Min ambition är att med aktuellt material samt med en handfull adekvata metoder pröva mintes om att det krävs en central europeisk myndighet, med såväl polis, åklagare som domstol,som är underställd justitiedepartementen med fullt mandat för att komma tillrätta med en utavvår tids största globala organiserade brottsligheter, Penningtvätt. Detta hotar samhälletsförtroende för kapitalmarknaderna, kan leda till finansiell systemkris och på det stora helasåledes vårt moderna sätt att leva. Samhällskontraktet mellan staten och dess medborgareutmanas. Människans innersta väsen, med en epigenetisk tillika predisponerad girighet står idirekt polemik med vårt sätt att på nations och unions vägar mitigera detta humana drag. Utanett skifte från förvaltningsrätten till straffrätten, med en verkställighet med tydligt preventivaoch direkt effektiva sanktioner som är större än ett ändrat arbetssätt och lite penningböter(som till slut diskonteras i Bankernas P/L kalkyler), så står inte dessa väl cementeradeinstitutioner till svars som en del utav en lösning. Inte heller är regleringen i form av lagar,regler och förordningar optimal, den borde kräva med [emfas] (direkt kausalitet) en vässadverkställighet och inte ett samordnande av artiklar, direktiv, regler och förslag. Bankerna,vågar jag påstå (stryk: att vi idag med all säkerhet kan stipulera), är en avgörande del avproblemet, vilket jag varken tror de vill eller skall så vara: de är en av nycklarna till lösningenpå problemet med penningtvätt. Alltså annorlunda uttryckt: hur får sheriffen kulor i revolvernoch hur får vi sheriffen att ta till mod för att stämma i bäcken? Sheriffen är härtillsynsmyndigheten. Hur skiftar vi paradigmet hos nyckelaktören: banken? Vad skulle kunnaskrämma banker och bankanställda till compliance/efterlevnad? Kan vi jämföra med och hurfår vi i så fall fram ett ställföreträdaransvar likt det sjukvården besitter?

Criminal networks exploit vulnerabilities in the global financial system, using it as a conduit to launder criminal proceeds. Law enforcement agencies, financial institutions, and regulatory organizations often scrutinize voluminous financial records for suspicious activities and criminal conduct as part of anti-money laundering investigations. However, such studies are narrowly focused on incidents and triggered by tip-offs rather than data mining insights. This research models cross-border financial flows using a network theoretic approach and proposes a symmetric-key encryption algorithm to preserve information privacy in multi-dimensional data sets. The newly developed tools will enable regulatory organizations, financial institutions, and law enforcement agencies to identify suspicious activity and criminal conduct in cross-border financial transactions. Anti-money laundering, which comprises laws, regulations, and procedures to combat money laundering, requires financial institutions to verify and identify their customers in various circumstances and monitor suspicious activity transactions. Instituting anti-money laundering laws and regulations in a country carries the benefit of creating a data-rich environment, thereby facilitating non-classical analytical strategies and tools. Graph theory offers an elegant way of representing cross-border payments/receipts between resident and non-resident parties (nodes), with links representing the parties' transactions. The network representations provide potent data mining tools, facilitating a better understanding of transactional patterns that may constitute suspicious transactions and criminal conduct. Using network science to analyze large and complex data sets to detect anomalies in the data set is fast becoming more important and exciting than merely learning about its structure. This research leverages advanced technology to construct and visualize the cross-border financial flows' network structure, using a directed and dual-weighted bipartite graph. Furthermore, the develops a centrality measure for the proposed cross-border financial flows network using a method based on matrix multiplication to answer the question, "Which resident/non-resident nodes are the most important in the cross-border financial flows network?" The answer to this question provides data mining insights about the network structure. The proposed network structure, centrality measure, and characterization using degree distributions can enable financial institutions and regulatory organizations to identify dominant nodes in complex multi-dimensional data sets. Most importantly, the results showed that the research provides transaction monitoring capabilities that allow the setting of customer segmentation criteria, complementing the built-in transaction-specific triggers methods for detecting suspicious activity transactions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Banking Sector Education and Training Authority (BANKSETA) / UP Postgraduate Bursary / Industrial and Systems Engineering / PhD / Unrestricted

Magister Legum - LLM / “Threats to the independence of the legal profession have become a preoccupation for bar leaders, regulators and academics, driven by the dual pressures of globalization and the changing business structure of the profession.”1 Money laundering is a transnational economic crime that has plagued the world economy for many decades. It is a crime that eluded the attention of most world leaders. Hence, it is this elusiveness and this non-interest in money-laundering as a serious economic crime, that afforded many individuals such as former dictators and military leaders in developing countries the chance to avoid prosecution for depleting the economic resources of their particular state.2

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In 2016, the ICIJ independent organization released the leaks of the Panama Papers. Using the data presented, this thesis aims to evaluate and examine the models developed for the quantification of money laundering, analyze the variables that define the appeal of certain tax havens, and develop extensions to the Walker-Unger model. The proportion of illicit funds flowing from a source country to a host country was calculated using the Walker-Unger model as a reference while considering 35 source and 10 host countries. The variables were adjusted for statistical analyses input through multiple fractional probit regressions, and the outcome was compared to the original Walker-Unger estimates. At a 5% significance level, the research found significance between the account proportion and the independent variables. Furthermore, the evidence showcased more significant values obtained with the regression model, implying that the Walker-Unger model has become irrelevant in this modern era. Due to the following reasons, this study provides a perspective into improving the model through several recommendations.

Penningtvätt är ett globalt problem som ställer höga krav på bankers riskhantering för att försöka motverka att utnyttjas för brott. Arbetssättet regleras genom riktlinjer från internationella likväl som nationella myndigheter och organisationer för att på bästa sätt skydda det finansiella systemet. Under de senaste åren har svenska banker hamnat i blåsväder på grund av brister i sitt riskhanteringsarbete och detta faktum har lagt grunden för syftet till denna studie - att undersöka hur svenska sparbanker arbetar med riskhantering i allmänhet och penningtvättsrisker i synnerhet. Studien har utförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod, bland annat genom intervjuer med sakkunniga inom området. För att kunna förstå arbetssättet ur ett inifrånperspektiv utgörs teoriavsnittet av relevanta lagar och föreskrifter. Slutsatser som har dragits utifrån studien är att arbetet med att hantera penningtvättsrisker är mycket komplext och olika från bank till bank, då de har olika typer av organisationer och förutsättningar. En stor del av arbetet utförs manuellt, vilket skapar en förhöjd operativ risk. För att kunna upprätthålla en god riskmedvetenhet i bankens organisation framhålls vikten av att hålla löpande utbildningar med kontinuerlig uppföljning i närtid. 3 / Money laundering is a global problem that puts pressure on banks in terms of providing high standard risk management to try to counteract financial crime. The internal work procedures are regulated by guidelines from international as well as national authorities and organizations to protect the financial system. In recent years, several Swedish banks have ended up in scandals due to shortcomings in their risk management procedures and this fact has built the foundation for the purpose of this study - to investigate how small Swedish banks work with risk management in general and money laundering risks in particular. This study was carried out using a qualitative method, through interviews with experts. In order to be able to understand the internal procedures, relevant laws and regulations on risk management and anti money laundering have been applied. The results from this study showed that the work procedures are different in every bank due to different types of organisations and preconditions. The work on managing money laundering risks is very complex and puts great demands on both employees' ability and financial resources. A large part of the work is performed manually, which creates an increased operational risk. In order to maintain a good risk awareness in the bank's organization, it is important to provide ongoing education with effective follow-up procedures.

Title of the thesis: The relation of money laundering and tax evasion in theory and legislation Abstract The thesis deals with the relation of money laundering and tax evasion, predominantly in the international context, because both of these activities are very often organized intentionally in several countries. This makes it difficult to detect and punish them and requires close cooperation between states, both in setting the rules and in enforcing them. It is the international soft-law and hard-law rules that significantly affect national regulation. Therefore, the thesis focuses on those and also on regional instruments within the EU. After describing the development of the two areas' regulation and its gradual intertwining, the thesis discusses the similarities and differences that feature the two areas and identifies the problems and challenges the international community is facing when tackling the two problems - reactive regulation lagging behind, slow implementation and complicated international cooperation, difficulty in measuring the problems (and the associated potential inefficiency in spending resources to fight them) as well as the challenges posed by the flourishing information technology. Possible solutions are proposed in the form of adjusting some aspects of soft law as well as...

Article Excerpt: The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, enacted on Jan. 1, 2021, contained the first-ever federal requirement for certain legal entities to identify and report their beneficial owners, also known as the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA). The CTA was designed to “prevent wrongdoers from exploiting United States corporations and limited liability companies for criminal gain, to assist law enforcement in detecting, preventing, and punishing terrorism, money laundering, and other misconduct.” As trusted advisors, CPAs should consider informing clients of the new reporting requirements and advise them on the best option to pursue, even if they do not file the reports for their clients [...]

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Sun protection has gained worldwide attention because repetitive overexposure to ultraviolet radiation can result in harmful effects on human skin, including sunburn, premature skin ageing, and in the worst case, skin cancer (Eckhardt and Rohwer, 2000; Sengupta and Blain, 2001). The diminishing stratospheric ozone layer, due to environmental degradation in the past few decades, combined with the modern outdoor-oriented lifestyles, are leading to unexpected levels of skin cancer (Davis, Capjack, Kerr, and Fedosejevs, 1997). Wearing Ultraviolet protective clothing is a simple way of practicing sun safety; however, regular cotton generally has very low ultraviolet protection and it is one of the most environmentally damaging crops despite of it is commonly used to make summer clothing. With the increased interest of public awareness related to sustainability and environmental issues, naturally colored cotton was recommended as it provides better ultraviolet protection than regular cotton. In addition, the production of naturally colored cotton is more environmentally friendly than regular cotton. Although several studies have been conducted on the UVR protection of naturally colored cotton, many questions regarding the factors that influence the UVR protection of fabrics remain unanswered. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the effects of perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering on the UVR protection of a NC lightweight cotton fabric. In addition, five fabric property changes in the test specimen after the treatments of perspiration, weathering exposure, washing action, and repeated laundering (i.e., fabric count change, thickness change, weight change, color change and dimensional change) were included in this study to serve as secondary dependent variables to examine if the four treatment factors (i.e., perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering) will cause changes in these five fabric properties, and if these changes will lead to changes of UVR protection of NC lightweight cotton fabric. Based on the purpose and objectives of the study, a split-plot repeated measures experimental design was used for the current study. In this study, the whole plot treatment was the weathering exposure, which contained three levels (i.e., semi-tropical climate without water spray, semi-arid climate, and standard conditioning), and the split plot treatments were the combinations of two treatment factors. In order to understand the effects of repeated laundering on the UVR protection and the five fabric properties, except for the control group, all test specimens were laundered after being treated with the three treatment factors (i.e., perspiration, weathering exposure, and washing action), and this process was repeated 15 times. The UVR protection (i.e., express in UPF value change in current study) and the five fabric properties of these treated test specimens were measured before laundering, and after each laundering cycle. The results of UPF value change showed that test specimens treated with perspiration had a lower change in UPF value than the specimens without treatment. The test specimens exposed to Florida condition had the most UPF value change, followed by Arizona and Standard textile testing conditions. A significant difference also found in test specimens that laundered in a traditional washer after ninth cycle and the UPF value decreased as the number of laundering cycle increased. However, test specimens that laundered in a front-loading HE washer showed no significant UPF value change. For the five fabric properties that listed in secondary objective, all four treatments significantly influenced fabric count, fabric thickness and fabric weight. However, perspiration treatment had no significant effect on the dimensional change in warp direction of test specimens, and washing action had no significant effect on the dimensional change in filling direction of the test specimen as well as both Delta E and Delta L of color change. For testing the relationship between the changes of the five fabric properties and UPF value change, Delta E and Delta L of color change had the highest correlation coefficient with UPF value change. Therefore, it is possible that the changes of these two properties caused by the four treatments and lead to the UPF value change. Future research is needed to confirm this relationship. In conclusion, of perspiration application, weathering exposures, washing action of automatic home clothes washers, and repeated laundering do have influence on the ultraviolet protection of the naturally colored cotton. The color change of the test specimens caused by these four treatments possible lead to the change of the ultraviolet protection of the test specimens. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship. / Ph. D.