The work includes a theoretical definition, ways and methods of money laundering, Czech and International anti money laundering (AML) law. The second part is devoted to the fight against money laundering. It describes the main AML organizations. And as an example is given the program of one banking institution.

The prevalence of the money laundering crime has prompted the introduction of customer due diligence (CDD) measures. CDD measures facilitate the prevention of money laundering and promote the introduction of certain detective skills. Several international institutions champion the introduction of the detective skills in general and the performing of CDD measures in particular. These institutions acknowledge the cumbersome (administrative and financial) effects of introducing the detective skills and the performing of CDD measures. However, these institutions concedes that the aforementioned burden can be alleviated or lessened if the institutions that are responsible for performing CDD measures, i.e. Accountable Institutions (AIs), can exchange and rely on third parties’ (CDD) data. The exchange and reliance on third parties’ data must however consider the divergent threats or risks that might be associated with the data or third parties. The view regarding the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data is shared by, amongst others, the FATF and the UK. However, South Africa appears to be lagging behind in this respect. In other words, the South African FICA and FICA Regulations omit to encapsulate express and lucid provisions permitting the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data for purposes of performing CDD measures. The aforementioned omission, it is argued, creates a legal vacuum in the South African scheme of anti-money laundering. In other words, the aforesaid vacuum lives the South African AIs in a state of doubt regarding the manner and extent of exchanging and relying on third parties’ data. However, the aforesaid vacuum, this study concedes, can be rectified by introduction provisions that are line with the draft Regulation 5A and 5B that are proposed in chapter seven of this study. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

Politically exposed persons have become a specific risk factor in money laundering. The Financial Action Task Force has formulated clear and specific requirements for dealing with these individuals. Internationally, various jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom and the European Union have adopted effective legislation encompassing the 2003 Financial Action Task Force Recommendations. In South Africa the requirement to apply appropriate, risk based procedures to politically exposed persons has been limited to banks. The aim of this research study was to identify whether the South African anti-money laundering regulatory framework, adequately addresses managing the risks of politically exposed persons. The regulatory frameworks of the United Kingdom and the European Union, as well as the requirements of the Financial Action Task Force, were used to determine whether best practice is followed in South Africa with regard to politically exposed persons. The process of how money is laundered has been examined as well as the methods that corrupt politically exposed persons use in order to launder money. The study has shown that politically exposed persons are not regulated in South Africa in accordance with the Financial Action Task Force Recommendations issued in 2003, while the South African Anti-Money Laundering Regulatory Framework does not adequately address the risk posed by corrupt, politically exposed persons. Both international best practice and the recommendations of the World Bank were considered in terms of the way in which to address the risks posed by these persons effectively. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Auditing / unrestricted

Purpose: Apply selection theory to the subject of money laundering. The aim of the study is to examine why auditors report few money laundering reports to the finacial intelligence. Method: Qualitative interviews for data collection. Frame of reference: Selection Theory formulated by the National Council for Crime Prevention, audit-expectationgap and the money laundering act. Results and conclusions: Money laundering reports from auditors to the financial intelligence police have been few, both presently and in the past. There are many causes for the few reports, a short conclusion reads as follows: Laundering is difficult and time-consuming to examine. Auditors do not consider it a part of their duties. They have a high threshold for reporting suspected money laundering, higher than the money-laundering act prescribes. It is fairly safe for auditors to avoid reporting without consequences for themselves. Some auditors fear the customer can claim a compensation charge if they send in an erroneous report. Through the study the author understood that auditors tend to be more loyal towards their employers than towards law enforcement authorities. The author finds it likely, that, to a large extent, auditors are happy to discontinue their mandate, when they find irregularities, rather than to report to the law enforcement authorities (FIU or Swedish Economic Crime Authority).    Some shelf-corporation company auditors could probably prevent money laundering to a greater extent than they do today. Some shelf corporation divestments carried out are probably sold to persons who intend to commit tax offences, false accounting and fraud. The coordinator at the Financial Intelligence (FIU) police unit stated that unfortunately shelf-corporation auditors do not obey the money laundering act. / Syfte: Tillämpa selektionsteori inom ämnet penningtvätt. Huvudutgångspunkten är att undersöka varför revisorer avger få penningtvättsrapporter till Finanspolisen. Metod: Kvalitativa intervjuer (13 stycken) för insamling av data.  Referensram: Brottsförebyggande rådets selektionsteori, revisions-förväntningsgap samt penningtvättslagen. Resultat och slutsatser: Revisorer gör i dagsläget, och har även historiskt, gjort få penningtvättsrapporter till Finanspolisen. Många orsaker ligger till grund för rapporteringsgraden, nedan följer en kort sammanfattning. Penningtvätt är svårt och tidsödande att granska. Revisorer anser att det inte ingår i deras arbetsuppgift. Revisorer har en hög rapporteringströskel för misstänkt penningtvätt, högre än penningtvättslagen föreskriver. Det är tämligen riskfritt för revisorer att undvika rapportering, vissa revisorer upplever dessutom att risken för att kunden yrkar skadestånd vid en felaktig anmälan är stor. Författaren har genom studien förstått att revisorer är mer lojala mot sina uppdragsgivare än gentemot rättsvårdande myndigheter. Författaren finner troligt att revisorer i större utsträckning nöjer sig med att avsluta sitt uppdrag genom revisorsavsägelse då dessa finner oegentligheter än att anmäla till myndigheter (Finanspolisen eller Ekobrottsmyndigheten).        Vissa lagerbolagsföretags revisorer kan sannolikt stävja penningtvätt i betydligt större utsträckning än de gör idag. En del lagerbolagsförsäljningar som genomförs, säljs troligen till personer som ämnar genomföra skattebrott, bokföringsbrott och bedrägerier. Tyvärr upplever samordnare på FIPO att lagerbolagsrevisorer inte följer penningtvättslagen.

For a better understanding of relevant issues, in the introduction of the thesis contains a brief historical excursus to that topic, and there are explained the general features of the process of legalization of proceeds from crime, including putting illustrative examples from the area of the criminal law, as well as in the area of financial law. As examples have been selected major bank cases which were related to AML/CFT, but also had much wider impact. The diploma thesis deals with measures against the legalization of proceeds from crime in area of banking and credit institutions and focuses primarily on the measures arising from major law Act no. 253/2008 Coll., on certain measures against the legalization of proceeds from crime and terrorist financing. Consequently, the thesis deals partly with law of the European Communities, which was reflected into national legislation by the Act no. 253/2008 Coll. Following this, the diploma thesis also mentions other sources that have been adopted not only at national level but also in the context of international law. In addition the diploma thesis also identified some selected authorities which are involved in AML/CFT, where attention is aimed to the Financial Analytical Unit, which holds a key position in this specific field. Money laundering is a...

Magister Legum - LLM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Cordeiro Paoliello.pdf: 1069960 bytes, checksum: 3f56ab819cc7a13fb0b2c3f4ea8839c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the punitive system faced with the combat system to money laundering. The methodology to be used, we start the analysis of philosophical and dogmatic aspects. The analysis will take place initially in finding true origin of money laundering at the acts of cover-up and their questioning, face the criminal elements of the agents criminal act. After, it is analysis of the criminal acts in pursuit of money laundering utility and its conclusion by the instrumental and utilitarian way to combat severe gravity of offenses, mainly to narcotics trafficking. The second chapter draws up the money laundering stages to describe the evolution of the crime trajectory within the meaning of the "iter criminis" as well as to substrate serve the analysis of other institutes, considering that the appearance factual the law should not be passed over. A second phase of this chapter describes the main ways in which to use the money launderers to achieve their "meta optata" in consummation for vanish the spurious origin of the values obtained by criminal means. In the third chapter, there is an analysis of the legal and penal well, the construction of universalized entity defense, and analysis of the major doctrinal trends of money laundering coping. Then, in fourth chapter, there is an analysis of the utilitarian philosophical current, and epistemological movement of functionalism, beyond the doctrinal thesis speeds of criminal law, to plot, on a speculative basis, the characteristic elements in combat of the money laundering. In the fifth chapter, and in the sixth, there is the analysis of concrete effects of the adoption of the philosophy discussed in previous chapters, in an attempt to create watertight system to the dictates of the Penal Code. In these terms, there will be analysis of money laundering of extraterritoriality as well as the procurement agents and their peculiar feature in money laundering. Finally, we will be analyzing the aspects of criminal money laundering law on the persons of the crime / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade a análise do sistema punitivo confrontado com o sistema de combate a lavagem de capitais. Como metodologia a ser utilizada, parte-se da análise de aspectos filosóficos e dogmáticos. A análise ocorrerá inicialmente na busca verdadeira origem da lavagem de capitais, pelos atos de encobrimento e sua problematização, face os elementos penais do concurso de agentes. Após, faz-se análise dos diplomas penais em busca da utilidade da lavagem de capitais e sua conclusão pela forma instrumental e utilitária no combate a delitos de gravidade acentuada, mormente ao tráfico de narcóticos. No segundo capítulo, elabora-se as fases de lavagem de capitais para descrição da evolução da trajetória do crime, na acepção do iter criminis , bem como, para servir de substrato a análise dos demais institutos, tendo em vista que o aspecto fático do direito não deve ser preterido. Um segundo momento deste capítulo, descreve as principais formas, pelas quais se utilizam os lavadores de dinheiro, para atingir a sua meta optata , em consumação, ao desatinar da origem espúria, os valores obtidos por meios criminosos No terceiro capítulo, existe a análise do bem jurídico-penal, pela construção da defesa de ente universalizado, e a análise das principais tendências doutrinárias de enfrentamento da lavagem de capitais. Após, no quarto capítulo, existe a análise da corrente filosófica utilitarista, e de movimento epistemológico do funcionalismo, além da tese doutrinária das velocidades do direito penal, para traçar, em caráter especulativo, os elementos característicos presentes no combate a lavagem de capitais. No quinto capítulo, e no sexto existe a análise de efeitos concretos da adoção da filosofia analisada nos capítulos anteriores, na tentativa de criação de sistema estanque aos ditames do Código Penal. Nesses termos, haverá análise da extraterritorialidade da lavagem de capitais, bem como do concurso de agentes e sua peculiar característica na lavagem de capitais. Por fim, será feita análise dos aspectos de codelinquência na lavagem de capitais

Penningtvätt är ett ämne som under de senaste åren fått mycket uppmärksamhet. Nya lagar och regleringar med målsättningen att förebygga och bekämpa penningtvätt har införts. För att uppskatta problemets storlek har ett flertal estimat beräknats med hjälp av olika metoder. I denna uppsats har vi valt att fokusera på de metoder som används för att beräkna estimat, då det finns tecken som tyder på att estimaten som beräknas sällan utsätts för kritik.Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka och jämföra tre av de idag vanligaste metoderna för att beräkna penningtvättens storlek. De vanligaste modellerna är Walkermodellen, Zdanowicz metoder för handelsbaserad penningtvätt och en två-sektor modell vilka har utgjort fokus i denna studie. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med en induktiv ansats där empirin består av de utvalda metoderna.Att göra en exakt mätning av storleken på penningtvätten är naturligtvis inte möjligt, utan det handlar istället om att göra en så bra uppskattning som möjligt. Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att de tre metoderna skiljer sig helt från varandra. Vilken metod som är lämpligast beror på sammanhanget, vilket är viktigt att ha i åtanke när någon tar del av de estimat som beräknats. Zdanowicz metod mäter exempelvis inte total penningtvätt för ett land, men är samtidigt den som bäst mäter kapitalförflyttning vid handel mellan länder. Av de tre metoder vi tagit upp i vår undersökning är Walkermodellen den som lämpar sig bäst för att beräkna penningtvätten globalt, men den har en svaghet i att den till stor del förlitar sig på experters kunskaper och erfarenheter. Två-sektor modellen har sin utgångspunkt i mikroekonomisk teori och får anses ha en högre reliabilitet än Walkermodellen, men går dock inte att tillämpa globalt på samma sätt som Walkermodellen. Två-sektormodellen mäter heller inte hur mycket pengar som tvättas mellan länder så som de andra två metoderna gör. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Titel: Bankrevisorers yrkesutövning i det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt Syfte: Studien syfte är att öka förståelsen samt förklara hur externa och interna bankrevisorer arbetar förebyggande mot penningtvätt inom banksektorn. Syftet besvaras genom att undersöka hur penningtvättslagen tillämpas i bankrevisorers yrkesutövning, hur det arbetet förhåller sig till god revisionssed samt om berörda parter upplever ett förväntningsgap gällande bankrevisorers ansvar att upptäcka finansbrott, såsom penningtvätt. Metod: Studien har tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsmetod för att studera hur externa och interna bankrevisorers yrkesutövande förhåller sig till det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av tio stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med externa och interna bankrevisorer samt berörda parter för att kunna bidra med ytterligare perspektiv. Resultat och slutsats: Ett resultat som studien kan påvisa är att varken interna eller externa bankrevisorer rapporterar misstänkt penningtvätt direkt till Finanspolisen. Interna bankrevisorer rapporterar misstänkt penningtvätt till Compliance-funktionen samt att externa bankrevisorer rapporterar misstänkt penningtvätt till företagets VD eller styrelse i första hand. Studien finner stöd i att god revisionssed är en betydande faktor i det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt för externa och interna bankrevisorer. Det finns även ett förväntningsgap eftersom externa och interna bankrevisorer kan göra mer i deras yrkesutövning för att förebygga penningtvätt inom banksektorn. Förslag till vidare forskning: En liknande studie som enbart fokusera på banker som sysslar med kontanthantering samt att Revisorsnämndens perspektiv beaktas. Studiens bidrag: Studien bidrar till att kartlägga externa och interna bankrevisorers ansvar i det förebyggande arbetet mot penningtvätt inom banksektorn. Studiens resultat bidrar till företagsekonomisk forskning genom att öka förståelsen av samarbetet mellan samtliga parter för att förebygga penningtvätt inom banksektorn. Nyckelord: Bankrevisorer, internrevision, externrevision, penningtvätt, PTL, penningtvättslagen, god revisionssed / Title: Bank auditors professional practice in the prevention of money laundering Aim: The aim of this essay is to increase understanding and explain how external and internal bank auditors work to prevent money laundering in the banking sector. The aim is answered by examining how the Money Laundering Act apply in their professional practice, how the work relates to the generally accepted auditing standards and if concerned parties are experiencing a gap of expectations regarding bank auditors responsibility of detecting financial crimes such as money laundering. Method: The essay has applied a qualitative research method to study how external and internal bank auditors professional practice relates to the prevention of money laundering. This has been achieved by executing ten semi-structured interviews with external and internal bank auditors and other concerned parties to contribute additional perspectives. Results and Conclusions: The result of the essay shows that neither external nor internal bank auditors report suspected money laundering directly to the Finance Police. Internal bank auditors report suspected money laundering to the Compliance department and the external bank auditors report suspected money laundering to the company CEO or board in firsthand. The essay shows that the generally accepted auditing standards are a significant factor in the prevention of money laundering for external and internal bank auditors. The result shows a gap of expectations, the external and internal bank auditors can contribute more in their professional practice to the prevention of money laundering in the banking sector according to concerned parties. Suggestions for future research: A similar study focusing solely on banks with cash management including the Auditor Board´s perspective. Contributions of the essay: The essay helps to identify external and internal bank auditors responsibility in the prevention of money laundering in the banking sector. The results contribute to business research by increasing understanding of the cooperation between concerned parties to prevent money laundering in the banking sector. Keywords: bank auditors, internal audit, external audit, money laundering, PTL, the Money Laundering Act, generally accepted auditing standards

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur fyra respondenter beskriver att pengar tvättas i Sverige. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka vilka möjligheter och svårigheter respondenterna upplever i deras arbete mot penningtvätt. En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts där fyra respondenter har intervjuats. Respondenterna var vid intervjutillfällena verksamma vid Ekobrottsmyndigheten, Skatteverket samt inom banksektorn. Intervjuerna har analyserats med analysmetoden tematisering. Studiens empiri tolkas med rutinaktivitetsteorin som utgår från att tre element behövs för att ett brott ska vara möjligt att begå. Studiens empiri antyder att penningtvätt i Sverige har påverkats av internetanvändningen och samhällets tekniska utveckling. Användningen av internet och annan teknik i penningtvättsprocessen har bidragit till möjligheten att spåra digitala transaktioner, vilket är viktigt i arbetet mot penningtvätt. Internet och teknikanvändningen har även bidragit till att det är enklare att överföra pengar, inte minst till andra länder, vilket kan försvåra respondenternas arbete mot penningtvätt. Utifrån den teoretiska tolkningen av empirin tvättas pengar då möjligheten finns. Den teoretiska tolkningen antyder även att pengar kan tvättas med hjälp av internet då det saknas kapabla väktare som hörhindrar att brottet begås. / The study aims to investigate how four respondents describe that money is laundered in Sweden. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate what opportunities and difficulties the respondents experience in their work against money laundering. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews has been used where four respondents have been interviewed. During the interviews, the respondents were active at the Swedish Environmental Crime Agency, the Swedish Tax Agency and in the banking sector. The interviews were analyzed with the analysis method thematization. The empirical study is interpreted with the routine activity theory, which assumes that three elements are needed for a crime to be possible to commit. The empirical study suggests that money laundering in Sweden has been affected by internet use and society's technological development. The use of the internet and other technology in the money laundering process has contributed to the ability to track digital transactions, which is important in the work against money laundering. The Internet and the use of technology have also contributed to making it easier to transfer money, not least to other countries, which can make it difficult for respondents to work against money laundering. Based on the theoretical interpretation of the empirical data, money is laundered when the opportunity arises. The theoretical interpretation also suggests that money can be laundered with the help of the internet as there are no capable guards who prevent the crime from being committed.