La thèse porte sur la simulation de la thermohydraulique et des transferts thermiques dans un faisceau d'aiguilles d'assemblage combustible de réacteur à neutrons rapides à caloporteur sodium.Des premiers calculs ont été réalisés par une approche moyennée de type RANS à l'aide du code industriel STAR-CCM+. De cette modélisation, il ressort une meilleure compréhension des transferts de chaleur opérés entre les aiguilles et le sodium. Les principales grandeurs macroscopiques de l'écoulement sont en accord avec les corrélations. Cependant, afin d'obtenir une description détaillée des fluctuations de température au niveau des fils espaceur, une approche plus détaillée de type LES et DNS est apparue indispensable. Pour la partie LES, le code TRIO_U a été utilisé. Concernant la partie DNS, un code de recherche a été utilisé. Ces approches requièrent des temps de calculs considérables qui ont nécessité des géométries représentatives mais simplifiées.L'approche DNS permet d'étudier l'écoulement à bas nombre de Prandtl, qui induit un comportement très différent du champ thermique relativement au champ hydraulique. Le calcul LES de l'assemblage montre que la présence du fil espaceur génère l'apparition de points chauds locaux (~20°C) en aval de celui-ci par rapport à l'écoulement sodium, au niveau de son contact avec l'aiguille. Les fluctuations de température au niveau des fils espaceur sont faibles (~1°C-2°C). En régime nominal, l'analyse spectrale montre l'absence de grande amplitude d'oscillations de température à basse fréquence (2-10 Hz); les conséquences sur la tenue mécanique des structures devront être analysées. / The thesis focuses on the numerical simulation of sodium flow in wire wrapped sub-assembly of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR).First calculations were carried out by a time averaging approach called RANS (Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes equations) using industrial code STAR-CCM+. This study gives a clear understanding of heat transfer between the fuel pin and sodium. The main variables of the macroscopic flow are in agreement with correlations used hitherto. However, to obtain a detailed description of temperature fluctuations around the spacer wire, more accurate approaches like LES (Large Eddy Simulation) and DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) are clearly needed. For LES approach, the code TRIO_U was used and for the DNS approach, a research code was used. These approaches require a considerable long calculation time which leads to the need of representative but simplified geometry.The DNS approach enables us to study the thermal hydraulics of sodium that has very low Prandtl number inducing a very different behavior of thermal field in comparison to the hydraulic field. The LES approach is used to study the local region of sub-assembly. This study shows that spacer wire generates the local hot spots (~20°C) on the wake side of spacer wire with respect to the sodium flow at the region of contact with the fuel pin. Temperature fluctuations around the spacer wire are low (~1-2°C). Under nominal operation, the spectral analysis shows the absence of any dominant peak for temperature oscillations at low frequency (2-10Hz). The obtained spectra of temperature oscillations can be used as an input for further mechanical studies to determine its impact on the solid structures.

Syngas consisting mainly of a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other diluents, is an important fuel for power generation applications since it can be obtained from both biomass and coal gasification. Clean coal technologies require stable and efficient operation of syngas-fired gas turbines. The trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is a relatively new gas turbine combustor concept which shows tremendous potential in achieving stable combustion under wide operating conditions with low emissions. In the present work, combustion of low calorific value syngas in a TVC has been studied using in-situ laser diagnostic techniques and numerical modeling. Specifically, this work reports in-situ measurements of mixture fraction, OH radical concentration and velocity in a single cavity TVC, using state-of-the art laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser-induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Numerical simulations using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches have also been carried out to complement the experimental measurements. The fuel-air momentum flux ratio (MFR), where the air momentum corresponds to that entering the cavity through a specially-incorporated flow guide vane, is used to characterize the mixing. Acetone PLIF experiments show that at high MFRs, the fuel-air mixing in the cavity is very minimal and is enhanced as the MFR reduces, due to a favourable vortex formation in the cavity, which is corroborated by PIV measurements. Reacting flow PIV measurements which differ substantially from the non-reacting cases primarily because of the gas expansion due to heat release show that the vortex is displaced from the centre of the cavity towards the guide vane. The MFR was hence identified as the controlling parameter for mixing in the cavity. Quantitative OH concentration contours showed that at higher MFRs 4.5, the fuel jet and the air jet stream are separated and a flame front is formed at the interface. As the MFR is lowered to 0.3, the fuel air mixing increases and a flame front is formed at the bottom and downstream edge of the cavity where a stratified charge is present. A flame stabilization mechanism has been proposed which accounts for the wide MFRs and premixing in the mainstream as well. LES simulations using a flamelet-based combustion model were conducted to predict mean OH radical concentration and velocity along with URANS simulations using a modified Eddy dissipation concept model. The LES predictions were observed to agree closely with experimental data, and were clearly superior to the URANS predictions as expected. Performance characteristics in the form of exhaust temperature pattern factor and pollutant emissions were also measured. The NOx emissions were found to be less than 2 ppm, CO emissions below 0.2% and HC emissions below 700 ppm across various conditions. Overall, the in-situ experimental data coupled with insight from simulations and the exhaust measurements have confirmed the advantages of using the TVC as a gas turbine combustor and provided guidelines for stable and efficient operation of the combustor with syngas fuel.

[ES] La creciente preocupación sobre el efecto de la emisión de gases nocivos provenientes de motores de combustión interna alternativos (ICE) a la atmósfera ha llevado a los gobiernos a lo ancho del planeta a limitar la cantidad de dichas emisiones, particularmente en Europa a través de las normas EURO. La dificultad en cumplir dichas limitaciones ha llevado a la industria automovilística a cambiar el foco de motores de encendido por compresión (CI) o provocado (SI) hacia la electrificación o los combustibles libres de carbono. Sin embargo, esta transición no se puede llevar a cabo de manera sencilla en el corto y medio plazo, mientras que combustibles libres de carbono como el Hidrógeno (H2 ) o el Amoniaco (NH3 ) siguen produciendo algunos contaminantes como los Óxidos de Nitrógeno (NOx ), con los cuales hay que lidiar. Estas emisiones pueden ser particularmente dañinas para el ser humano ya que incrementan el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón. La Reducción Catalítica Selectiva (SCR) ha demostrado ser una tecnología eficaz para la reducción de este contaminante en particular. A través de una inyección de una Solución de Urea-Agua, junto con la energía térmica de los gases de escape, se genera una cantidad suficiente de NH 3 capaz de neutralizar los indeseados NOx en un catalizador de reducción. Con la inclusión de los SCR en automóviles ligeros además de su presencia tradicional en automóviles pesados, los SCR han sido el foco de la comunidad científica para mejorar el entendimiento de su principio de actuación, y mejorar su eficiencia en un entorno legislativo en el que los limites de emisión se han estrechado enormemente. Esta Tesis intenta ser parte de ese esfuerzo científico en caracterizar el proceso de inyección de UWS en su totalidad a través de un entorno computacional. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proveer de un mejor entendimiento del proceso de atomización y degradación sufrido por los chorros de UWS. Las dinámicas no estacionarias que se dan lugar en la zonas cercana del chorro, añadido a la gran influencia de las características internas del inyector sobre el desarrollo del spray hacen que los métodos experimentales sean complicados para poder entender dicho proceso. Por otro lado, la Mecánica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD) presenta una alternativa. Para el propósito de esta Tesis, el CFD ha sido utilizado para caracterizar los sprays de SCR. Se intenta desarrollar y seleccionar los modelos más apropiados a chorros de baja velocidad, y establecer un conocimiento Una vez adquiridos dichos métodos, los mecanismos principales de rotura del chorro y de degradación de la urea se han analizan. En ese sentido, el uso de técnicas experimentales podrían ser sustituídos en el futuro para esta aplicación. Los métodos CFD son validados tanto en el campo cercano como en el lejano. Para el campo cercano, el tratamiento multi-fase se lleva a cabo a través de métodos de Modelo de Mezclas, o el método Volume-Of-Fluid. A través de ellos, la caracterización hidráulica de dos reconstrucciones del inyector de UWS se lleva a cabo. Subsiguientes análisis se llevan a cabo sobre las dinámicas de rotura de la vena líquida, descubriendo que mecanismos rigen el proceso. El estudio de campo lejano usa un Discrete Droplet Model (DDM) para lidiar con las fases líquidas y gaseosas. En él, la evaporación del agua y el proceso de termólisis de la urea han sido considerados y comparados con resultados experimentales con el fin de obtener una metodología fiel para su caracterización. Todo el conocimiento adquirido se aplica más tarde a un Close-Coupled SCR, en el cual condiciones de trabajo realista han sido consideradas. Además, una herramienta llamada Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) es presentada. Por tanto, esta Tesis aporta una metodología valiosa capaz de predecir tanto el campo cercano como el lejano de chorros de UWS de una manera precisa. / [CA] La creixent preocupació sobre el efecte de l'emissió de gasos nocius provenients the motors de Combustió Interna Alternatius (ICE) a l'atmosfera ha dut als governs de tot el planeta a limitar la quantitat d'aquestes emisions, particularment a Europa mitjant les normes EURO. La dificultat de complir aquestes limitacions ha portat a l'industria automovilística a cambiar el focus de motors d'encedut per compresió (CI) o provocat (SI) cap a la electrificació o els combustibles lliures de carbó. No obstant això, aquesta transició no es pot dur a terme de manera senzilla , mentres que els combustibles lliures de carbó como l'Hidrogen (H2 ) o l'Amoniac (NH3 ) seguirien produint contaminants como els Óxids de Nitrogen (NOx ), amb els quals n'hi ha que bregar. Estes emissions poden ser particularment nocives per a l'esser humà ja que incrementen el risc de càncer de pulmó. La Reducció Catalítica Selectiva (SCR) ha demostrat ser una tecnología eficaç per a la reducció d'este contaminant en particular. Mitjançant una injecció d'una Solució D'Urea i Aigua, junt a l'energía térmica dels gasos d'fuita, es pot generar una quantitat suficiente de NH 3 capaç de neutralitzar els indesitjats NO x a un catalitzador de reducció. Amb l'inclusió dels SCR en automòvils lleugers a més de la seua tradicional presència en automòvils pesats, els SCR han segut el foc per a mijorar l'enteniment del seu principi d'actuació, i mijorar la seua eficiencia. Este estudi té como a objectiu proveir d'un mijor entenement del procés d'atomizació y degradació patit pels dolls de UWS. Les dinàmiques no estacionaries que es donen lloc en la zona propenca al doll, afegit a la gran influència de les característiques internes del injector sobre el desentroll de l'esprai, fan que els métods experimentals siguen complicats d'aplicar per entendre dit procés. Per un altre costat, la Mecànica de Fluïts Computacional (CFD) supon una alternativa que té certes avantatges. Per al propòsit d'esta Tesi, el CFD ha sigut utilitzat com la principal metodología per a caracteritzar elsesprais de SCR. Per mitjà de dits métodes, la Tesi vol desentrollar i seleccionar els models més apropiats que mitjos s'adapten a sprays de baixa velocitat, i establir un coneiximent per a posteriors estudis desentrollats sobre la mateixa temàtica. Una volta adquirits dits métodes, els mecanismes principals de trencament del doll, així com els de degradació de l'urea en amoníac s'analitzaran. En aquest sentit, l'us de técniques experimentals podría no ser utilitzat més en el futur per aquesta aplicació.Els métods CFD son aplicats i validats tant el el camp propenc com en el llunyà. Per al camp propenc, el tractament multi-component es porta a terme a través de métodes Eulerians-Eulerians, com el Model de Mescles, o el métode Volume-Of-Fluid. La caracterització hidràulica de dos reconstruccions de l'injector es porta a terme, els resultats del qual són comparats amb resultats experimentals. Subsegüents anàlisis es porten a terme sobre les dinàmiques de trencament de la vena líquida, descobrint qué mecanismes regeixen el procés. L'estudi de camp llunyà usa un Discrete Droplet Model (DDM) per a bregar en la fase líquida i gaseosa. En ell, l'evaporació del aigua y el procés de termòlisis de l'urea han sigut considerats i comparats amb el resultats experimentals amb la finalitat d'obtindre una metodología fidel per a la seua caracterització. Tot el coneixement obtingut s'aplica més tard a un Close-Coupled SCR, en el qual condicions de treball realistes han sigut considerades. Dels resultats obtinguts dels distints estudis, una ferramenta adicional anomenada Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP),capaç de predir el fenomen d'atomització dels doll de UWS sense la necessitat de realitzar simulacions del camp propenc, es presentat. Per tant, esta Tesi aporta una metodología capaç de predir tant el camp proper como el llunyà d'una manera precisa. / [EN] The increasing awareness of the effect of emitting harmful gases from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) into the atmosphere has driven the governments across the globe to limit the amount of these emissions, par ticularly in Europe through the EURO norms. The difficulty to meet such limitations has driven the automotive industry to shift from traditional Compression Ignited (CI) or Spark Ignited (SI) engines toward electrification or carbon-free fuels. Nonetheless, this transition will not be easily done in the short and medium time frames, while carbon-free fuels such as Hydrogen (H2 ) and Ammonia (NH3 ) will keep producing certain pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx ) which need taking care of. These emissions can be particularly hazardous for humans, increasing the risk of developing lung cancer. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an effective technology for reducing this specific ICE contaminant. An injection of a Urea-Water Solution (UWS), together with the thermal energy of the combustion gases can generate a sufficient amount of NH 3 capable of neutralizing the unwanted NO x in a catalyst. With the fitting of SCR systems within light-duty applications, in addition to their traditional presence on heavy-duty usage, SCR has been on the focus to understand their working principle and improve their efficiency . This Thesis tries to become part of that scientific ensemble by characterizing the whole UWS injection process within a computational framework. The present research aims to provide a better understanding of the atomizing and degradation processes undergone by the UWS sprays. The transient dynamics taking place in the near-field region, added to the great influence of the inner-injector characteristics on the development of the spray make experimental approaches on such sprays challenging in providing such knowledge. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provide an alternative that has certain advantages. For this Thesis they have been adopted as the main methodology on characterizing SCR sprays. The Thesis tries to develop and select the appropriate models that best suit low-velocity sprays. With the suitable methods that best predict these sprays, the main jet breakup mechanisms, together with the urea-to-ammonia transformation will have their behavior analyzed. In that way, experimental techniques could be avoided for such applications. CFD is applied and validated both in the near-field and far-field regions. For the near-field, multi-component flows are treated through Eulerian-Eulerian such as the Mixture Model or the Volume-Of-Fluid method. Through them, a hydraulic characterization on two recon structions of the UWS injector is performed, with results compared with experimental data. Further analysis is done on the jet-to-droplet dynamics, assessing which mechanisms drove the process. The far-field analy sis uses a Discrete Droplet Model (DDM) for dealing with the gas and liquid phases. In it, the evaporation of water and the thermolysis process of the urea have been considered and again compared with experimental results to have a faithful methodology for its characterization. All the acquired knowledge has been later applied to a commercial Close-Coupled SCR, in which real-working conditions have been considered. From the results obtained from several studies, an additional tool called Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP), capable of predicting the UWS spray atomization phenomenon without the need to perform near-field simulations, has been provided. Accordingly, this Thesis provides a valuable methodology capable of predicting the near-field and far-field dynamics accurately thanks to its validation against experimental results from literature. Additionally, the MEP tool can be used independently for computational and experimental works to predict the performance of UWS atomizers.The work carried out presents a significant leap in the application of CFD tools in predicting low-velocity sprays. / Javier Marco Gimeno has been founded through a grant from the Government of Generalitat Valenciana with reference ACIF/2020/259 and financial support from the European Union. These same institutions, Government of Generalitat Valenciana and The European Union, supported through a grant for pre-doctoral stays out of the Comunitat Valenciana with reference CIBEFP/2021/11 the research carried out during the stay at Energy Systems, Argonne National Laboratory, United States of America. / Marco Gimeno, J. (2023). Computational study of Formation and Development of Liquid Jets in Low Injection Pressure Conditions. Focus on urea-water solution injection for exhaust gas aftertreatment [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198699

This thesis details the development, verification and validation of an unsteady unstructured high order (≥ 3) h/p Discontinuous Galerkin - Fourier solver for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on static and rotating meshes in two and three dimensions. This general purpose solver is used to provide insight into cross-flow (wind or tidal) turbine physical phenomena. Simulation of this type of turbine for renewable energy generation needs to account for the rotational motion of the blades with respect to the fixed environment. This rotational motion implies azimuthal changes in blade aero/hydro-dynamics that result in complex flow phenomena such as stalled flows, vortex shedding and blade-vortex interactions. Simulation of these flow features necessitates the use of a high order code exhibiting low numerical errors. This thesis presents the development of such a high order solver, which has been conceived and implemented from scratch by the author during his doctoral work. To account for the relative mesh motion, the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are written in arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian form and a non-conformal Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulation (i.e. Symmetric Interior Penalty Galerkin) is used for spatial discretisation. The DG method, together with a novel sliding mesh technique, allows direct linking of rotating and static meshes through the numerical fluxes. This technique shows spectral accuracy and no degradation of temporal convergence rates if rotational motion is applied to a region of the mesh. In addition, analytical mappings are introduced to account for curved external boundaries representing circular shapes and NACA foils. To simulate 3D flows, the 2D DG solver is parallelised and extended using Fourier series. This extension allows for laminar and turbulent regimes to be simulated through Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) type approaches. Two LES methodologies are proposed. Various 2D and 3D cases are presented for laminar and turbulent regimes. Among others, solutions for: Stokes flows, the Taylor vortex problem, flows around square and circular cylinders, flows around static and rotating NACA foils and flows through rotating cross-flow turbines, are presented.

Cette thèse présente la Simulation des Grandes Echelles (LES) de l’injection, de la pulvérisation et de la cavitation dans un injecteur pour les applications liées aux moteurs à combustion interne. Pour la modélisation de l’atomisation, on utilise le modèle ELSA (Eulerian Lagrangian Spray Atomization). Le modèle résout la fraction volumique du combustible liquide ainsi que la densité de surface d’interface liquide-gaz pour décrire le processus complet d’atomisation. Dans cette thèse, l’écoulement à l’intérieur de l’injecteur est également pris en compte pour une étude ultérieure de l’atomisation. L’étude présente l’application du modèle ELSA à un injecteur Diesel typique, à la fois dans le contexte de RANS et de LES.Le modèle est validé à l’aide de données expérimentales disponibles dans Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Le modèle ELSA, qui est normalement conçu pour les interfaces diffuses (non résolues), lorsque l’emplacement exact de l’interface liquide-gaz n’est pas pris en compte, est étendu pour fonctionner avec une formulation de type Volume of Fluid (VOF) de flux à deux phases, où l’interface est explicitement résolu. Le couplage est réalisé à l’aide de critères IRQ (Interface Resolution Quality), qui prennent en compte à la fois la courbure de l’interface et la quantité modélisée de la surface de l’interface. Le modèle ELSA est développé en premier lieu en considérant les deux phases comme incompressibles. L’extension à la phase compressible est également brièvement étudiée dans cette thèse. Il en résulte une formulation ELSA compressible qui prend en compte la densité variable de chaque phase. En collaboration avec l’Imperial College de Londres, la formulation de la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) avec les champs stochastiques est également explorée afin d’étudier l’atomisation. Dans les systèmes d’injection de carburant modernes, la pression locale à l’intérieur de l’injecteur tombe souvent en dessous de la pression de saturation en vapeur du carburant, ce qui entraîne une cavitation. La cavitation affecte le flux externe et la formulation du spray. Ainsi, une procédure est nécessaire pour étudier le changement de phase ainsi que la formulation du jet en utilisant une configuration numérique unique et cohérente. Une méthode qui couple le changement de phase à l’intérieur de l’injecteur à la pulvérisation externe du jet est développée dans cette thèse. Ceci est réalisé en utilisant le volume de formulation de fluide où l’interface est considérée entre le liquide et le gaz; le gaz est composé à la fois de vapeur et d’airambiant non condensable. / This thesis presents Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of fuel injection, atomization and cavitation inside the fuel injector for applications related to internal combustion engines. For atomization modeling, Eulerian Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) model is used. The model solves for volume fraction of liquid fuel as well as liquid-gas interface surface density to describe the complete atomization process. In this thesis, flow inside the injector is also considered for subsequent study of atomization. The study presents the application of ELSA model to a typical diesel injector, both in the context of RANS and LES. The model is validated with the help of experimental data available from Engine Combustion Network (ECN). The ELSA model which is normally designed for diffused (unresolved) interfaces, where the exact location of the liquid-gas interface is not considered, is extended to work with Volume of Fluid (VOF) type formulation of two phase flow, where interface is explicitly resolved. The coupling is achieved with the help of Interface Resolution Quality (IRQ) criteria, that takes into account both the interface curvature and modeled amount of interface surface. ELSA model is developed first considering both phases as incompressible, the extension to compressible phase is also briefly studied in this thesis, resulting in compressible ELSA formulation that takes into account varying density in each phase. In collaboration with Imperial College London, the Probability Density Function (PDF) formulation with Stochastic Fields is also explored to study atomization. In modern fuel injection systems, quite oftenthe local pressure inside the injector falls below the vapor saturation pressure of the fuel, resulting in cavitation. Cavitation effects the external flow and spray formulation. Thus, a procedure is required to study the phase change as well as jet formulation using a single and consistent numerical setup. A method is developed in this thesis that couples the phase change inside the injector to the external jet atomization. This is achieved using the volume of fluid formulation where the interface is considered between liquid and gas; gas consists of both the vapor and non condensible ambient air.

A high-order central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme in combination with a block-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm is proposed for solution of hyperbolic and elliptic systems of conservation laws on body- fitted multi-block mesh. The spatial discretization of the hyperbolic (inviscid) terms is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure that combines an unlimited high-order k-exact least-squares reconstruction technique following from a fixed central stencil with a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The limited reconstruction is applied to computational cells with under-resolved solution content and the unlimited k-exact reconstruction procedure is used for cells in which the solution is fully resolved. Switching in the hybrid procedure is determined by a solution smoothness indicator. The hybrid approach avoids the complexity associated with other ENO schemes that require reconstruction on multiple stencils and therefore, would seem very well suited for extension to unstructured meshes. The high-order elliptic (viscous) fluxes are computed based on a k-order accurate average gradient derived from a (k+1)-order accurate reconstruction. A novel h-refinement criterion based on the solution smoothness indicator is used to direct the steady and unsteady refinement of the AMR mesh. The predictive capabilities of the proposed high-order AMR scheme are demonstrated for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing two-dimensional compressible gaseous flows as well as for advection-diffusion problems characterized by the full range of Peclet numbers, Pe. The ability of the scheme to accurately represent solutions with smooth extrema and yet robustly handle under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content (i.e., shocks and other discontinuities) is shown for a range of problems. Moreover, the ability to perform mesh refinement in regions of smooth but under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content to achieve the desired resolution is also demonstrated.

A high-order central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme in combination with a block-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm is proposed for solution of hyperbolic and elliptic systems of conservation laws on body- fitted multi-block mesh. The spatial discretization of the hyperbolic (inviscid) terms is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure that combines an unlimited high-order k-exact least-squares reconstruction technique following from a fixed central stencil with a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The limited reconstruction is applied to computational cells with under-resolved solution content and the unlimited k-exact reconstruction procedure is used for cells in which the solution is fully resolved. Switching in the hybrid procedure is determined by a solution smoothness indicator. The hybrid approach avoids the complexity associated with other ENO schemes that require reconstruction on multiple stencils and therefore, would seem very well suited for extension to unstructured meshes. The high-order elliptic (viscous) fluxes are computed based on a k-order accurate average gradient derived from a (k+1)-order accurate reconstruction. A novel h-refinement criterion based on the solution smoothness indicator is used to direct the steady and unsteady refinement of the AMR mesh. The predictive capabilities of the proposed high-order AMR scheme are demonstrated for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing two-dimensional compressible gaseous flows as well as for advection-diffusion problems characterized by the full range of Peclet numbers, Pe. The ability of the scheme to accurately represent solutions with smooth extrema and yet robustly handle under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content (i.e., shocks and other discontinuities) is shown for a range of problems. Moreover, the ability to perform mesh refinement in regions of smooth but under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content to achieve the desired resolution is also demonstrated.

Die Effektivität keramischer Wärmeübertrager kann durch eine feinere Strukturierung der Oberflächen gesteigert werden. Dies kann durch die Integration textiler Urformen anstatt der konventionell im Schlickguss hergestellten gröberen Geometrien erfolgen. Für Strukturierungen in Form von wandgebundenen Halbbögen werden die Ergebnisse umfangreicher experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen zu den wärmetechnischen und strömungsmechanischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der mittels numerischer Simulation durchgeführten Parameterstudie werden verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine optimierte Anordnung der Halbbögen gegeben, um das Verhältnis von Wärmeübergang zur Druckverlust zu verbessern. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse belegen die Richtigkeit der gewählten Randbedingungen und Vereinfachungen im numerischen Modell. Des Weiteren wurden die Strömungsstrukturen mit laserdiagnostischen Messmethoden umfangreich charakterisiert.:0 Verwendete Symbole und Formelzeichen IV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Lösungsansatz 2 1.3 Zielstellung und Struktur der Arbeit 4 2 Stand der Technik 5 2.1 Vorwort 5 2.2 Kennzahlen zur Charakterisierung von Rekuperatoren und Wärmeüber-trageroberflächen 6 2.3 Strömungszustände und Strömungsprofile 13 2.3.1 Grenzschichten von Strömungen 13 2.3.2 Laminare Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten und im Rechteckkanal 14 2.3.3 Turbulente Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten 15 2.3.4 Kenngrößen, Längen- und Zeitmaße von turbulenten Strömungen 16 2.4 Umströmung von Zylindern und Wärmeübergang an Zylindern 19 2.4.1 Quer angeströmter Zylinder, Wirbelablösung und Kármánsche Wirbelstraße 19 2.4.2 Hufeisenwirbel um einen wandgebundenen Zylinder 25 2.4.3 Zylinder in Wechselwirkung miteinander und Zylinder in Tandempaarung 27 2.4.4 Quer angeströmter Zylinder parallel zu einer Wand 28 2.5 Weitere den Wärmeübergang steigernde Strukturen 29 2.5.1 Rohrbündel 30 2.5.2 Stabrippen – „pin fins“ 31 2.5.3 Zweidimensionale Rippengeometrien 33 2.5.4 Gedrehte Bleche und andere Einbauten in Rohrquerschnitten 36 2.5.5 Turbulatoren 38 2.5.6 Poröse Körper 39 2.5.7 Drähte als wärmeübergangsteigernde Struktur 40 2.6 Wärmeübertrager für Industriegasbrenner 41 3 Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen der neuentwickelten Wärmeübertragerstruktur 45 4 Numerische Untersuchungen bezüglich des Strömungsfelds um die Bogenstrukturen 49 4.1 Randbedingungen und Vernetzung der numerischen Simulation 49 4.2 Bemerkungen zum Turbulenzmodell 54 4.3 Validierung des numerischen Modells am leeren Kanal 59 4.4 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 63 4.5 Parameterstudie zur Anordnung und Anzahl der Bögen 70 4.5.1 Variation der Bogendichte 70 4.5.2 Variation der Anordnung der Bögen zueinander bei konstanter Bogendichte 75 4.5.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei konstanten Randbedingungen 78 4.5.4 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 80 4.5.5 Variation des Bogendurchmessers D 82 4.5.6 Bemerkung zum Anstellwinkel 83 5 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 85 5.1 Versuchsaufbau 85 5.2 Versuchsdurchführung und Auswertung 88 5.3 Vergleich des Versuchsstandes mit Untersuchungen für Spaltströmungen 90 5.4 Referenzmessungen mit metallischen Wärmeübertragerstrukturen 93 5.4.1 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 93 5.4.2 Variation der Kanalhöhe 96 5.4.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 97 5.5 Messung mit keramischen Strukturen 98 6 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Strömungsverhalten 101 6.1 Versuchsaufbau 101 6.2 PIV-Messungen 104 6.2.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip 104 6.2.2 Messaufbau 105 6.2.3 Versuchsergebnisse 106 6.3 LDA-Messungen 111 6.3.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip und zur Versuchsdurchführung 111 6.3.2 Validierung des Versuchsstandes 114 6.3.3 Strömungsprofile aus der LDA-Messung 117 6.3.4 Wirbelablösung im Bogennachlauf 130 6.3.5 Skalen der Strömung 144 7 Anwendungsbeispiel: Rekuperatorbrenner 151 7.1 Brennerprototyp und Versuchsdurchführung 151 7.2 Versuchsergebnisse und Auswertung 153 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 157 9 Literaturverzeichnis 161 10 Anhang 173 10.1 Messtechnik des Windkanals 173 10.2 PIV-Messtechnik 175 10.3 LDA-Messtechnik 176 10.4 Versuche mit dem Rekuperatorprototypen 177