En esta estudio veremos la interpretación novelística de la violencia que Mariano Azuela mismo presenció en México durante la Revolución de 1910. Ya que esa revolución es una de las guerras civiles más conocidas y más importantes de esta hemisferio, será muy interesante ver detalladamente algunos e los actos de violencia típicos de esa época. Y ¿quién mejor que Mariano Azuela para darnos una vista casi cinematográfica? En Los de abajo, Mariano Azuela usa la Revolución. Ne escritores a hacer uso de sus propias experiencias revolucionarias.

The cultural dimension of the Cuban Revolution (1959) has an unquestionable reference: Casa de las Américas, international symbol of Cuba in the field of the arts. Of its multiple artistic expression, we have put our focus in the literary prizes with which this institution recognizes children’s literary creation, and our working hypothesis is that Casa de las Américas has played an essential role in the development and consolidation, in the Latin American context, of a genre that even today in day is considered minor. The goal of our study is therefore to investigate and analyze the reasons offered for that hypothesis, proving its veracity. Because of the link between the entity and the Cuban revolution, the first chapter is dedicated to deepen the knowledge of the political context in which emerges Casa de las Americas, while in the second one we rescue the literary precedents from an essential figure, José Martí, to the direct antecedent of the award, the first Forum of Literature for Children and Young People (1972). The third and final chapter is devoted entirely to the award, establishing and analyzing the works that compose the corpus.

This study analyzed how six Heritage language learners at the university level gained conscious awareness and control of the concept of modality as revealed in student verbalizations (Vygotsky, 1998) throughout five different written communicative events. This work took place in the only course designed for Heritage language learners at a large public suburban university in the Northeast part of the United States. Grammatical simplification in bilingual speakers is due to incomplete acquisition of Spanish, attrition or loss of an underused linguistic system (Lynch, 1999; Martínez Mira, 2009a, 2009b; Mikulski, 2010b; Montrul, 2007; Ocampo, 1990; Silva-Corvalán, 1990, 1994a, 1994b, 2003; Studerus, 1995). The result of the process of simplification is reduction or loss of forms and/or meanings. In this work, I investigated in which ways Gal’perin’s (1989) systemic-theoretical organized instruction promoted awareness, control and internalization of the concept of modality in three sets of data: definition, discourse and verbalization (Negueruela, 2003). In addition, I examined how the concept of modality emerged and proceeded. By focusing students’ attention in Negueruela’s (2003) Concept of Mood in Spanish orienting chart in a top down fashion, students were able to strengthen their theoretical understanding in practical activity while still accessing empirical knowledge, and eventually generalizing its use in new contexts across nominal, adjectival and adverbial clauses. At the definition level, Gal’perin’s Systemic-theoretical instruction promoted emergence and progress of their conceptual understanding from perceptual to semantic. At the discourse level, students’ theoretically based semantic understanding had a positive impact as revealed in student’s discourse progress throughout tasks. At the verbalization level, semantic, abstract and systematic verbalizations showed students’ emergence of awareness of the interrelated categories of modality. The conceptual category of anticipation was appropriately verbalized and contextualized 68% of the time. The absence of quality verbalizations referring to a specific conceptual category in some students lead me to conclude that students did not fully understand the meaning of some conceptual categories. On the contrary, their presence in any of the tasks showed emergence of conceptual meaning(s) in appropriate contexts, further appropriate recontextualization may provide full awareness and control.

For the last eleven years of her life—1963 to 1974—the Mexican woman-of-letters Rosario Castellanos published a regular article in the opinion section of the Mexico City newspaper Excélsior. This edition provides a selection of 65 of these 341 articles, in both the original Spanish and in translation to English, with editorial annotations illuminating the articles’ historical, literary, and textual contexts; it is accompanied by a chronology largely of Castellanos’s life and work, in particular detail for the Excélsior years, and by a catalogue of all her Excélsior opinion articles. / 2024-11-16T00:00:00Z

The main purpose of this dissertation is to understand the emergence of Afro Hispanic American Literature and the causes that delayed its emergence at the end of the twentieth century. I study this process through three novels written in the last decades of the twentieth century as works representative of three national literatures that develop concurrently. These novels are Changó, el gran putas (1983) by Afro-Colombian writer Manuel Zapata Olivella, Jonatás y Manuela (1994) by Afro-Ecuadorian writer Luz Argentina Chiriboga and Malambo (2001) by Afro Peruvian writer Lucía Charún Illescas. The study of these three novels from within their own literary contexts allows for the tracing of national and international developments that made possible the emergence of these minority voices. On the other hand, by placing these texts in a broader historical context allows us to chart a cartography of African roots that although begins in the Caribbean; its horizon expands beyond the Caribbean proper and into the continent. Thus, each novel represents a moment in the African saga in the Americas, a new vision of its history and complex social landscape; and finally a new proposal for the future. Zapata Olivella proposes mestizaje as the ontological base in which Latin American reality was founded and points towards the existence of an African consciousness that is transcontinental. Luz Argentina Chiriboga presents us with the intimate side of history through the tale of two women: Manuela Sáenz and Jonatás, her slave, that represent two sides of the story. Lucía Charún Illescas reconstructs life in Malambo an old slave barracks in colonial Lima and through it unveils hidden worlds in our history. Each novel reconstucts hidden recesses of our history and thus force us to engage in a meaningful dialogue with it and with ourselves.

Español: Esta investigación tiene el propósito de buscar, identificar y resaltar características estéticas y socio-políticas en la literatura chilena que unen o explican factores constituyentes de la chilenidad en la época contemporánea. Más en concreto, comenzaré por introducir un panorama actualizado del Chile de hoy, ahondando un poco en la historia del país empezando con la Guerra del Pacífico en 1879, cuando se nota por primera vez que el caso chileno es fundamentalmente divergente de los demás países del continente. Este antecedente militar y político germinal es suficiente para alcanzar la época en que me he de entrar en esta investigación, en torno a los sucesos del 1973 donde se discutirán las circunstancias que rodeaban la dictadura de Pinochet y cómo éstas marcaron profundamente la sociedad chilena, hasta la actualidad. Así intentaré fomentar una base para empezar a analizar cautelosamente fragmentos y similitudes que exhiben una naturaleza estética o socio-política en la poesía de Pablo Neruda, Enrique Lihn y en la antipoesía de Nicanor Parra. English: The purpose of this investigation is to find, identify, and highlight aesthetic and socio-political characteristics in Chilean literature that unite or explain constituent factors of chilenidad in the contemporary era. More concretely, it will begin by introducing a current panorama of today’s Chile, delving into the history of the country starting with the War of the Pacific in 1879, when it first becomes apparent that the Chilean case is fundamentally divergent of that of the rest of the countries in South America. From there, it will jump to the year 1973 where the circumstances that surrounded the dictatorship of Pinochet will be discussed and examined in regards to how deeply it impacted Chilean society in the past and how it continuously affects Chile in the present. This will form the necessary base to initiate a careful analysis of fragments and similarities that exhibit an aesthetic or socio-political nature in the poetry of Pablo Neruda, Enrique Lihn, and the antipoetry of Nicanor Parra.

Latina women have been made to believe that their lives and desires are always secondary to the needs of men and children. As a result, many women have developed a martyr complex wherein the measure of their value is how much suffering they can endure in service to their family. There is subsequently a culture of self-sacrifice best exemplified by the archetype known as "la sufrida." This thesis explores the sufrida role in literature while using the history of the author's mother—a woman whose life can be "read" as that of a real sufrida— as a bridge between literature and reality. This thesis discusses works of prominent Latinx and Caribbean women writers such as Judith Ortiz Cofer and Nicholasa Mohr and further analyzes the social and religious constraints that instill self-sacrificial mentalities in women. Through the use of womanist and cultural criticisms, this thesis highlights the complex social paradigms that cause so many Latinas to internalize self-limiting thinking patterns. The author's goal is to expose the sufrida role as valueless for contemporary women.

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