The structural design engineer normally considers the soil element that supports foundation of a building behaves as a undeformable solid remains unchanged after application of the load over time. The practice in the design of foundations but indicates that the soil when subjected to loading of a building, it deforms and causes a disturbance in the structure. This phenomenon is called soil-structure interaction and had their computed for metal shed arch truss metallic circular effects. Changes in stresses and strains in the joints of the metal structure and displacements recorded on their joints were studied. The normal stress on the footing-soil interface and displacements occurred were also the object of the study. The procedure compared the solution using immovable supports with hypothesis admitting footing of various sizes by computing the effects of Soil-Structure Interaction. To obtain the results was performed a numerical modeling using finite element method using SAP 2000® software. The results confirmed that the initial estimate was that, even with small dimensions footings supporting large loads resulting from eccentricity moments and still involved only compressive stresses on the soil-footing interface. / O engenheiro projetista de estruturas normalmente considera que o solo, elemento que suporta as fundações de uma edificação, comporta-se como sendo um maciço indeformável permanecendo inalterado após a aplicação do carregamento ao longo do tempo. A prática no projeto de fundações indica porém que o solo quando submetido ao carregamento de uma edificação se deforma e com isso provoca uma perturbação na estrutura. Este fenômeno é denominado Interação Solo-Estrutura e teve os seus efeitos computados para um Galpão Metálico Treliçado em Arco Metálico Circular. Foram estudadas as alterações dos esforços e tensões nas hastes da estrutura metálica e os deslocamentos verificados nos seus nós. As tensões normais na interface sapata-solo e os deslocamentos ocorridos também foram objeto do estudo. O procedimento comparou a solução utilizando apoios indeslocáveis com as hipóteses admitindo sapatas de várias dimensões computando-se os efeitos da Interação Solo-Estrutura. Para a obtenção dos resultados foi efetuada uma modelagem numérica utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos através do software SAP 2000®. Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a estimativa inicial que era a de que, mesmo sapatas com pequenas dimensões suportando grandes excentricidades decorrentes de cargas e momentos ainda assim trabalhavam apenas com tensões de compressão na interface sapata-solo.

No Abstract / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

by Vera Hau Tsz Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-236). / ABSTRACT --- p.i-ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii-iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v-ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / LIST OF PLATES --- p.xi-xiii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv-xvi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Role of GIS in Housing Price Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodologies --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Geography of Housing --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Housing as a Research Question --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Housing Services and Housing Price --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5 --- Property Price Valuation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6 --- Hedonic Price Function --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Dependent Variable - Property Price --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Independent Variables Affecting Housing Price --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- Aspatial Factors --- p.17 / Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Spatial Factors --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Evaluation on Importance of Parameters --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7 --- Functional Form of Hedonic Price Models --- p.33 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Conventional Specifications --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Box-Cox Transformation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Conventional Specifications versus Box-Cox Transformation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.8 --- Submarket Analysis and its Delineation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.9 --- Geographic Information Systems --- p.39 / Chapter 2.10 --- GIS in Real Estate --- p.39 / Chapter 2.11 --- Present Adoption of GIS in Real Estate --- p.42 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- Commercial Applications --- p.42 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Research-wise Applications --- p.43 / Chapter 2.12 --- Hedonic Price Study with GIS --- p.43 / Chapter 2.13 --- Conclusion --- p.45 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2 --- Real Estate Sector in Hong Kong --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Importance to Local Economy --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Importance to Housing Production --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- Urban Development and Housing in Hong Kong --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Land Availability and Landuses --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Housing and Urban Development --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Early Period of Industrialization --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Phase of Economic Restructuring --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Urban Renewal --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comprehensive Housing Projects --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- New Town Housing - Public or Private-Led --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5 --- Hedonic Price of Private Dormitory in Hong Kong --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Temporal Change in Property Price --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Spatial Variation of Property Price --- p.66 / Chapter 3.6 --- The Research --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cartographic Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Hedonic Price Model --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Dependent Variable --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Independent Variables --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Chosen Functional Form in this Research --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.6 --- Submarket Analysis in Hong Kong --- p.72 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DATABASE CONSTRUCTIONS --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Data Collection --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Base Maps --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Housing Stock and its Attributes --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Official Statistics --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- School Quality --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data Input --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Graphical Input --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Base Maps --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Line Data --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Point/Polygon Data --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Attribute Data Input --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data Editing and Conversions --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Graphical Input --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Standard Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Specific Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Attribute Data --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Housing Attributes --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Landuse Mix --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Socioeconomic Status --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Employment Figures --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5 --- Data Pre-processing and Manipulation --- p.93 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Employment Potentials --- p.93 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Socioeconomic Variables --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Interpretation --- p.97 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- School Quality --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Proximity Measurements --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Final Step of Association : Overlay Operations --- p.110 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- Representation of Data --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Location of Premises --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Proximity --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- School Quality --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Landuse Mix --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Employment --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Property Price --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussions --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal Variation on Housing Supply --- p.143 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Temporal Variation on Floor Size --- p.145 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Temporal Variation on Property Price --- p.148 / Chapter 5.4 --- Locational Variations --- p.150 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Shift towards the New Towns --- p.150 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Relative Importance among Districts in New Towns --- p.154 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Pattern of Development --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Urban Core --- p.158 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- New Towns --- p.161 / Chapter 5.5 --- Spatial Variations on Floor Size --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Spatial Variations on Property Price --- p.176 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.181 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS --- p.183 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.183 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Data Set --- p.183 / Chapter 6.3 --- Stepwise Regression Modeling --- p.184 / Chapter 6.4 --- Correlation among Variables --- p.184 / Chapter 6.5 --- Validation of the Models --- p.186 / Chapter 6.6 --- Findings --- p.193 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- Pooled Market Results --- p.193 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- Submarket Level Analyses --- p.198 / Chapter 6.6.2.1 --- "Small-Sized, Low-Priced Flats " --- p.200 / Chapter 6.6.2.2 --- "Small-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.203 / Chapter 6.6.2.3 --- "Medium-Sized, Low-Priced Flats " --- p.206 / Chapter 6.6.2.4 --- "Medium-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.210 / Chapter 6.6.2.5 --- "Large-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.213 / Chapter 6.7 --- Conclusion --- p.213 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.217 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.217 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Summary on Housing Development in Hong Kong…… --- p.217 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Summary from Hedonic Price Models --- p.220 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Significance of GIS --- p.222 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations and Recommendations --- p.222 / Chapter 7.3 --- Direction of Future Research --- p.226 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.227 / APPENDICES --- p.237 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.238 / District Map of Hong Kong --- p.239 / APPENDIX II --- p.240 / List of Districts and its Components --- p.241 / APPENDIX III --- p.243 / Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs) - District Conversion List --- p.244

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multifaceted land degradation problem and its associated manifold impacts have attracted research from different disciplines, resulting in varying definitions of the concept. However, most researchers agree that human intervention that deteriorates the state of the environment is the central element. Among the anthropogenic activities that exacerbate land degradation, land cover has been singled out as the salient element. Rapid and unplanned land cover changes are primary manifestations of this problem. UMhlathuze Municipality, the study area which has superior biodiversity richness, is one of fastest growing municipalities in South Africa and is the locale of significant land modifications in recent decades because of a variety of industrial and residential developments. Using Landsat TM imagery acquired for 1984, 1996 and 2004, this study mapped and quantified land cover change and manifestations of land degradation in the uMhlathuze Municipality in conjunction with settlement intensification computed from orthophotographs acquired for 1984 and 2004. Census population statistics were analysed as a reflection of population dynamics and further to gauge related causes of land cover change. Geographical information technology (GIT) was applied as an analytical tool. The results revealed the anthropogenic influences that led to changes in land cover over the 20- year period between 1984 and 2004. The dominant natural cover classes in 1984 declined continuously and human-dominated land categories had increased sharply by 2004. Much of grasslands, forest and wetlands were converted to monotypical agroforestry (sugar cane and forestry plantations), built-up settlement and mining. These changes engendered complete loss of biodiversity (floral and migration of fauna). Bare ground, signifying land degradation, was noticeable although it exhibited a fluctuating trend which could be attributable to differences between the various imagery used. Along with population growth, the area of settlements increased over the study period and spatially sprawled from urban areas. Settlements showed a fairly stable spatial configuration over the 20-year period, but became magnified in medium- and high-density areas. Grassland and wetlands occurring around Richards Bay, as well as indigenous forest near Port Durnford, were identified as critically threatened ecosystems. The proposed industrial development zone and port expansion were recognized as having adverse ecological implications for wetlands. The study concluded that significant land cover changes occurred in the form of natural land cover giving way to monotypical agroforestry, built-up settlements and mining - all to the detriment of pristine natural habitat. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veelvlakkige probleem van omgewingsdegradasie en die gepaardgaande veelsoortige impakte lok navorsing uit verskillende dissiplines, wat lei tot verskillende definisies van die konsep. Tog is die meeste navorsers dit eens dat menslike invloede die sentrale element is wat die toestand van die omgewing verswak. Van die vele menslike aktiwiteite is grondgebruikverandering uitgesonder as die belangrikste beïnvloeder van agteruitgang van die omgewing. Veral vinnige en onbeplande grondgebruikveranderinge verteenwoordig die primêre manifestasies van hierdie probleem. UMhlathuze Munisipaliteit, die studiegebied met 'n hoë biodiversiteitsrykdom, is een van die vinnigste groeiende munisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika, waar 'n verskeidenheid nywerheids- en residensiële ontwikkelings beduidende grondgebruikverandering oor die afgelope dekades dryf. Met behulp van Landsat TM beelde van 1984, 1996 en 2004, is hierdie studiegebied gekarteer en oppervlaktes gekwantifiseer om grondgebruikverandering en verwante manifestasies van die agteruitgang van landbedekking in die uMhlathuze Munisipaliteit te konstateer. Tesame hiermee is die verdigting van nedersettings ook met behulp van ortofoto’s van 1984 en 2004 aangeteken. Bevolkingsensusstatistieke is ontleed as weerspieëling van die gepaardgaande bevolkingsdinamika en om moontlike oorsake van verandering in grondbedekking te bepaal. Vir hierdie doel is geografiese inligtingstegnologie (GIT ) as analitiese instrument toegepas. Die resultate toon antropogeniese invloede lei tot veranderinge in grondbedekking oor die tydperk van 20 jaar tussen 1984 en 2004. Die dominante natuurlike dekkingsklasse in 1984 het voortdurend verminder en menslik-gedomineerde kategorieë het teen 2004 skerp gestyg. Baie van die grasvelde, woude en vleilande is daadwerklik omskep tot monotipiese agro-bosbou (suikerrieten bosbouplantasies), beboude nedersetting en mynbou. Hierdie veranderinge behels 'n volledige verlies van biodiversiteit (plantegroei en migrasie van fauna). Kaalgrond, wat dui op die agteruitgang van grondbedekking, was ook opvallend, hoewel dit 'n wisselende tendens toon wat ook kan wees as gevolg van die verskille tussen die beeldmateriaal wat gebruik is. Saam met die groei van die bevolking is bevind dat nedersettings oor die studieperiode toegeneem het en in tipiese spreipatrone weg van die stedelike gebiede uitbrei. Nedersettings het 'n redelik stabiele ruimtelike liggingsopset oor die tydperk van 20 jaar getoon, maar het in medium- en hoë- digtheid gebiedeverdeel. Die voorkoms van grasveld en vleiland rondom Richardsbaai, asook inheemse woud naby Port Durnford, is geïdentifiseer as krities-bedreigde ekosisteme. Die voorgestelde nywerheidsontwikkelingsone en hawe-uitbreiding is geïdentifiseer as ontwikkelings met nadelige ekologiese implikasies vir vleilande. Daar is dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beduidende voortgaande grondbedekkingveranderinge in die gebied voorkom, waarin natuurlike landdekking transformeer tot monotipiese agrobosbou, beboude nedersettings en mynbou - alles tot nadeel van die ongerepte natuurlike habitat.

Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The dissertation firstly outlines the findings of recent studies that have recorded the relationship between transport and economic development. This includes the assessment of a number of economic evaluation techniques that are available to predict the impact of improvements in transport on economic development. An historic overview is provided of the role that transport has played in the development of Cape Town. Due to the fact that the phases of development followed international development trends, it is concluded that development in Cape Town will follow the global trend. A number of economic growth scenarios are developed for Cape Town to assess how the City will be able to cope with the socio-demographic challenges facing it in the next century. The relationship between land price and the economic development potential of land is outlined, as are the factors that determine industrial land price, namely the demand and supply of industrial land. The process of determining the economic value of industrial land is described. This includes the collection and analysis of occupation rent of industrial townships in Cape Town, the calculation of property values and the calculation of the shadow price of land. A procedure of determining accessibility to industrial townships in Cape Town was developed. Firstly, accessibility was defined in broad terms. This was followed by a discussion of each of the elements of accessibility namely proximity, access and mobility in order to understand the factors that may impact on the level of accessibility. Finally, the level of accessibility is quantified in terms of generalised cost. A regression analysis was undertaken to establish a statistical relationship between the economic value of industrial land and accessibility to the industrial townships. The development of a numerical model was based on the regression analyses to forecast changes in industrial land price given a change in accessibility. The model was then tested on a case study. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (a) The accessibility of industrial land in Cape Town is linked closely to its CSD I Port (it was not possible to separate the CSD and the port), which is typical of a monocentric city structure. (b) There is a positive, significant, quantifiable relationship between accessibility as quantified by means of generalised cost and the economic value of industrial land, which was calculated by means of the shadow price technique. (c) There are a number of conditions that should be met for an increase in local industrial production potential to be translated into an equal amount of economic output. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proefskrif som eerstens die bevindings van onlangse studies op wat die verwantskap tussen vervoer en ekonomiese ontwikkeling dokumenteer. Dit sluit die taksering van 'n aantal ekonomiese evaluasietegnieke in wat beskikbaar is om die impak van vervoer op ekonomiese ontwikkeling te voorspel. 'n Historiese oorsig word verskaf van die rol wat vervoer gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van Kaapstad. As gevolg van die feit dat die fases van ontwikkeling in die verlede internasionale ontwikkelingstendense gevolg het, word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat Kaapstad die globalisasie markera, wat tans internasionaal gestalte kry, sal navolg. 'n Aantal ekonomiese groeiscenarios word vir Kaapstad ontwikkel ten einde te bepaal hoe die stad die sosiodemografiese uitdagings van die volgende eeu sal hanteer. Die verwantskap tussen grondprys en die ekonomiese ontwikkelingspotensiaal van grond word omskryf, asook die faktore wat industriële grondprys bepaal. Die proses van die bepaling van die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond word beskryf. Dit sluit die insamel en analise van besettingshuurdata van industriële dorpsgebiede, die berekening van eiendomswaarde en die berekening van die skaduprys van grond in. 'n Prosedure is ontwikkel vir die berekening van die toeganklikheid van industriële dorpsgebiede in Kaapstad. Eerstens is toeganklikheid in breë trekke gedefinieër. Dit is gevolg deur 'n bespreking van elk van die elemente van toeganklikheid, naamlik nabyheid, aansluiting en mobiliteit ten einde die faktore wat op die vlak van toeganklikheid mag impakteer te verstaan. Laastens is die vlak van toeganklikheid gekwantifiseer in terme van veralgemeende vervoerkoste. 'n Regressie-analise is onderneem ten einde die statistiese verwantskap tussen die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond en toeganklikheid na industriële dorpsgebiede te bepaal. Die ontwikkeling van 'n numeriese model is op die regressie-analise gebaseer ten einde veranderinge in industriële grondpryse te voorspel, gegewe 'n verandering in toeganklikheid. Die model is op 'n gevallestudie toegepas. Die vernaamste gevolgtrekkings van die studie is : (a) Die toeganklikheid van industriële grond in Kaapstad is nou gekoppel aan die sentrale sakekern I hawe (dit was nie moontlik om die sentrale sakekern en hawe te skei nie), wat tipies is van n monosentriese staduitleg. (b) Daar is n noemenswaardige positiewe kwantifiseerbare verwantskap tussen toeganklikheid, soos gekwantifiseer in terme van veralgemeende koste, en die ekonomiese waarde van industriële grond wat deur middel van die skaduprystegniek bereken is. (c) Daar is 'n aantal voorwaardes waaraan voldoen moet word alvorens 'n toename in plaaslike industriële produksiepotensiaal tot 'n soortgelyke toename in ekonomiese ontwikelingspotensiaal sal lei.

The Florida land boom was an orgy of real estate speculation and development that swept the state during the period 1924 through 1926. The few books and articles that deal with that event rarely mention Jacksonville, although it was Florida's largest city and its chief commercial and transportation center. This could lead one to the conclusion that the North Florida city did not become caught up in the boom. Yet scattered throughout the Jacksonville area are the remains of a number of real estate projects that date from that period. Therefore, this thesis examines the effects of the boom on greater Jacksonville during the 1920s. During the years immediately following World War I, Jacksonville's leaders concentrated on expansion of industry and commerce to promote their city's growth, rather than building tourism. Jacksonville had not been a major winter resort since the building of railroads southward in the late 1800s, and this made the North Florida city different than its downstate rivals. The increasing prosperity of the 1920s brought growing numbers of tourists, new residents, and land speculators to resort centers in South and Central Florida, but few to Jacksonville. As interest in Florida grew, the expanding numbers of land buyers created a frenzy of real estate sales and development downstate. The most immediate effect of the boom for Jacksonville was tremendous expansion of the city's industries, as they provisioned the state. However, many local residents became interested in syphoning off some of the tourists and land buyers for their own community. This resulted in civic promotion of Jacksonville as a resort, and the construction of a number of new real estate projects primarily for winter residents, including San Jose, Venetia, Florida Beach, and San Marco. Local expansion of business and real estate also resulted in the construction of several major buildings in downtown Jacksonville. Early in 1926, real estate prices broke downstate and many of the speculators and other newcomers went home. This created a statewide economic decline during the late 1920s that resulted in the failure of many real estate developments throughout Florida, including some in greater Jacksonville. With its extensive commercial and transportation complex, however, the North Florida city fared better than its tourist-dependent rivals downstate. Throughout the late 1920s, percentages of economic decline for Jacksonville were much smaller than in cities such as Miami and St. Petersburg.

"June 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 346-352) Investigates technical and cultural issues in using three dimensional computer visualisation modelling in a busy Australian city planning office, the local Council of the City of Adelaide, taking two directions: a modelling approach that emphasizes abstract, quick to create 3D models; and, by examining the social and organizational issues. This dual view paints a broader picture of the potential of 3D modelling within planning practice including the impediments and possible solutions to them.

"June 2001." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 346-352) / vii, 428 leaves : ill., plates (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates technical and cultural issues in using three dimensional computer visualisation modelling in a busy Australian city planning office, the local Council of the City of Adelaide, taking two directions: a modelling approach that emphasizes abstract, quick to create 3D models; and, by examining the social and organizational issues. This dual view paints a broader picture of the potential of 3D modelling within planning practice including the impediments and possible solutions to them. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 2002

"June 2001." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 346-352) / vii, 428 leaves : ill., plates (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates technical and cultural issues in using three dimensional computer visualisation modelling in a busy Australian city planning office, the local Council of the City of Adelaide, taking two directions: a modelling approach that emphasizes abstract, quick to create 3D models; and, by examining the social and organizational issues. This dual view paints a broader picture of the potential of 3D modelling within planning practice including the impediments and possible solutions to them. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 2002

CNPq; CAPES; / Cinquenta por cento da população mundial vive em cidades, e a expectativa para 2050 é de que essa porcentagem chegue a 70% (WHO, 2014). As cidades consomem 75% dos recursos naturais e de energia do mundo, e geram 80% dos gases-estufa responsáveis pelo efeito estufa; considerando que, ocupam apenas 2% do território mundial (Signori, 2008). As cidades são também o palco de grande parte dos problemas ambientais globais (Gomes, 2009), e é no contexto urbano onde a dimensão social, econômica e ambiental convergem mais intensamente (European Commission, 2007). Esse crescimento populacional, tem influências sociais, econômicas e ambientais que representam um grande desafio para o desenvolvimento sustentável do planejamento urbano. Os conceitos de sistemas de informação geográfica, cidades inteligentes, dados abertos, algoritmos de clusterização e visualização de dados, permitem entender diversas questões em relação a atividade urbana nas cidades. Em particular, se torna importante a variável “onde”: onde existe tráfego e quais são os horários mais frequentes; onde é necessário realizar modelagem de espera residencial, comercial e industrial de acordo com o crescimento populacional para o plano de uso da terra; quais são os tipos de negócios que mais cresceram em cada bairro e qual é a relação entre eles. Para este fim, esta dissertação apresenta um sistema web-mobile que permite entender o crescimento espaço-temporal e econômico dos alvarás de restaurantes dos bairros Centro, Batel e Tatuquara da cidade de Curitiba nas últimas três décadas (1980 até 2015), realizando clusterização e visualização de uma grande quantidade de dados abertos georreferenciados. Em termos de resultados alcançados destacam-se: 1) capacidade de resolver problemas computacionais de sobreposição de pontos sobre um mapa, 2) capacidade de entender o crescimento econômico dos alvarás e qual é a relação entre as diversas categorias e entre os bairros, 3) tempo de execução inferior a 3 segundos para 99% das consultas espaciais executadas, 4) 80,8% dos usuários em fase de avaliação consideram que a solução proposta permite uma melhor identificação e visualização de dados georreferenciados, e 5) possibilita a integração de novas fontes e tipos de dados. / Fifty percent of the world's population live in cities, and the expectation until 2050 is that it reaches 70% (WHO, 2014). Cities consume 75% of the world's natural resources and energy, and generate 80% of greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, considering that they occupy only 2% of the world's territory (Signori, 2008). Cities are also the scene of most of the global environmental problems (Gomes, 2009), and it is in the urban context where the social, economic and environmental dimension converge more intensely (European Commission, 2007). This population growth has social, economic and environmental influences that represent a great challenge for the sustainable development of urban planning. The concepts of geographic information systems, smart cities, open data, clustering and data visualization algorithms allow us to understand several questions regarding urban activity in cities, especially, understand the variable "where" things happen. For example: where there is traffic and what time is the most frequent, where it is necessary to perform residential, commercial, industrial standby modeling according to population growth for the land use plan, what are the types of businesses that grew the most in each neighborhood and what is the relationship between them. For this purpose, the following thesis presents a web-mobile system that allows us to understand the spatiotemporal and economic growth of the restaurant licenses of districts Centro, Batel and Tatuquara of Curitiba for the last three decades, performing clustering and visualization of a large amount of open georeferenced data. In terms of achieved results, we can highlight: 1) ability to solve computational problems of overlapping points representing business on a map, 2) ability to understand the economic growth of restaurants licences and what is the relationship between different categories and between districts, 3) execution time less than 3 seconds for 99% of the spatial queries executed, 4) 80.8% of users in evaluation phase consider that the proposed solution allows a better identification and visualization of georeferenced data, and 5) it allows the integration of new sources and types of data.