered with forest, while the Paraitinga and Paraiba do Sul rivers present a great part of their basin area occupied with pastures, 57% and 42%, respectively. Nevertheless, these rivers did not present characteristics of extremely altered rivers, which is the reality of other rivers of the State of São Paulo, located in urban or sugar cane crop areas, which can cause much more impacts to rivers than pasture. The 3rd and 1st order rivers present sub utilized pasture that do not receive fertilizers, thereby, being the probable cause why pasture rivers are not so different from the forest rivers