Denna uppsats studerar Karl Fredrik Nordströms (1855–1923) konstnärliga relation till ön Tjörn på den svenska västkusten med särskilt fokus på åren kring 1910. Nordström återkom ständigt i sina landskapsmålningar till Tjörn och prövade sig fram genom olika konstinriktningar som impressionism, syntetism, symbolism och nationalromantik. Genom bildanalys av tre verk, observationer samt källforskning finner jag att Nordström under lång tid sökte efter att återge Tjörn på ett nöjaktigt sätt, men att först efter att ha funnit sin egen konstnärliga process, ett konstnärligt uttryck, och var fri från omvärldens krav, lyckades han i sin föresats. / This paper studies the artist Karl Nordström's (1855-1925) artistic relation to the Swedish island Tjörn with a specific emphasis on the years around 1910. Norsdstöm repeatedly returned to Tjörn for inspiration for his landscape portraits, practicing impressionism, synthetism, symbolism and national romantics. By analyzing three different paintings, by observations at Tjörn and by studying primary sources, I find that Nordström kept on trying to capture the nature at Tjörn, but it was only after he had found his own process and expression, and was freed from outside expectations, that he succeded.

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From the 1880s, a new type of designed green space appeared in the industrial landscape in England and the USA - the factory pleasure garden or park. At the same time, industrialists began to enhance their office and factory buildings with landscaping and planting, and some opened allotment gardens for the children of factory workers. The making of gardens and parks around or near office and factory buildings, designed by professionals, was driven by belief in the value of gardens and parks to recruitment and retention of staff, to industrial welfare, and to advertising, corporate identity and public relations. The thesis will show how industrialists appropriated the historical, cultural and metaphorical meanings of gardens in a bid to redefine industry as progressive and responsible and to shift the image of factory labour from unhealthy and exploitative to healthy, caring, respectable and sociable. The thesis will argue that companies employed landscape professionals to contribute to a positive image of industry and industrial development in the suburban or rural landscape, and to harmonise industry and nature. It will show how the factory gardens and parks supported numerous and varied opportunities for outdoor recreation that in some districts would not have been so readily accessible to working people, particularly to women and young people. The thesis will show how companies exploited the social and cultural capital of gardens and recreation space through photography, illustration and film for promotional purposes. It will suggest that although the sporting and other outdoor recreational opportunities at factories were likely to be beneficial to many, the greater value to companies of factory pleasure gardens was in advertising and public relations. The thesis will build on existing research that highlights the valuable contribution of industry to sports and recreation provision in this period. It will also suggest that industry had more influence on gardens and gardening than is currently understood.

A 1755 advert in the Gloucester Journal listed for sale, 'A MODERN-BUILT HOUSE, with four rooms on a floor, fit for a gentleman'. In the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 'gentlemen's houses' like the one described evolved as a cultural norm. This thesis offers a social and cultural reading of an under-studied group of small free-standing classical houses built in the west of England between 1680 and 1770. By developing a profile of eighty-one gentlemen's houses and one hundred and thirty-four builders and owners, this study unites subjects such as the history of architecture, landscapes, domestic interiors, objects and social development that are often treated separately. The design, spatial arrangement, and furnishings of gentlemen's houses precisely defined the position of their builders and owners in the social hierarchy. The 1720s marked an important shift in the location and meaning of building that corresponded to an alteration in the background of builders. Small classical houses moved from a relatively novel form of building for the gentry to a conventional choice made by newcomers often from commercial and professional backgrounds. Gentlemen's houses projected status in a range of settings for both landed and non-landed elites, highlighting the house as a form of status-enhancing property rather than land. Moreover, gentlemen's houses had adaptable interior spaces and were furnished with an array of objects that differed in number and quality from those lower and higher in society. The connections between gentlemen's houses and important processes of social change in Britain are striking. House-building and furnishing were measured strategic activities that calibrated social status and illustrated mobility. This thesis demonstrates that gentlemen's houses are one key to understanding the permeability of the English elite as well as the combination of dynamism and stability that characterized eighteenth-century English society.

This thesis aims to provide a framework for analyzing the moral responsibilities of global agents in what I call the Global Health Crisis (GHC), with special attention devoted to the moral responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide a general account of the moral responsibilities of different global players, mapping the different kinds of duties they have, their content and force, and their relation to the responsibilities of other relevant actors in the GHC. I also apply this account to current debates surrounding the need for reforms to the international legal rules addressing the GHC, notably the TRIPs regime. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the allocation of responsibilities for the GHC among different global players, such as state and non-state actors, the latter including pharmaceutical companies. In order to investigate the allocation of duties, I will first analyze the object of such allocation which constitutes the object of the current GHC (Part A); then the agents responsible for addressing this crisis (Part B); and finally, existing institutional alternatives to reform the international legal rules addressing the GHC, such as the TRIPs regime (Part C).

[ES] La presente investigación trata sobre la pintura de Paisaje en La Montaña. Así se conocía a la actual Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria cuando en el siglo XIX varios artistas comenzaron a pintar Paisajes sin haber existido ningún precedente en la región que se adscribiera al género. Desde este hito social, artístico e histórico que supuso el surgimiento de la idea moderna del paisaje, la pintura de Paisaje ha persistido en el campo de la creación local, donde ha evolucionado influenciada por el desarrollo de las ideas artísticas modernas hasta la contemporaneidad. Por tanto, la pintura de Paisaje se ha mantenido vigente en cada una de las épocas posteriores, desechando la idea de que pudiera ser una moda decimonónica pasajera, gracias a las condiciones morfológicas de la geografía elegida. Para demostrar la hipótesis, en un primer capítulo se investiga sobre la semántica del paisaje como concepto, en un segundo capítulo se indaga sobre los orígenes del género del Paisaje en la pintura, desde un horizonte general hasta el marco geográfico definido, y, por último, se muestra la investigación artística realizada acerca de la idea del Paisaje Montañés junto con los resultados plásticos obtenidos. / [CA] La present investigació tracta sobre la pintura de Paisatge a la Muntanya. Així es coneixia a l'actual Comunitat Autònoma de Cantàbria quan en el segle XIX diversos artistes van començar a pintar Paisatges sense haver existit cap precedent a la regió que s'adscriguera al gènere. Des d'aquesta fita social, artístic i històric que va suposar el sorgiment de la idea moderna del paisatge, la pintura de Paisatge ha persistit en el camp de la creació local, on ha evolucionat influenciada pel desenvolupament de les idees artístiques modernes fins a la contemporaneïtat. Per tant, la pintura de Paisatge s'ha mantingut vigent en cadascuna de les èpoques posteriors, rebutjant la idea que poguera ser una moda huitcentista passatgera, gràcies a les condicions morfològiques de la geografia triada. Per a demostrar la hipòtesi, en un primer capítol s'investiga sobre la semàntica del paisatge com a concepte, en un segon capítol s'indaga sobre els orígens del gènere del Paisatge en la pintura, des d'un horitzó general fins al marc geogràfic definit, i, finalment, es mostra la investigació artística realitzada sobre la idea del Paisatge Muntanyés juntament amb els resultats plàstics obtinguts. / [EN] The present investigation deals with the painting of Landscape in the Mountain. This is how the current Autonomous Community of Cantabria was known when, in the 19th century, several artists began to paint Landscapes without having existed any precedent in the region that was ascribed to the genre. Since this social, artistic and historical milestone that led to the emergence of the modern idea of landscape, landscape painting has persisted in the field of local creation, where it has evolved influenced by the development of modern artistic ideas to the contemporary. Therefore, landscape painting has remained current in each of the subsequent periods, rejecting the idea that it could be a passing nineteenth-century fashion, thanks to the morphological conditions of the chosen geography. To demonstrate the hypothesis, in a first chapter the semantics of landscape as a concept is investigated, in a second chapter the origins of the Landscape genre in painting are investigated, from a general horizon to the defined geographical framework, and, finally, , the artistic research carried out on the idea of the Mountain Landscape is shown together with the plastic results obtained. / Alba Rodríguez, V. (2022). El Paisaje Montañés. La pintura de paisaje en Cantabria desde una aproximación contextual y personal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190827

During the eighteenth century, the dominant rhetorical and explanatory power of civic humanism was gradually challenged by the rise of a new organising language in political economy. Political economic thought permitted radically different descriptions of what laudable private and public behaviour might be: it proposed that self-interest was often more beneficial to society at large than public-mindedness; that luxury had its uses and might not be a threat to liberty and political integrity; that landownership was no particular guarantee of virtue or disinterest; and that there was nothing inherently superior about frugality and self-sufficiency. These new ideas about civil society formed the intellectual basis of a large body of verse written during the long eighteenth century (at mid-century in particular), in which poets engaged enthusiastically with political economic arguments and defences of commercial activity, and celebrated the wealth and plenty of Britain as a modern trading nation. The work of my thesis is to examine a contradiction in the way in which these political economic ideas were handled. Forward-looking and confident poetry on public themes did not develop pioneering forms to suit the modernity of its outlook: instead, poets articulated such themes in verse by appropriating and reframing traditional genres, which in some cases involved engaging with inherited moral values and philosophical preferences entirely at odds with the intellectual material in hand. This inventive kind of generic revision is the central interest of the thesis. It aims to describe a number of problematic meeting points between new political economic thought and handed-down poetic formulae, and it will focus attention on some of the ways in which poets manipulated the forms and tropes they inherited in order to manage – and make the most of – the resulting contradictions.